<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
is	O
an	O
online	O
multimedia	O
platform	O
that	O
allows	O
people	O
to	O
create	O
an	O
avatar	B-Application
for	O
themselves	O
and	O
then	O
interact	O
with	O
other	O
users	O
and	O
user-created	O
content	O
within	O
a	O
multiplayer	O
online	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
many	O
ways	O
,	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
is	O
similar	O
to	O
massively	B-Protocol
multiplayer	I-Protocol
online	I-Protocol
role-playing	I-Protocol
games	I-Protocol
;	O
nevertheless	O
,	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
is	O
emphatic	O
that	O
their	O
creation	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
game	O
:	O
"	O
There	O
is	O
no	O
manufactured	O
conflict	O
,	O
no	O
set	O
objective	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
can	O
be	O
accessed	O
freely	O
via	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
's	O
own	O
client	B-Protocol
software	I-Protocol
or	O
via	O
alternative	O
third-party	O
viewers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
users	O
,	O
also	O
called	O
'	O
residents	B-Application
 '	O
,	O
create	O
virtual	O
representations	O
of	O
themselves	O
,	O
called	O
avatars	B-Application
,	O
and	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
places	O
,	O
objects	O
and	O
other	O
avatars	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
can	O
explore	O
the	O
world	O
(	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
grid	O
)	O
,	O
meet	O
other	O
residents	B-Application
,	O
socialize	O
,	O
participate	O
in	O
both	O
individual	O
and	O
group	O
activities	O
,	O
build	O
,	O
create	O
,	O
shop	O
,	O
and	O
trade	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
property	I-General_Concept
and	O
services	O
with	O
one	O
another	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
also	O
has	O
its	O
own	O
virtual	O
currency	O
,	O
the	O
Linden	O
Dollar	O
(	O
L$	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
exchangeable	O
with	O
real	O
world	O
currency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
is	O
intended	O
for	O
people	O
ages	O
16	O
and	O
over	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
exception	O
of	O
13	O
–	O
15-year-old	O
users	O
,	O
who	O
are	O
restricted	O
to	O
the	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
region	O
of	O
a	O
sponsoring	O
institution	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
a	O
school	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Philip	O
Rosedale	O
formed	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
in	O
1999	O
with	O
the	O
intention	O
of	O
developing	O
computer	O
hardware	O
to	O
allow	O
people	O
to	O
become	O
immersed	O
in	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
effort	O
eventually	O
transformed	O
into	O
the	O
better-known	O
,	O
user-centered	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
he	O
was	O
familiar	O
with	O
the	O
metaverse	O
of	O
Neal	O
Stephenson	O
's	O
novel	O
Snow	O
Crash	O
,	O
Rosedale	O
has	O
said	O
that	O
his	O
vision	O
of	O
virtual	B-Application
worlds	I-Application
predates	O
that	O
book	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
he	O
conducted	O
early	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
experiments	O
during	O
his	O
college	O
years	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
,	O
San	O
Diego	O
,	O
where	O
he	O
studied	O
physics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
began	O
to	O
receive	O
significant	O
media	O
attention	O
in	O
2005	O
and	O
2006	O
,	O
including	O
a	O
cover	O
story	O
in	O
BusinessWeek	O
magazine	O
featuring	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
and	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
avatar	B-Application
Anshe	B-Application
Chung	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
that	O
time	O
,	O
Anshe	B-Application
Chung	I-Application
had	O
become	O
Second	O
Lifes	O
poster	O
child	O
and	O
symbol	O
for	O
the	O
economic	O
opportunities	O
that	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
offers	O
to	O
its	O
residents	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless	O
,	O
the	O
platform	O
continued	O
to	O
grow	O
rapidly	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
January	O
2008	O
,	O
residents	B-Application
spent	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
28,274,505	O
hours	O
"	O
inworld	O
"	O
and	O
on	O
average	O
38,000	O
residents	B-Application
were	O
logged	O
in	O
at	O
any	O
moment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
maximum	O
concurrency	O
(	O
number	O
of	O
avatars	B-Application
inworld	O
)	O
recorded	O
was	O
set	O
at	O
88,200	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
quarter	O
of	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
was	O
honored	O
at	O
the	O
Technology	O
&	O
Engineering	O
Emmy	O
Awards	O
for	O
advancing	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
online	O
sites	O
with	O
user-generated	O
content	O
in	O
2008	O
,	O
adding	O
to	O
the	O
media	O
attention	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
speculation	O
as	O
to	O
the	O
actual	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
base	O
,	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
continued	O
as	O
a	O
commercial	O
success	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
users	O
cashed	O
out	O
approximately	O
$	O
60,000,000	O
(	O
60	O
million	O
US	O
dollars	O
)	O
and	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
had	O
an	O
estimated	O
GDP	O
of	O
$	O
500,000,000	O
(	O
500	O
million	O
US	O
dollars	O
)	O
,	O
higher	O
than	O
some	O
small	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recognizing	O
improvements	O
in	O
computing	O
power	O
and	O
particularly	O
in	O
computer	O
graphics	O
,	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
began	O
work	O
on	O
a	O
successor	O
to	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
,	O
a	O
VR	O
experience	O
called	O
Sansar	B-General_Concept
,	O
launching	O
a	O
public	O
beta	O
in	O
July	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Uptake	O
was	O
low	O
and	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
halted	O
development	O
in	O
2020	O
to	O
focus	O
their	O
attention	O
fully	O
on	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rights	O
to	O
Sansar	B-General_Concept
's	O
assets	O
were	O
sold	O
to	O
Wookey	O
Search	O
Technologies	O
,	O
who	O
are	O
expected	O
to	O
continue	O
development	O
on	O
the	O
title	O
without	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
,	O
the	O
usage	O
of	O
which	O
peaked	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
decade	O
of	O
the	O
21st	O
century	O
,	O
has	O
been	O
cited	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
example	O
of	O
the	O
metaverse	O
,	O
a	O
concept	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
taken	O
up	O
by	O
other	O
major	O
corporations	O
such	O
as	O
Facebook	B-Application
in	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
notable	O
precursor	O
(	O
which	O
retains	O
a	O
small	O
and	O
loyal	O
following	O
)	O
,	O
it	O
provides	O
several	O
examples	O
of	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
social	O
issues	O
and	O
lessons	O
learned	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
a	O
2001	O
meeting	O
with	O
investors	O
,	O
Rosedale	O
noticed	O
that	O
the	O
participants	O
were	O
particularly	O
responsive	O
to	O
the	O
collaborative	O
,	O
creative	O
potential	O
of	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
the	O
initial	O
objective-driven	O
,	O
gaming	O
focus	O
of	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
was	O
shifted	O
to	O
a	O
more	O
user-created	O
,	O
community-driven	O
experience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	O
Lifes	O
status	O
as	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
,	O
a	O
computer	O
game	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
talker	B-Protocol
,	O
is	O
frequently	O
debated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
a	O
traditional	O
computer	O
game	O
,	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
does	O
not	O
have	O
a	O
designated	O
objective	O
,	O
nor	O
traditional	O
game	O
play	O
mechanics	O
or	O
rules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
argued	O
that	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
is	O
a	O
multi-user	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
,	O
because	O
its	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
