<s>
A	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
or	O
script	B-Language
language	I-Language
is	O
a	O
programming	O
language	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
manipulate	O
,	O
customize	O
,	O
and	O
automate	O
the	O
facilities	O
of	O
an	O
existing	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
are	O
usually	O
interpreted	B-Application
at	B-Library
runtime	I-Library
rather	O
than	O
compiled	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
's	O
primitives	O
are	O
usually	O
elementary	O
tasks	O
or	O
API	B-General_Concept
calls	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
allows	O
them	O
to	O
be	O
combined	O
into	O
more	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Environments	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
automated	O
through	O
scripting	O
include	O
application	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
text	B-Application
editors	I-Application
,	O
web	O
pages	O
,	O
operating	B-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
shells	I-Operating_System
,	O
embedded	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
computer	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
can	O
be	O
viewed	O
as	O
a	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
for	O
a	O
particular	O
environment	O
;	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
scripting	O
an	O
application	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
an	O
extension	B-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
are	O
also	O
sometimes	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
very	B-Language
high-level	I-Language
programming	I-Language
languages	I-Language
,	O
as	O
they	O
sometimes	O
operate	O
at	O
a	O
high	O
level	O
of	O
abstraction	B-Application
,	O
or	O
as	O
control	O
languages	O
,	O
particularly	O
for	O
job	B-Application
control	I-Application
languages	I-Application
on	O
mainframes	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
is	O
also	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
wider	O
sense	O
,	O
namely	O
,	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
dynamic	B-Language
high-level	B-Language
programming	I-Language
languages	I-Language
in	O
general	O
;	O
some	O
are	O
strictly	O
interpreted	B-Application
languages	I-Application
,	O
while	O
others	O
use	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
compilation	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
spectrum	O
of	O
scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
ranges	O
from	O
small	O
to	O
large	O
,	O
and	O
from	O
highly	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
to	O
general-purpose	B-Language
programming	I-Language
languages	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
language	O
may	O
start	O
as	O
small	O
and	O
highly	O
domain-specific	O
and	O
later	O
develop	O
into	O
a	O
portable	O
and	O
general-purpose	B-Language
language	O
;	O
conversely	O
,	O
a	O
general-purpose	B-Language
language	O
may	O
later	O
develop	O
special	O
domain-specific	O
dialects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AWK	B-Application
,	O
a	O
text-processing	O
language	O
available	O
in	O
most	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
ported	O
to	O
other	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bash	B-Operating_System
,	O
an	O
interpreted	B-Application
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
for	O
use	O
on	O
Unix	B-Application
,	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
and	O
other	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
and	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Groovy	B-Application
is	O
an	O
object-oriented	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
for	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
platform	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
Ruby	B-Language
,	O
and	O
Smalltalk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JavaScript	B-Language
(	O
later	O
:	O
ECMAScript	B-Language
)	O
,	O
originally	O
a	O
very	O
small	O
,	O
highly	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
limited	O
to	O
running	O
within	O
a	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
to	O
dynamically	O
modify	O
the	O
web	O
page	O
being	O
shown	O
,	O
that	O
later	O
developed	O
into	O
a	O
widely	O
portable	O
general-purpose	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lisp	B-Language
,	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
general-purpose	B-Language
languages	O
and	O
extension	B-Language
languages	I-Language
for	O
specific	O
applications	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Emacs	B-Operating_System
Lisp	I-Operating_System
,	O
for	O
the	O
Emacs	B-Application
editor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lua	B-Language
,	O
a	O
language	O
designed	O
for	O
use	O
as	O
an	O
extension	B-Language
language	I-Language
for	O
applications	O
in	O
general	O
,	O
used	O
by	O
many	O
different	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Perl	B-Language
,	O
a	O
text-processing	O
language	O
that	O
later	O
developed	O
into	O
a	O
general-purpose	B-Language
language	O
,	O
also	O
used	O
as	O
an	O
extension	B-Language
language	I-Language
for	O
various	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerShell	B-Application
,	O
a	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
originally	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
but	O
later	O
also	O
available	O
for	O
macOS	B-Application
and	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Python	B-Language
,	O
a	O
general-purpose	B-Language
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
with	O
simple	O
syntax	O
,	O
particularly	O
suited	O
to	O
text	O
processing	O
and	O
also	O
used	O
as	O
an	O
extension	B-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rexx	B-Language
,	O
a	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
in	O
IBM	O
's	O
VM/SP	B-Application
R3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetRexx	B-Language
and	O
Object	B-Application
