<s>
Seam	B-Algorithm
carving	I-Algorithm
(	O
or	O
liquid	B-Algorithm
rescaling	I-Algorithm
)	O
is	O
an	O
algorithm	O
for	O
content-aware	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
resizing	I-Algorithm
,	O
developed	O
by	O
Shai	O
Avidan	O
,	O
of	O
Mitsubishi	O
Electric	O
Research	O
Laboratories	O
(	O
MERL	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Ariel	O
Shamir	O
,	O
of	O
the	O
Interdisciplinary	O
Center	O
and	O
MERL	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Seam	B-Algorithm
carving	I-Algorithm
also	O
allows	O
manually	O
defining	O
areas	O
in	O
which	O
pixels	O
may	O
not	O
be	O
modified	O
,	O
and	O
features	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
remove	O
whole	O
objects	O
from	O
photographs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
purpose	O
of	O
the	O
algorithm	O
is	O
image	B-Algorithm
retargeting	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
problem	O
of	O
displaying	O
images	O
without	O
distortion	O
on	O
media	O
of	O
various	O
sizes	O
(	O
cell	O
phones	O
,	O
projection	O
screens	O
)	O
using	O
document	O
standards	O
,	O
like	O
HTML	O
,	O
that	O
already	O
support	O
dynamic	O
changes	O
in	O
page	O
layout	O
and	O
text	O
but	O
not	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Image	B-Algorithm
Retargeting	I-Algorithm
was	O
invented	O
by	O
Vidya	O
Setlur	O
,	O
Saeko	O
Takage	O
,	O
Ramesh	O
Raskar	O
,	O
Michael	O
Gleicher	O
and	O
Bruce	O
Gooch	O
in	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
below	O
example	O
describes	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
seam	B-Algorithm
carving	I-Algorithm
:	O
</s>
<s>
Seams	O
can	O
be	O
calculated	O
via	O
the	O
dynamic	B-Algorithm
programming	I-Algorithm
approach	O
below	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
be	O
done	O
via	O
Dijkstra	B-Algorithm
's	I-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
,	O
dynamic	B-Algorithm
programming	I-Algorithm
,	O
greedy	B-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
or	O
graph	B-Algorithm
cuts	I-Algorithm
among	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dynamic	B-Algorithm
programming	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
programming	O
method	O
that	O
stores	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
sub-calculations	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
simplify	O
calculating	O
a	O
more	O
complex	O
result	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dynamic	B-Algorithm
programming	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
compute	O
seams	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
one	O
ignores	O
both	O
issues	O
however	O
,	O
a	O
greedy	O
approximation	O
for	O
parallel	O
seam	B-Algorithm
carving	I-Algorithm
is	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adobe	O
Systems	O
acquired	O
a	O
non-exclusive	O
license	O
to	O
seam	B-Algorithm
carving	I-Algorithm
technology	O
from	O
MERL	O
,	O
and	O
implemented	O
it	O
as	O
a	O
feature	O
in	O
Photoshop	B-Operating_System
CS4	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
is	O
called	O
Content	B-Algorithm
Aware	I-Algorithm
Scaling	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
license	O
is	O
non-exclusive	O
,	O
other	O
popular	O
computer	O
graphics	O
applications	O
(	O
e	O
.	O
g	O
.	O
GIMP	B-Application
,	O
digiKam	B-Language
,	O
and	O
ImageMagick	B-Language
)	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
some	O
stand-alone	O
programs	O
(	O
e	O
.	O
g	O
.	O
iResizer	O
)	O
also	O
have	O
implementations	O
of	O
this	O
technique	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
which	O
are	O
released	O
as	O
free	B-Application
and	I-Application
open	I-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2010	O
review	O
of	O
eight	O
image	B-Algorithm
retargeting	I-Algorithm
methods	O
found	O
that	O
seam	B-Algorithm
carving	I-Algorithm
produced	O
output	O
that	O
was	O
ranked	O
among	O
the	O
worst	O
of	O
the	O
tested	O
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