facilitates	O
interaction	O
between	O
multiple	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
have	O
any	O
stipulated	O
goals	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
irrelevant	O
to	O
talk	O
about	O
winning	O
or	O
losing	O
in	O
relation	O
to	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Likewise	O
,	O
unlike	O
a	O
traditional	O
talker	B-Protocol
,	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
contains	O
an	O
extensive	O
world	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
explored	O
and	O
interacted	O
with	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
purely	O
as	O
a	O
creative	O
tool	O
set	O
if	O
the	O
user	O
so	O
chooses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
used	O
to	O
offer	O
two	O
main	O
grids	O
:	O
one	O
for	O
adults	O
(	O
18+	O
)	O
and	O
one	O
for	O
teens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
then	O
,	O
users	O
16	O
and	O
over	O
can	O
sign	O
up	O
for	O
a	O
free	B-Application
account	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
limited	O
accounts	O
are	O
available	O
for	O
educators	O
who	O
use	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
with	O
younger	O
students	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
three	O
activity-based	O
classifications	O
,	O
called	O
"	O
Ratings	O
"	O
,	O
for	O
sims	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
no	O
charge	O
for	O
creating	O
a	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
account	O
or	O
for	O
making	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
for	O
any	O
period	O
of	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Premium	O
membership	O
(	O
US	O
$11.99	O
monthly	O
,	O
US	O
$32.97	O
quarterly	O
,	O
or	O
US$99	O
annually	O
)	O
extends	O
access	O
to	O
an	O
increased	O
level	O
of	O
technical	O
support	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
pays	O
an	O
automatic	O
stipend	O
of	O
L$	O
300/week	O
into	O
the	O
member	O
's	O
avatar	B-Application
account	O
,	O
and	O
after	O
45	O
days	O
that	O
resident	O
will	O
receive	O
a	O
L$700	O
bonus	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
L$	O
1,000	O
for	O
that	O
week	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
vast	O
majority	O
of	O
casual	O
users	O
of	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
do	O
not	O
upgrade	O
beyond	O
the	O
free	B-Application
"	O
basic	O
"	O
account	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Avatars	B-Application
may	O
take	O
any	O
form	O
users	O
choose	O
(	O
human	O
,	O
animal	O
,	O
vegetable	O
,	O
mineral	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
combination	O
thereof	O
)	O
or	O
residents	B-Application
may	O
choose	O
to	O
resemble	O
themselves	O
as	O
they	O
are	O
in	O
real	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
may	O
choose	O
even	O
more	O
abstract	O
forms	O
,	O
given	O
that	O
almost	O
every	O
aspect	O
of	O
an	O
avatar	B-Application
is	O
fully	O
customizable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
culture	I-Application
consists	O
of	O
many	O
activities	O
and	O
behaviors	O
that	O
are	O
also	O
present	O
in	O
real	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
single	O
resident	O
account	O
may	O
have	O
only	O
one	O
avatar	B-Application
at	O
a	O
time	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
appearance	O
of	O
this	O
avatar	B-Application
can	O
change	O
between	O
as	O
many	O
different	O
forms	O
as	O
the	O
Resident	O
wishes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Avatar	B-Application
forms	O
,	O
like	O
almost	O
everything	O
else	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
,	O
can	O
be	O
either	O
created	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
,	O
or	O
bought	O
pre-made	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
single	O
person	O
may	O
also	O
have	O
multiple	O
accounts	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
appear	O
to	O
be	O
multiple	O
Residents	B-Application
(	O
a	O
person	O
's	O
multiple	O
accounts	O
are	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
alts	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Avatars	B-Application
can	O
travel	O
via	O
walking	O
,	O
running	O
,	O
vehicular	O
access	O
,	O
flying	O
,	O
or	O
teleportation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
is	O
such	O
a	O
vast	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
,	O
teleportation	O
is	O
used	O
when	O
avatars	B-Application
wish	O
to	O
travel	O
instantly	O
and	O
efficiently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Avatars	B-Application
can	O
communicate	O
via	O
local	O
chat	O
,	O
group	O
chat	O
,	O
global	O
instant	O
messaging	O
(	O
known	O
as	O
IM	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
voice	O
(	O
public	O
,	O
private	O
and	O
group	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chatting	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
localized	O
public	O
conversations	O
between	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
avatars	B-Application
,	O
and	O
is	O
visible	O
to	O
any	O
avatar	B-Application
within	O
a	O
given	O
distance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IMs	O
are	O
used	O
for	O
private	O
conversations	O
,	O
either	O
between	O
two	O
avatars	B-Application
,	O
or	O
among	O
the	O
members	O
of	O
a	O
group	O
,	O
or	O
even	O
between	O
objects	O
and	O
avatars	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Identities	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
can	O
relate	O
to	O
the	O
users	O
 '	O
personality	O
or	O
creating	O
their	O
own	O
character	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
avatars	B-Application
are	O
human	O
,	O
but	O
they	O
can	O
choose	O
to	O
be	O
vampires	O
or	O
animals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Coming	O
of	O
Age	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
:	O
An	O
Anthropologist	O
Explores	O
the	O
Virtually	O
Human	O
,	O
anthropologist	O
Tom	O
Boellstorff	O
notes	O
that	O
the	O
interface	O
of	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
is	O
designed	O
with	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
disconnecting	O
a	O
player	O
's	O
virtual	O
identity	O
from	O
their	O
physical	O
identity	O
in	O
mind	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2015	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
has	O
made	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
display	O
one	O
's	O
legal	O
name	O
in	O
the	O
player	O
's	O
profile	O
or	O
as	O
their	O
screen	O
name	O
,	O
but	O
when	O
Boellstorff	O
first	O
published	O
the	O
book	O
in	O
2008	O
users	O
were	O
required	O
to	O
select	O
a	O
last	O
name	O
from	O
a	O
pre-determined	O
list	O
of	O
options	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ability	O
to	O
create	O
content	O
and	O
shape	O
the	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
world	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
key	O
features	O
that	O
separate	O
this	O
from	O
online	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Built	O
into	O
the	O
software	O
is	O
a	O
3D	O
modeling	O
tool	O
based	O
on	O
simple	O
geometric	O
shapes	O
that	O
allows	O
residents	B-Application
to	O
build	O
virtual	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
procedural	B-Application
scripting	O
language	O
,	O
Linden	B-Application
Scripting	I-Application
Language	I-Application
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
add	O
interactivity	O
to	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sculpted	B-Application
prims	I-Application
(	O
"	O
sculpties	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
3D	B-Algorithm
mesh	I-Algorithm
,	O
textures	O
for	O
clothing	O
or	O
other	O
objects	O
,	O
animations	O
,	O
and	O
gestures	O
can	O
be	O
created	O
using	O
external	O
software	O
and	O
imported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
terms	O
of	O
service	O
provide	O
that	O
users	O
retain	O
copyright	O
for	O
any	O
content	O
they	O
create	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
server	O
and	O
client	O
provide	O
simple	O
digital	O
rights	O
management	O
(	O
DRM	O
)	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
has	O
an	O
internal	O
economy	O
and	O
closed-loop	O
virtual	O
token	O
called	O
the	O
"	O
Linden	O
dollar	O
(	O
L$	O
)	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
Linden	O
Dollar	O
"	O
is	O
a	O
closed-loop	O
virtual	O
token	O
for	O
use	O
only	O
within	O