Rexx	I-Application
are	O
based	O
on	O
REXX	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
used	O
as	O
extension	B-Language
languages	I-Language
for	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
,	O
a	O
general	B-Language
purpose	I-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
which	O
supports	O
multiple	O
programming	O
paradigms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
sed	B-Application
,	O
a	O
text-processing	O
language	O
available	O
in	O
most	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
ported	O
to	O
other	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tcl	B-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
for	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
environments	O
,	O
popular	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
Tk	B-Application
to	O
develop	O
GUI	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
for	I-Language
Applications	I-Language
(	O
VBA	B-Language
)	O
,	O
an	O
extension	B-Language
language	I-Language
developed	O
specifically	O
for	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
applications	O
,	O
and	O
implemented	O
at	O
least	O
partially	O
in	O
many	O
non-Microsoft	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
game	O
systems	O
have	O
been	O
extensively	O
extended	O
in	O
functionality	O
by	O
scripting	O
extensions	O
using	O
custom	O
languages	O
,	O
notably	O
the	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
(	O
using	O
Linden	B-Application
Scripting	I-Application
Language	I-Application
)	O
and	O
the	O
Trainz	O
franchise	O
of	O
Railroad	O
simulators	O
(	O
using	O
TrainzScript	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
games	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Wesnoth	B-Application
,	O
users	O
may	O
play	O
custom	O
variants	O
of	O
the	O
game	O
defined	O
by	O
user-contributed	O
scripts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typical	O
scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
are	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
very	O
fast	O
to	O
learn	O
and	O
write	O
in	O
,	O
either	O
as	O
short	O
source	O
code	O
files	O
or	O
interactively	O
in	O
a	O
read	B-Application
–	I-Application
eval	I-Application
–	I-Application
print	I-Application
loop	I-Application
(	O
REPL	B-Application
,	O
language	O
shell	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
generally	O
implies	O
relatively	O
simple	O
syntax	O
and	O
semantics	B-Application
;	O
typically	O
a	O
"	O
script	O
"	O
(	O
code	O
written	O
in	O
the	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
)	O
is	O
executed	O
from	O
start	O
to	O
finish	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
script	O
"	O
,	O
with	O
no	O
explicit	O
entry	B-Language
point	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
uncommon	O
to	O
characterise	O
Java	B-Language
as	O
a	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
because	O
of	O
its	O
lengthy	O
syntax	O
and	O
rules	O
about	O
which	O
classes	O
exist	O
in	O
which	O
files	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
directly	O
possible	O
to	O
execute	O
Java	B-Language
interactively	O
,	O
because	O
source	O
files	O
can	O
only	O
contain	O
definitions	O
that	O
must	O
be	O
invoked	O
externally	O
by	O
a	O
host	O
application	O
or	O
application	O
launcher	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
,	O
Python	B-Language
allows	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
some	O
functions	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
file	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
avoid	O
functions	O
altogether	O
and	O
use	O
imperative	B-Application
programming	I-Application
style	O
,	O
or	O
even	O
use	O
it	O
interactively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
one	O
line	O
of	O
Python	B-Language
code	I-Language
prints	O
"	O
Hello	O
World	O
"	O
;	O
no	O
declarative	O
statement	O
like	O
main( )	O
is	O
required	O
here	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
is	O
usually	O
interpreted	B-Application
from	O
source	O
code	O
or	O
bytecode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
contrast	O
,	O
the	O
software	O
environment	O
(	O
interpreter	B-Application
)	O
the	O
scripts	O
are	O
written	O
for	O
is	O
typically	O
written	O
in	O
a	O
compiled	B-Language
language	I-Language
and	O
distributed	O
in	O
machine	B-Language
code	I-Language
form	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
may	O
be	O
designed	O
for	O
use	O
by	O
end	O
users	O
of	O
a	O
program	O
—	O
end-user	O
development	O
—	O
or	O
may	O
be	O
only	O
for	O
internal	O
use	O
by	O
developers	O
,	O
so	O
they	O
can	O
write	O
portions	O
of	O
the	O
program	O
in	O
the	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
typically	O
use	O
abstraction	B-Application
,	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
information	B-Application
hiding	I-Application
,	O
to	O
spare	O
users	O
the	O
details	O
of	O
internal	O
variable	O
types	O
,	O
data	O
storage	O
,	O
and	O
memory	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scripts	O
are	O
often	O
created	O
or	O
modified	O
by	O
the	O
person	O
executing	O
them	O
,	O
but	O
they	O
are	O
also	O
often	O
distributed	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
when	O
large	O
portions	O
of	O
games	O
are	O
written	O
in	O
a	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
notably	O
the	O
Google	B-Application
Chrome	I-Application
T-rex	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
(	O
in	O
the	O
1950s	O
)	O
were	O
non-interactive	O
,	O
instead	O
using	O
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
's	O
Job	B-Application
Control	I-Application
Language	I-Application
(	O
JCL	B-Application
)	O
is	O
the	O
archetype	O
of	O
languages	O
used	O
to	O
control	O
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
interactive	O
shells	B-Language
were	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
1960s	O
to	O
enable	O
remote	O
operation	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