the	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
resident	O
with	O
a	O
surplus	O
of	O
Linden	O
Dollars	O
earned	O
via	O
a	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
business	O
or	O
experiential	O
play	O
can	O
request	O
to	O
refund	O
their	O
Linden	O
Dollar	O
surplus	O
to	O
PayPal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linden	O
Lab	O
reports	O
that	O
the	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
economy	O
generated	O
US$	O
3,596,674	O
in	O
economic	O
activity	O
during	O
the	O
month	O
of	O
September	O
2005	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
September	O
2006	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
was	O
reported	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
GDP	O
of	O
$64	O
million	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
the	O
total	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
economy	O
grew	O
65%	O
to	O
US$567	O
million	O
,	O
about	O
25%	O
of	O
the	O
entire	O
U.S.	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
goods	I-General_Concept
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
Linden	O
Labs	O
released	O
an	O
info	O
graphic	O
that	O
showed	O
that	O
over	O
10	O
years	O
$3.2	O
billion	O
in	O
transactions	O
for	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
goods	I-General_Concept
had	O
exchanged	O
between	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
residents	B-Application
,	O
with	O
an	O
average	O
of	O
1.2	O
million	O
daily	O
transactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
a	O
high	O
level	O
of	O
entrepreneurial	O
activity	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Residents	B-Application
of	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
are	O
able	O
to	O
create	O
virtual	O
objects	O
and	O
other	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
is	O
unique	O
in	O
that	O
users	O
retain	O
all	O
the	O
rights	O
to	O
their	O
content	O
which	O
means	O
they	O
can	O
use	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
to	O
distribute	O
and	O
sell	O
their	O
creations	O
,	O
with	O
2.1	O
million	O
items	O
listed	O
on	O
its	O
online	O
marketplace	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
its	O
height	O
circa	O
2006	O
,	O
hundreds	O
of	O
thousands	O
of	O
dollars	O
were	O
changing	O
hands	O
daily	O
as	O
residents	B-Application
created	O
and	O
sold	O
a	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
virtual	O
commodities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
also	O
quickly	O
became	O
profitable	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
selling	O
and	O
renting	O
of	O
virtual	O
real	O
estate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2006	O
also	O
saw	O
Second	O
Lifes	O
first	O
real-world	O
millionaire	O
;	O
Ailin	B-Application
Graef	I-Application
,	O
better	O
known	O
as	O
Anshe	B-Application
Chung	I-Application
(	O
her	O
avatar	B-Application
)	O
,	O
converted	O
an	O
initial	O
investment	O
of	O
US	O
$9.95	O
into	O
over	O
one	O
million	O
dollars	O
over	O
the	O
course	O
of	O
two	O
and	O
a	O
half	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Major	O
tech	O
corporations	O
have	O
tried	O
to	O
use	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
to	O
market	O
products	O
or	O
services	O
to	O
Second	O
Lifes	O
tech-savvy	O
audience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
purchased	O
12	O
islands	O
within	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
for	O
virtual	O
training	O
and	O
simulations	O
of	O
key	O
business	O
processes	O
,	O
but	O
has	O
since	O
moved	O
on	O
to	O
other	O
platforms	O
due	O
to	O
maintenance	O
costs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Others	O
,	O
like	O
musicians	O
,	O
podcasters	O
,	O
and	O
news	O
organizations	O
(	O
including	O
CNET	O
,	O
Reuters	O
,	O
NPR	O
's	O
The	O
Infinite	O
Mind	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
BBC	O
)	O
,	O
have	O
all	O
had	O
a	O
presence	O
within	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-General_Concept
goods	I-General_Concept
include	O
buildings	O
,	O
vehicles	O
,	O
devices	O
of	O
all	O
kinds	O
,	O
animations	O
,	O
clothing	O
,	O
skin	O
,	O
hair	O
,	O
jewelry	O
,	O
flora	O
and	O
fauna	O
,	O
and	O
works	O
of	O
art	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
figures	O
published	O
by	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
,	O
about	O
64,000	O
users	O
made	O
a	O
profit	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
in	O
February	O
2009	O
,	O
of	O
whom	O
38,524	O
made	O
less	O
than	O
US$10	O
,	O
while	O
233	O
made	O
more	O
than	O
US$5000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Profits	O
are	O
derived	O
from	O
selling	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
goods	I-General_Concept
,	O
renting	O
land	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
broad	O
range	O
of	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
comprises	O
the	O
viewer	O
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
client	O
)	O
executing	O
on	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
personal	O
computer	O
,	O
and	O
several	O
thousand	O
servers	O
operated	O
by	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linden	O
Lab	O
provides	O
official	O
viewers	O
for	O
the	O
operating	O
systems	O
Windows	O
,	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
and	O
most	O
distributions	O
of	O
Linux	B-Application
where	O
the	O
more	O
known	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
has	O
been	O
excluded	O
so	O
far	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
viewer	O
renders	O
3D	O
graphics	O
using	O
OpenGL	B-Application
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
independent	O
project	O
,	O
libopenmetaverse	O
,	O
offers	O
a	O
function	O
library	O
for	O
interacting	O
with	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
full	O
region	O
(	O
an	O
area	O
of	O
256×256	O
meters	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
"	O
grid	O
"	O
runs	O
on	O
a	O
single	O
dedicated	O
core	O
of	O
a	O
multi-core	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Homestead	O
regions	O
share	O
3	O
regions	O
per	O
core	O
and	O
Openspace	O
Regions	O
share	O
4	O
regions	O
per	O
core	O
,	O
running	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
on	O
Debian	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
servers	O
run	O
scripts	O
in	O
the	O
region	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
providing	O
communication	O
between	O
avatars	B-Application
and	O
objects	O
present	O
in	O
the	O
region	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Every	O
item	O
in	O
the	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
universe	O
is	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
an	O
asset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
the	O
shapes	O
of	O
basic	O
3D	O
polygon	O
objects	O
formally	O
known	O
as	O
Primitive	O
Mesh	B-Algorithm
(	O
commonly	O
known	O
as	O
primitives	O
or	O
prims	O
for	O
short	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
digital	O
images	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
textures	O
that	O
decorate	O
primitives	O
,	O
digitized	O
audio	O
clips	O
,	O
avatar	B-Application
shape	O
and	O
appearance	O
,	O
avatar	B-Application
skin	O
textures	O
,	O
LSL	O
scripts	O
,	O
information	O
written	O
on	O
notecards	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Assets	O
are	O
stored	O
on	O
Isilon	O
Systems	O
storage	O
clusters	O
,	O
comprising	O
all	O
data	O
that	O
has	O
ever	O
been	O
created	O
by	O
anyone	O
who	O
has	O
been	O
in	O
the	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Infrequently	O
used	O
assets	O
are	O
offloaded	O
to	O
S3	B-General_Concept
bulk	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Region	O
simulators	O
areas	O
are	O
commonly	O
known	O
as	O
sims	O
by	O
residents	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
each	O
player	O
's	O
avatar	B-Application
is	O
treated	O
as	O
a	O
physical	O
object	O
so	O
that	O
it	O
may	O
interact	O
with	O
physical	O
objects	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
simulators	O
use	O
the	O
Havok	B-General_Concept
2011.2	O
physics	O
engine	O
for	O
all	O
in-world	O
dynamics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linden	O
Lab	O
pursues	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
open	O
standards	O
technologies	O
,	O
and	O
uses	O
free	B-Application
and	I-Application
open	I-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
such	O
as	O
Apache	B-Application
,	O
MySQL	B-Application
,	O
Squid	B-Protocol
and	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
plan	O
is	O
to	O
move	O
everything	O
to	O
open	O
standards	O
by	O
standardizing	O
the	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cory	O
Ondrejka	O
,	O
former	O
CTO	O
of	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
,	O
stated	O
in	O
2006	O
that	O
a	O
while	O
after	O
everything	O
has	O
been	O
standardized	O
,	O
both	O
the	O
client	O
and	O
the	O
server	O
will	O
be	O
released	O
as	O
free	B-Application
and	I-Application
open	I-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2021	O
,	O
Linden	O
Labs	O
completed	O
the	O
migration	O
of	O
all	O
of	O
its	O
services	O
and	O
databases	O
to	O
AWS	B-Application
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2007	O
,	O
OpenSimulator	O
was	O
founded	O
as	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
simulator	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
aim	O
of	O
this	O
project	O
is	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
full	O
open-source	B-Application
server	O
software	O
for	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
clients	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenSIM	O
is	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
Licensed	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
C#	B-Application
and	O
can	O
run	O
under	O
Mono	B-Application
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
residents	B-Application
express	O
themselves	O
creatively	O
through	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
adaptations	O
of	O
art	O
exhibits	O
,	O
live	O
music	O
,	O
live	O
theater	O
and	O
machinima	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
art	O
forms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
recreational	O
activities	O
,	O
both	O
competitive	O
and	O
non-competitive	O
,	O
take	O
place	O
on	O
the	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
Grid	O
,	O
including	O
both	O
traditional	O
sports	O
and	O
video	O
game	O
–	O
like	O
scenarios	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
is	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
platform	O
for	O
education	O
by	O
many	O
institutions	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
colleges	O
,	O
universities	O
,	O
libraries	O
and	O
government	O
entities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2008	O
,	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
San	O
Martin	O
de	O
Porres	O
of	O
Peru	O
has	O
been	O
developing	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
prototypes	O
of	O
Peruvian	O
archeological	O
buildings	O
,	O
and	O
training	O
teachers	O
for	O
this	O
new	O
paradigm	O
of	O
education	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
West	O
Virginia	O
University	O
(	O
WVU	O
)	O
Department	O
of	O
Special	O
Education	O
has	O
used	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
widely	O
in	O
education	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
provided	O
teaching	O
certification	O
and	O
certificates	O
of	O
degree	O
in	O
seven	O
different	O
distance	O
education	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Maldives	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
country	O
to	O
open	O
an	O
embassy	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Maldives	O
 '	O
embassy	O
is	O
located	O
on	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
's	O
"	O
Diplomacy	O
Island	O
"	O
,	O
where	O
visitors	O
will	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
talk	O
face-to-face	O
with	O
a	O
computer-generated	O
ambassador	O
about	O
visas	O
,	O
trade	O
and	O
other	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2007	O
,	O
Sweden	O
became	O
the	O
second	O
country	O
to	O
open	O
an	O
embassy	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
Tuesday	O
,	O
December	O
4	O
,	O
2007	O
,	O
Estonia	O
became	O
the	O
third	O
country	O
to	O
open	O
an	O
embassy	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2008	O
,	O
North	O
Macedonia	O
and	O
the	O
Philippines	O
have	O
opened	O
embassies	O
in	O
the	O
"	O
Diplomatic	O
Island	O
"	O
of	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
Malta	O
opened	O
an	O
embassy	O
on	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Religious	O
organizations	O
have	O
also	O
begun	O
to	O
open	O
virtual	O
meeting	O
places	O
within	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2007	O
,	O
LifeChurch.tv,	O
a	O
Christian	O
church	O
headquartered	O
in	O
Edmond	O
,	O
Oklahoma	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
eleven	O
campuses	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
,	O
created	O
"	O
Experience	O
Island	O
"	O
and	O
opened	O
its	O
twelfth	O
campus	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2007	O
,	O
an	O
Anglican	O
cathedral	O
was	O
established	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
;	O
Mark	O
Brown	O
,	O
the	O
head	O
of	O
the	O
group	O
that	O
built	O
the	O
cathedral	O
,	O
noted	O
that	O
there	O
is	O
"	O
an	O
interest	O
in	O
what	O
I	O
call	O
depth	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
moving	O
away	O
from	O
light	O
,	O
fluffy	O
Christianity	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
First	O
Unitarian	O
Universalist	O
Congregation	O
of	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
was	O
established	O
in	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Services	O
have	O
been	O
held	O
regularly	O
,	O
making	O
the	O
FUUCSL	O
Congregation	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
longest-running	O
active	O
congregations	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Egyptian-owned	O
news	O
website	O
Islam	O
Online	O
has	O
purchased	O
land	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
to	O
allow	O
Muslims	O
and	O
non-Muslims	O
alike	O
to	O
perform	O
the	O
ritual	O
of	O
Hajj	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
form	O
,	O
obtaining	O
experience	O
before	O
actually	O
making	O
the	O
pilgrimage	O
to	O
Mecca	O
in	O
person	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
also	O
offers	O
several	O
groups	O
that	O
cater	O
to	O
the	O
needs	O
and	O
interests	O
of	O
humanists	O
,	O
atheists	O
,	O
agnostics	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
freethinkers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
active	O
groups	O
is	O
SL	O
Humanism	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
holding	O
weekly	O
discussion	O
meetings	O
inside	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
every	O
Sunday	O
since	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Romantic	O
relationships	O
are	O
common	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
,	O
including	O
some	O
couples	O
who	O
have	O
married	O
online	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
relationships	O
have	O
been	O
taken	O
from	O
virtual	O
online	O
relationships	O
into	O
personal	O
,	O
real-world	O
relationships	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Booperkit	O
Moseley	O
and	O
Shukran	O
Fahid	O
were	O
possibly	O
the	O
first	O
couple	O
to	O
meet	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
and	O
then	O
marry	O
in	O
real	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
even	O
have	O
their	O
weddings	O
on	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
in	O
a	O
real-world	O
setting.Relationships	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
worlds	I-Application
have	O
an	O
added	O
dimension	O
compared	O
to	O
other	O
social	O
media	O
,	O
because	O
avatars	B-Application
give	O
a	O
feeling	O
of	O
proximity	O
making	O
the	O
voyeur	O
experience	O
more	O
intense	O
than	O
simply	O
a	O
textual	O
encounter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
complexities	O
of	O
those	O
encounters	O
depend	O
on	O
the	O
engagement	O
levels	O
of	O
the	O
people	O
behind	O
the	O
avatars	B-Application
,	O
whether	O
they	O
are	O
engaging	O
disassociatively	O
(	O
entertainment	O
only	O
)	O
,	O
immersively	O
(	O
as	O
if	O
the	O
avatar	B-Application
was	O
them	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
augmentatively	O
(	O
meaning	O
they	O
engage	O
for	O
a	O
real-life	O
purpose	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
is	O
used	O
for	O
scientific	O
research	O
,	O
collaboration	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
visualization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
can	O
be	O
a	O
real-time	O
,	O
immersive	O
social	O
space	O
for	O
people	O
including	O
those	O
with	O
physical	O
or	O
mental	O
disabilities	O
that	O
impair	O
their	O
first	O
lives	O
,	O
who	O
often	O
find	O
comfort	O
and	O
security	O
interacting	O
through	O
anonymous	O
avatars	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Indeed	O
,	O
some	O
academics	O
believe	O
using	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
might	O
even	O
help	O
improve	O
motor	O
ability	O
for	O
people	O
with	O
Parkinson	O
’s	O
disease	O
.	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
how	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
has	O
been	O
used	O
by	O
disabled	O
people	O
is	O
Wheelies	B-Application
,	O
the	O
widely	O
publicised	O
disability-themed	O
nightclub	O
founded	O
by	O
Simon	O
Stevens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ShoutCast	O
and	O
Icecast	O
Internet	O
radio	O
stations	O
can	O
be	O
streamed	O
into	O
a	O
land	O
parcel	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
gives	O
companies	O
the	O
option	O
to	O
create	O
virtual	O
workplaces	O
to	O
allow	O
employees	O
to	O
virtually	O
meet	O
,	O
hold	O
events	O
,	O
practice	O
any	O
kind	O
of	O
corporate	O
communications	O
,	O
conduct	O
training	O
sessions	O
in	O
3D	O
immersive	O
virtual	B-Protocol
learning	I-Protocol
environment	I-Protocol
,	O
simulate	O
business	O
processes	O
,	O
and	O
prototype	O
new	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
CEO	O
of	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
Ebbe	O
Altberg	O
announced	O
a	O
microsite	O
for	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
to	O
serve	O
as	O
a	O
space	O
for	O
digital	O
meetings	O
to	O
take	O
place	O
amidst	O
global	O
social	O
distancing	O
,	O
self-isolation	O
,	O
and	O
quarantine	O
orders	O
during	O
the	O
COVID-19	O
pandemic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linden	O
Lab	O
has	O
twice	O
,	O
in	O
2007	O
and	O
2010	O
,	O
banned	O
a	O
California	O
educational	O
institution	O
,	O
Woodbury	O
University	O
,	O
from	O
having	O
a	O
representation	O
within	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Edward	O
Clift	O
,	O
dean	O
of	O
the	O
School	O
of	O
Media	O
,	O
Culture	O
and	O
Design	O
at	O
Woodbury	O
University	O
,	O
told	O
The	O
Chronicle	O
of	O
Higher	O
Education	O
that	O
their	O
campus	O
"	O
was	O
a	O
living	O
,	O
breathing	O
campus	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
"	O
,	O
including	O
educational	O
spaces	O
designed	O
mostly	O
by	O
students	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
mock	O
representation	O
of	O
the	O
former	O
Soviet	O
Union	O
and	O
a	O
replica	O
of	O
the	O
Berlin	O
Wall	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
article	O
in	O
The	O
Chronicle	O
of	O
Higher	O
Education	O
concluded	O
with	O
:	O
"	O
Meanwhile	O
,	O
many	O
people	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
expressed	O
on	O
blogs	O
that	O
they	O
were	O
glad	O
to	O
see	O
the	O
virtual	O
campus	O
go	O
,	O
arguing	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
been	O
a	O
haven	O
for	O
troublemakers	O
in	O
the	O
virtual	O
world.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
,	O
the	O
newspaper	O
The	O
Alphaville	O
Herald	O
,	O
founded	O
and	O
edited	O
by	O
the	O
philosopher	O
Peter	O
Ludlow	O
,	O
migrated	O
to	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
,	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
years	O
the	O
newspaper	O
played	O
a	O
prominent	O
role	O
in	O
reporting	O
on	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
and	O
in	O
the	O
public	O
discussion	O
of	O
the	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
newspaper	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
known	O
as	O
The	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
Herald	O
from	O
2004	O
to	O
2009	O
,	O
was	O
later	O
edited	O
by	O
the	O
Internet	O
pioneer	O
Mark	O
P	O
.	O
McCahill	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
scholars	O
Constantinescu	O
and	O
Decu	O
,	O
The	O
Alphaville	O
Herald	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
"	O
virtual	O
free	B-Application
press	O
,	O
"	O
pioneering	O
mass	O
communication	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
worlds	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2007	O
,	O
a	O
"	O
virtual	O
riot	O
"	O
erupted	O
between	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
French	O
National	O
Front	O
(	O
FN	O
)	O
who	O
had	O
established	O
a	O
virtual	O
HQ	O
on	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
,	O
and	O
"	O
anti-racism	O
"	O
activists	O
,	O
including	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
Left	I-Application
Unity	I-Application
,	O
a	O
socialist	O
and	O
anti-capitalist	O
user-group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Corporate	O
marketers	O
,	O
especially	O
during	O
the	O
height	O
of	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
in	O
the	O
cultural	O
zeitgeist	O
of	O
20052010	O
,	O
have	O
been	O
accused	O
of	O
being	O
overly	O
credulous	O
of	O
the	O
actual	O
reach	O
and	O
influence	O
of	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
article	O
in	O
Wired	O
featured	O
a	O
marketer	O
for	O
Coca-Cola	O
who	O
found	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
to	O
be	O
essentially	O
deserted	O
when	O
personally	O
inspecting	O
it	O
,	O
yet	O
still	O
funded	O
a	O
marketing	O
campaign	O
there	O
anyway	O
from	O
fear	O
of	O
missing	O
out	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
has	O
been	O
attacked	O
several	O
times	O
by	O
groups	O
of	O
residents	B-Application
abusing	O
the	O
creation	O
tools	O
to	O
create	O
objects	O
that	O
harass	O
other	O
users	O
or	O
damage	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
included	O
grey	B-Application
goo	I-Application
objects	O
which	O
infinitely	O
reproduce	O
,	O
eventually	O
overwhelming	O
the	O
servers	O
;	O
orbiters	O
which	O
throw	O
an	O
avatar	B-Application
so	O
far	O
upwards	O
they	O
cannot	O
get	O
back	O
down	O
in	O
a	O
reasonable	O
timeframe	O
without	O
teleporting	O
;	O
cages	O
which	O
surround	O
avatars	B-Application
,	O
preventing	O
them	O
from	O
moving	O
,	O
and	O
similar	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Attacks	O
on	O
the	O
grid	O
itself	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Grey	B-Application
Goo	I-Application
,	O
are	O
strictly	O
forbidden	O
anywhere	O
on	O
the	O
grid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
possible	O
to	O
perpetrate	O
denial-of-service	O
attacks	O
(	O
DoS	O
)	O
on	O
other	O
users	O
simply	O
by	O
scripting	O
objects	O
that	O
spew	O
screen	O
filling	O
characters	O
from	O
anywhere	O
on	O
the	O
grid	O
to	O
another	O
avatar	B-Application
's	O
location	O
,	O
thereby	O
disabling	O
a	O
clear	O
view	O
to	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Emerald	O
client	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
users	O
based	O
on	O
Snowglobe	O
,	O
an	O
opensource	O
fork	O
of	O
the	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
client	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
these	O
groups	O
was	O
banned	O
from	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
by	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
after	O
publishing	O
their	O
discovery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
support	O
staff	O
and	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
developers	O
of	O
the	O
Emerald	O
project	O
,	O
who	O
was	O
not	O
banned	O
,	O
left	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
a	O
new	O
viewer	O
project	O
,	O
Phoenix	O
(	O
using	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
Emerald	O
codebase	O
,	O
but	O
without	O
Off-the-Record	B-Protocol
Messaging	I-Protocol
nor	O
any	O
potentially	O
malicious	O
code	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Criticism	O
and	O
controversy	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
has	O
seen	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
controversies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
past	O
,	O
large	O
portions	O
of	O
the	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
economy	O
consisted	O
of	O
businesses	O
that	O
are	O
regulated	O
or	O
banned	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Changes	O
to	O
Second	O
Lifes	O
terms	O
of	O
service	O
in	O
this	O
regard	O
have	O
largely	O
had	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
bringing	O
activity	O
within	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
into	O
compliance	O
with	O
various	O
international	O
laws	O
,	O
even	O
though	O
the	O
person	O
running	O
the	O
business	O
may	O
be	O
in	O
full	O
compliance	O
with	O
the	O
law	O
in	O
their	O
own	O
country	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2007	O
,	O
a	O
$	O
750,000	O
in-world	O
Linden	O
Dollar	O
bank	O
or	O
Ponzi	O
scheme	O
called	O
Ginko	B-General_Concept
Financial	I-General_Concept
collapsed	O
due	O
to	O
a	O
bank	O
run	O
triggered	O
by	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
's	O
ban	O
on	O
gambling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
ban	O
,	O
a	O
few	O
companies	O
continue	O
to	O
offer	O
non-interest	O
bearing	O
deposit	O
accounts	O
to	O
residents	B-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
e-commerce	O
site	O
XStreet	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
already	O
adopted	O
a	O
zero-interest	O
policy	O
3	O
months	O
before	O
the	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
interest	O
ban	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
some	O
faults	O
are	O
caused	O
by	O
the	O
system	O
's	O
use	O
of	O
an	O
"	O
asset	O
server	O
"	O
cluster	O
,	O
on	O
which	O
the	O
actual	O
data	O
governing	O
objects	O
is	O
stored	O
separately	O
from	O
the	O
areas	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
and	O
the	O
avatars	B-Application
that	O
use	O
those	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
proprietary	B-Application
communications	O
protocols	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
possible	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
network	O
proxy	O
service	O
to	O
reduce	O
network	O
load	O
when	O
many	O
people	O
are	O
all	O
using	O
the	O
same	O
location	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
when	O
used	O
for	O
group	O
activities	O
in	O
a	O
school	O
or	O
business	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Criticism	O
of	O
quality	O
assurance	O
of	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
states	O
that	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
focuses	O
too	O
much	O
on	O
bringing	O
new	O
features	O
to	O
the	O
production	O
environment	O
instead	O
of	O
fixing	O
long-standing	O
bugs	O
that	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
worst	O
case	O
,	O
cause	O
financial	O
loss	O
for	O
the	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	O
hardware	O
and	O
Internet	O
connections	O
capable	O
of	O
smoothly	O
rendering	O
high	O
quality	O
content	O
in	O
other	O
MMOGs	B-Application
may	O
perform	O
poorly	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
low	O
frame	O
rates	O
and	O
unresponsive	O
controls	O
on	O
even	O
minimal	O
graphical	O
configurations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
problem	O
is	O
especially	O
prevalent	O
when	O
large	O
numbers	O
of	O
avatars	B-Application
congregate	O
in	O
one	O
area	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
thumb|Fishing	O
boat	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
single	O
region	O
(	O
65,536	O
m2	O
of	O
land	O
hosted	O
on	O
a	O
single	O
CPU	B-Device
)	O
is	O
set	O
to	O
accommodate	O
a	O
limited	O
number	O
of	O
Residents	B-Application
(	O
40	O
on	O
'	O
mainland	O
 '	O
regions	O
,	O
up	O
to	O
100	O
on	O
private	O
islands	O
)	O
,	O
causing	O
some	O
popular	O
locations	O
such	O
as	O
teleportation	O
points	O
to	O
become	O
inaccessible	O
at	O
times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
possible	O
for	O
an	O
area	O
of	O
land	O
a	O
Resident	O
has	O
paid	O
for	O
to	O
become	O
inaccessible	O
because	O
another	O
area	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
region	O
has	O
exhausted	O
the	O
avatar	B-Application
limit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
8	O
,	O
2006	O
,	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
released	O
a	O
news	O
bulletin	O
that	O
revealed	O
their	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
database	O
had	O
been	O
compromised	O
and	O
customer	O
information	O
,	O
including	O
encrypted	O
passwords	O
and	O
users	O
 '	O
real	O
names	O
,	O
had	O
likely	O
been	O
accessed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
such	O
program	O
,	O
CopyBot	B-Application
,	O
was	O
developed	O
in	O
2006	O
as	O
a	O
debugging	O
tool	O
to	O
enable	O
objects	O
to	O
be	O
backed	O
up	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
immediately	O
hijacked	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
copying	O
objects	O
;	O
additionally	O
,	O
programs	O
that	O
generally	O
attack	O
client-side	O
processing	O
of	O
data	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
GLIntercept	O
,	O
can	O
copy	O
certain	O
pieces	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
use	O
is	O
prohibited	O
under	O
the	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
TOS	O
and	O
could	O
be	O
prosecuted	O
under	O
the	O
Digital	O
Millennium	O
Copyright	O
Act	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linden	O
Lab	O
may	O
ban	O
a	O
user	O
who	O
is	O
observed	O
using	O
CopyBot	B-Application
or	O
a	O
similar	O
client	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
will	O
not	O
ban	O
a	O
user	O
simply	O
for	O
uploading	O
or	O
even	O
selling	O
copied	O
content	O
;	O
in	O
this	O
case	O
,	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
's	O
enforcement	O
of	O
intellectual	O
property	O
law	O
is	O
limited	O
to	O
that	O
required	O
by	O
the	O
"	O
safe	O
harbor	O
"	O
provisions	O
of	O
the	O
DMCA	O
which	O
used	O
to	O
require	O
a	O
regular	O
mail	O
DMCA	O
complaint	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
few	O
high-profile	O
businesses	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
have	O
filed	O
such	O
lawsuits	O
,	O
none	O
of	O
the	O
cases	O
filed	O
to	O
date	O
have	O
gone	O
to	O
trial	O
,	O
and	O
most	O
have	O
been	O
dismissed	O
pursuant	O
to	O
a	O
settlement	O
agreement	O
reached	O
between	O
the	O
parties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
plaintiffs	O
say	O
a	O
change	O
in	O
the	O
terms	O
of	O
service	O
forced	O
them	O
to	O
either	O
accept	O
new	O
terms	O
that	O
rescinded	O
their	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
property	I-General_Concept
ownership	O
rights	O
,	O
or	O
else	O
be	O
locked	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
thumb|Map	O
over	O
Bay	O
City	O
,	O
the	O
largest	O
virtual	B-Application
city	I-Application
of	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
,	O
located	O
on	O
the	O
continent	O
of	O
Sansara	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linden	O
Lab	O
,	O
for	O
a	O
period	O
,	O
offered	O
Openspace	O
regions	O
to	O
users	O
:	O
regions	O
which	O
were	O
purchased	O
in	O
packs	O
of	O
four	O
,	O
with	O
all	O
four	O
running	O
on	O
a	O
single	O
CPU	B-Device
core	O
,	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
placed	O
next	O
to	O
an	O
existing	O
region	O
to	O
create	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
larger	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linden	O
Lab	O
raised	O
the	O
monthly	O
fee	O
per	O
Openspace	O
to	O
US$125	O
,	O
the	O
same	O
cost	O
as	O
half	O
a	O
region	O
;	O
added	O
an	O
avatar	B-Application
limit	O
of	O
20	O
;	O
and	O
renamed	O
it	O
to	O
Homestead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
media	O
attention	O
has	O
been	O
given	O
to	O
sexual	O
activity	O
involving	O
avatars	B-Application
with	O
a	O
childlike	O
appearance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
USA	O
has	O
attempted	O
to	O
pass	O
several	O
laws	O
forbidding	O
simulated	O
child	O
pornography	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
each	O
one	O
has	O
been	O
struck	O
down	O
by	O
the	O
US	O
Supreme	O
Court	O
as	O
an	O
infringement	O
on	O
the	O
First	O
Amendment	O
right	O
to	O
free	B-Application
speech	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
May	O
2007	O
,	O
two	O
such	O
countries	O
,	O
Germany	O
and	O
Belgium	O
,	O
have	O
launched	O
a	O
police	O
investigation	O
into	O
age	O
of	O
consent-related	O
offenses	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
(	O
including	O
both	O
trading	O
of	O
non-virtual	O
photography	O
and	O
involuntary	O
virtual	O
sexual	O
activity	O
with	O
childlike	O
avatars	B-Application
by	O
means	O
of	O
virtual	O
identity	O
theft	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
France	O
,	O
a	O
conservative	O
family	O
union	O
,	O
Familles	O
de	O
France	O
,	O
sued	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
in	O
June	O
2007	O
,	O
alleging	O
that	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
gave	O
minors	O
access	O
to	O
sexual	O
content	O
,	O
including	O
bondage	O
,	O
zoophilia	O
and	O
scatophilia	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
gambling	O
,	O
and	O
advertisements	O
for	O
alcohol	O
,	O
drugs	O
or	O
tobacco	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linden	O
Lab	O
pointed	O
out	O
that	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
is	O
not	O
meant	O
for	O
children	O
(	O
people	O
under	O
the	O
age	O
of	O
18	O
)	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
mature	O
content	O
and	O
interactions	O
within	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
minors	O
aged	O
between	O
13	O
and	O
17	O
can	O
access	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
,	O
but	O
they	O
will	O
be	O
restricted	O
to	O
what	O
they	O
can	O
see	O
or	O
do	O
based	O
on	O
age	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
world	O
is	O
split	O
into	O
sections/worlds	O
and	O
each	O
one	O
is	O
given	O
a	O
maturity	O
rating	O
similar	O
to	O
films	O
:	O
General	O
,	O
Moderate	O
and	O
Adult	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Builds	O
,	O
textures	O
,	O
actions	O
,	O
animations	O
,	O
chat	O
,	O
or	O
businesses	O
that	O
are	O
of	O
an	O
adult	O
nature	O
are	O
regulated	O
by	O
the	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
Terms	O
of	O
Service	O
to	O
only	O
occur	O
in	O
simulators	O
with	O
a	O
Moderate	O
or	O
Adult	O
rating	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
General	O
rated	O
sims	O
exist	O
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
for	O
residents	B-Application
who	O
do	O
not	O
wish	O
to	O
reside	O
in	O
areas	O
where	O
adult-oriented	O
activities	O
and	O
businesses	O
are	O
permitted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unauthorized	O
copying	O
of	O
contentSecond	O
Life	O
features	O
a	O
built-in	O
digital	O
rights	O
management	O
system	O
that	O
controls	O
the	O
movement	O
of	O
textures	O
,	O
sounds	O
,	O
scripts	O
,	O
and	O
models	O
with	O
the	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
servers	O
at	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2006	O
controversy	O
arose	O
over	O
a	O
tool	O
called	O
CopyBot	B-Application
,	O
developed	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
libsecondlife	O
and	O
was	O
intended	O
to	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
legitimately	O
back	O
up	O
their	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
a	O
brief	O
period	O
,	O
an	O
unmodified	O
CopyBot	B-Application
allowed	O
any	O
user	O
to	O
replicate	O
SL	O
items	O
or	O
avatars	B-Application
(	O
although	O
not	O
scripts	O
,	O
which	O
run	O
only	O
on	O
the	O
servers	O
at	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
SecondLife	B-Application
protocols	O
prevented	O
unmodified	O
copies	O
of	O
CopyBot	B-Application
from	O
working	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Residents	B-Application
who	O
copy	O
content	O
belonging	O
to	O
other	O
users	O
face	O
being	O
banned	O
from	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
,	O
but	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
has	O
so	O
far	O
never	O
sued	O
any	O
of	O
these	O
users	O
for	O
copyright	O
infringement	O
;	O
since	O
the	O
resident	O
creators	O
(	O
and	O
not	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
)	O
retain	O
ownership	O
of	O
the	O
rights	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
clear	O
whether	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
would	O
legally	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
do	O
so	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linden	O
Lab	O
does	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
comply	O
with	O
DMCA	O
takedown	O
notices	O
served	O
to	O
them	O
against	O
resident	O
content	O
;	O
serving	O
a	O
DMCA	O
Takedown	O
Notice	O
is	O
the	O
normal	O
procedure	O
recommended	O
by	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
for	O
having	O
copyrighted	O
content	O
illegally	O
resold	O
on	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Section	O
7.3	O
of	O
the	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
terms	O
of	O
service	O
states	O
;	O
"	O
you	O
hereby	O
automatically	O
grant	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
a	O
non-exclusive	O
,	O
worldwide	O
,	O
royalty-free	O
,	O
sub-license	O
able	O
,	O
and	O
transferable	O
licence	O
to	O
use	O
,	O
reproduce	O
,	O
distribute	O
,	O
prepare	O
derivative	O
works	O
of	O
,	O
display	O
,	O
and	O
perform	O
the	O
content	O
solely	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
providing	O
and	O
promoting	O
the	O
service	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
most	O
users	O
and	O
commentators	O
believed	O
that	O
Bragg	O
would	O
have	O
no	O
chance	O
of	O
winning	O
,	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
legal	O
developments	O
occurred	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
case	O
,	O
including	O
a	O
court	O
ruling	O
that	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
Terms	O
of	O
Service	O
were	O
unenforceable	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
being	O
an	O
unconscionable	O
contract	O
of	O
adhesion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
Bragg	O
's	O
legal	O
arguments	O
rested	O
on	O
the	O
claim	O
—	O
advertised	O
on	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
web	O
site	O
—	O
that	O
virtual	O
land	O
within	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
could	O
be	O
"	O
owned	O
"	O
by	O
the	O
purchasing	O
user	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
removed	O
shortly	O
after	O
the	O
settlement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Court	O
papers	O
allege	O
the	O
defendants	O
knowingly	O
and	O
profitably	O
turned	O
a	O
blind	O
eye	O
to	O
copyright	O
and	O
trademark	O
violations	O
within	O
the	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
service.Mistral	O
,	O
Pixeleen	O
:	O
"	O
Strokerz	O
Toyz/Eros	O
LLC	O
Takes	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
to	O
Court	O
in	O
Class	O
Action	O
Lawsuit	O
!!!	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
secondary	O
class	O
was	O
those	O
who	O
suffered	O
property	O
losses	O
from	O
loss	O
of	O
land	O
,	O
money	O
on	O
hand	O
,	O
and	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
goods	I-General_Concept
in	O
avatar	B-Application
inventories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2013	O
,	O
attorney	O
for	O
defendants	O
negotiated	O
a	O
settlement	O
agreement	O
with	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
lead	O
attorneys	O
that	O
,	O
in	O
plain	O
language	O
,	O
agreed	O
to	O
refund	O
region	O
setup	O
fees	O
for	O
private	O
island	O
owners	O
,	O
pay	O
land	O
owners	O
2	O
Linden	O
Dollars	O
per	O
square	O
meter	O
of	O
virtual	O
land	O
,	O
refund	O
all	O
L$	O
and	O
USD	O
amounts	O
in	O
the	O
plaintiffs	O
 '	O
accounts	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
suspension	O
,	O
and	O
allow	O
the	O
plaintiffs	O
the	O
option	O
of	O
either	O
receiving	O
$15US	O
as	O
compensation	O
for	O
loss	O
of	O
accounts	O
and	O
inventory	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
goods	I-General_Concept
OR	O
restoration	O
of	O
their	O
accounts	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
sell	O
their	O
goods	O
on	O
the	O
SL	O
Marketplace	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
its	O
debut	O
in	O
2003	O
,	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
has	O
been	O
referred	O
to	O
by	O
various	O
popular	O
culture	O
media	O
,	O
including	O
literature	O
,	O
television	O
,	O
film	O
and	O
music	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
various	O
personalities	O
in	O
such	O
media	O
have	O
themselves	O
used	O
or	O
employed	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
for	O
both	O
their	O
own	O
works	O
and	O
for	O
private	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2006	O
,	O
former	O
Governor	O
of	O
Virginia	O
Mark	O
Warner	O
became	O
the	O
first	O
politician	O
to	O
appear	O
in	O
a	O
MMO	O
when	O
he	O
gave	O
a	O
speech	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Musicians	O
followed	O
suit	O
,	O
with	O
Redzone	O
being	O
credited	O
by	O
Wired	O
and	O
Reuters	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
band	O
to	O
tour	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
in	O
February	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Then	O
,	O
in	O
June	O
2008	O
,	O
author	O
Charles	O
Stross	O
held	O
a	O
conference	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
to	O
promote	O
an	O
upcoming	O
novel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
was	O
also	O
featured	O
prominently	O
,	O
and	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
tool	O
to	O
locate	O
a	O
suspect	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
television	O
show	O
CSI	B-Application
:	I-Application
NY	I-Application
in	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Much	O
of	O
the	O
published	O
research	O
conducted	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
is	O
associated	O
with	O
education	O
and	O
learning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
computer	O
games	O
,	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
does	O
not	O
have	O
a	O
pre-defined	O
purpose	O
and	O
allows	O
for	O
highly	O
realistic	O
enactment	O
of	O
real	O
life	O
activities	O
online	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Situated	O
learning	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
examined	O
in	O
SL	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
determine	O
how	O
the	O
design	O
and	O
social	O
dynamics	O
of	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
support	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
constrain	O
various	O
types	O
of	O
learning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
paper	O
,	O
"	O
The	O
future	O
for	O
(	O
second	O
)	O
life	O
and	O
learning	O
"	O
,	O
published	O
in	O
the	O
British	O
Journal	O
of	O
Educational	O
Technology	O
,	O
examines	O
the	O
potential	O
of	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
to	O
further	O
innovative	O
learning	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
notes	O
trends	O
within	O
the	O
SL	O
innovation	O
to	O
date	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
provision	O
of	O
realistic	O
settings	O
,	O
the	O
exploitation	O
of	O
pleasant	O
simulated	B-Application
environments	I-Application
for	O
groups	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
links	O
with	O
other	O
learning	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
thumb|HealthInfo	O
Island	O
provides	O
tips	O
on	O
staying	O
healthy	O
to	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
residents	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
has	O
also	O
offered	O
educational	O
research	O
potential	O
within	O
the	O
medical	O
and	O
healthcare	O
fields	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
in-world	O
research	O
facilities	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
Medical	O
and	O
Consumer	O
Health	O
Libraries	O
(	O
Healthinfo	O
Island	O
—	O
funded	O
by	O
a	O
grant	O
from	O
the	O
US	O
National	O
Library	O
of	O
Medicine	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
VNEC	O
(	O
Virtual	O
Neurological	O
Education	O
Centre	O
—	O
developed	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Plymouth	O
,	O
UK	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
have	O
also	O
been	O
healthcare	O
related	O
studies	O
done	O
of	O
SL	O
residents	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Studies	O
show	O
that	O
behaviors	O
from	O
virtual	B-Application
worlds	I-Application
can	O
translate	O
to	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
focus	O
of	O
SL	O
research	O
has	O
included	O
the	O
relationship	O
of	O
avatars	B-Application
or	O
virtual	O
personas	O
to	O
the	O
'	O
real	O
 '	O
or	O
actual	O
person	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
deals	O
with	O
experimental	O
research	O
and	O
supports	O
the	O
idea	O
that	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
SL	O
,	O
can	O
enable	O
research	O
programs	O
in	O
that	O
people	O
behave	O
in	O
a	O
relatively	O
natural	O
spread	O
of	O
behavioral	O
patterns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
thumb|A	O
realistic	O
depiction	O
of	O
Earth	O
as	O
shown	O
in	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
of	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
at	O
SciLands.The	O
SL	O
avatar-self	O
relationship	O
was	O
also	O
studied	O
via	O
resident	O
interviews	O
,	O
and	O
various	O
enactments	O
of	O
the	O
avatar-self	O
relationship	O
were	O
identified	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
study	O
concluded	O
that	O
SL	O
residents	B-Application
enacted	O
multiple	O
avatar-self	O
relationships	O
and	O
cycled	O
through	O
them	O
in	O
quick	O
succession	O
,	O
suggesting	O
that	O
these	O
avatar-self	O
relationships	O
might	O
be	O
shaped	O
and	O
activated	O
strategically	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
achieve	O
the	O
desired	O
educational	O
,	O
commercial	O
,	O
or	O
therapeutic	O
outcomes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Anthropologist	O
Tom	O
Boellstorff	O
describes	O
the	O
anthropological	O
applications	O
of	O
studying	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
and	O
its	O
userbase	O
in	O
Coming	O
of	O
Age	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
:	O
An	O
Anthropologist	O
Explores	O
the	O
Virtually	O
Human	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
also	O
comments	O
on	O
the	O
phenomenon	O
of	O
data	O
becoming	O
"	O
part	O
of	O
social	O
context	O
"	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
observed	O
both	O
inside	O
and	O
outside	O
of	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
as	O
surveillance	O
becomes	O
more	O
integrated	O
into	O
everyday	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
stresses	O
the	O
difference	O
between	O
the	O
concepts	O
of	O
anonymity	O
and	O
pseudonymity	O
,	O
identifying	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
users	O
as	O
belonging	O
to	O
the	O
latter	O
group	O
of	O
people	O
-	O
though	O
their	O
avatars	B-Application
are	O
not	O
directly	O
linked	O
to	O
their	O
real	O
identities	O
and	O
reputations	O
,	O
they	O
have	O
forged	O
new	O
ones	O
in	O
this	O
online	O
space	O
,	O
a	O
unique	O
effect	O
of	O
creating	O
an	O
online	O
persona	O
in	O
the	O
digital	O
age	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kaplan	O
Andreas	O
M.	O
,	O
Haenlein	O
M	O
.	O
(	O
2009	O
)	O
Consumer	O
use	O
and	O
business	O
potential	O
of	O
virtual	B-Application
worlds	I-Application
:	O
The	O
case	O
of	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
,	O
International	O
Journal	O
on	O
Media	O
Management	O
,	O
11(3 )	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kaplan	O
Andreas	O
M.	O
,	O
Haenlein	O
M	O
.	O
(	O
2009	O
)	O
The	O
fairyland	O
of	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
:	O
About	O
virtual	O
social	O
worlds	O
and	O
how	O
to	O
use	O
them	O
,	O
Business	O
Horizons	O
,	O
52(6 )	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
Love	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
dialog	O
between	O
two	O
partners	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Martin	O
,	O
Neo	O
;	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
Fraud	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fraud	O
and	O
intellectual	O
property	O
protection	O
in	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
for	O
Dummies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
The	O
Official	O
Guide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Telos	O
141	O
,	O
Second-Best	O
Life	O
:	O
Real	O
Virtuality''	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SK	O
Alamgir	O
Hossain	O
,	O
Abu	O
Saleh	O
Md	O
Mahfujur	O
Rahman	O
,	O
and	O
Abdulmotaleb	O
El	O
Saddik	O
,	O
"	O
Interpersonal	O
haptic	O
communication	O
in	O
second	B-Application
life	I-Application
"	O
,	O
in	O
Haptic	O
Audio-Visual	O
Environments	O
and	O
Games	O
(	O
HAVE	O
)	O
,	O
2010	O
IEEE	O
International	O
Symposium	O
on	O
,	O
October	O
16	O
–	O
17	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
Phoenix	O
,	O
Arizona	O
,	O
USA	O
,	O
pp.1	O
–	O
4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taşçı	O
,	O
D.	O
,	O
Dinçer	O
,	O
D	O
.	O
"	O
The	O
Creation	O
Of	O
Academic	O
Consulting	O
Environment	O
in	O
Virtual	B-Application
Worlds	I-Application
And	O
An	O
Assessment	O
Of	O
Challenges	O
Faced	O
By	O
Learners	O
in	O
This	O
Environment	O
"	O
,	O
Conference	O
proceedings	O
of	O
"	O
eLearning	O
and	O
Software	O
for	O
Education	O
"	O
,	O
01	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
p.290	O
–	O
296	O
.	O
</s>