time-sharing	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
these	O
used	O
shell	B-Language
scripts	I-Language
,	O
which	O
controlled	O
running	O
computer	O
programs	O
within	O
a	O
computer	O
program	O
,	O
the	O
shell	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Calvin	O
Mooers	O
in	O
his	O
TRAC	B-Language
language	I-Language
is	O
generally	O
credited	O
with	O
inventing	O
command	O
substitution	O
,	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
embed	O
commands	O
in	O
scripts	O
that	O
when	O
interpreted	B-Application
insert	O
a	O
character	O
string	O
into	O
the	O
script	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multics	B-Application
calls	O
these	O
active	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Louis	O
Pouzin	O
wrote	O
an	O
early	O
processor	O
for	O
command	O
scripts	O
called	O
RUNCOM	O
for	O
CTSS	B-Operating_System
around	O
1964	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stuart	O
Madnick	O
at	O
MIT	O
wrote	O
a	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
for	O
IBM	O
's	O
CP/CMS	B-Application
in	O
1966	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
originally	O
called	O
this	O
processor	O
COMMAND	O
,	O
later	O
named	O
EXEC	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multics	B-Application
included	O
an	O
offshoot	O
of	O
CTSS	B-Operating_System
RUNCOM	O
,	O
also	O
called	O
RUNCOM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EXEC	B-Application
was	O
eventually	O
replaced	O
by	O
EXEC	B-Application
2	I-Application
and	O
REXX	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Languages	O
such	O
as	O
Tcl	B-Operating_System
and	O
Lua	B-Language
were	O
specifically	O
designed	O
as	O
general-purpose	B-Language
scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
that	O
could	O
be	O
embedded	O
in	O
any	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
Visual	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
for	I-Language
Applications	I-Language
(	O
VBA	B-Language
)	O
provided	O
strong	O
integration	O
with	O
the	O
automation	O
facilities	O
of	O
an	O
underlying	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Embedding	O
of	O
such	O
general-purpose	B-Language
scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
instead	O
of	O
developing	O
a	O
new	O
language	O
for	O
each	O
application	O
also	O
had	O
obvious	O
benefits	O
,	O
relieving	O
the	O
application	O
developer	O
of	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
code	O
a	O
language	O
translator	O
from	O
scratch	O
and	O
allowing	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
apply	O
skills	O
learned	O
elsewhere	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
software	O
incorporates	O
several	O
different	O
scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
typically	O
provide	O
a	O
language	O
for	O
writing	O
extensions	O
to	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
itself	O
,	O
and	O
several	O
standard	O
embedded	O
languages	O
for	O
controlling	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
,	O
including	O
JavaScript	B-Language
(	O
a	O
dialect	O
of	O
ECMAScript	B-Language
)	O
or	O
XUL	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
can	O
be	O
categorized	O
into	O
several	O
different	O
types	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
considerable	O
degree	O
of	O
overlap	O
among	O
the	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scripting	O
is	O
often	O
contrasted	O
with	O
system	B-Application
programming	I-Application
,	O
as	O
in	O
Ousterhout	O
's	O
dichotomy	O
or	O
"	O
programming	B-Application
in	I-Application
the	I-Application
large	I-Application
and	I-Application
programming	I-Application
in	I-Application
the	I-Application
small	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
view	O
,	O
scripting	O
is	O
glue	B-General_Concept
code	I-General_Concept
,	O
connecting	O
software	O
components	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
language	O
specialized	O
for	O
this	O
purpose	O
is	O
a	O
glue	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pipelines	O
and	O
shell	B-Language
scripting	I-Language
are	O
archetypal	O
examples	O
of	O
glue	O
languages	O
,	O
and	O
Perl	B-Language
was	O
initially	O
developed	O
to	O
fill	O
this	O
same	O
role	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Web	O
development	O
can	O
be	O
considered	O
a	O
use	O
of	O
glue	O
languages	O
,	O
interfacing	O
between	O
a	O
database	O
and	O
web	B-Application
server	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
custom	O
commands	O
for	O
a	O
command	O
shell	B-Operating_System
;	O
</s>
<s>
smaller	O
programs	O
than	O
those	O
that	O
are	O
better	O
implemented	O
in	O
a	O
compiled	B-Language
language	I-Language
;	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
wrapper	O
"	O
programs	O
for	O
executables	O
,	O
like	O
a	O
batch	O
file	O
that	O
moves	O
or	O
manipulates	O
files	O
and	O
does	O
other	O
things	O
with	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
before	O
or	O
after	O
running	O
an	O
application	O
like	O
a	O
word	O
processor	O
,	O
spreadsheet	O
,	O
data	O
base	O
,	O
assembler	O
,	O
compiler	B-Language
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rapid	O
application	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
solution	O
eventually	O
implemented	O
in	O
another	O
,	O
usually	O
compiled	B-Language
,	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Macro	O
languages	O
exposed	O
to	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
or	O
application	O
components	O
can	O
serve	O
as	O
glue	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
include	O
Visual	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
for	I-Language
Applications	I-Language
,	O
WordBasic	B-Language
,	O
LotusScript	B-Language
,	O
,	O
Hummingbird	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
,	O
QuickScript	O
,	O
Rexx	B-Language
,	O
,	O
and	O
WinWrap	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
tools	O
like	O
AWK	B-Application
can	O
also	O
be	O
considered	O
glue	O
languages	O
,	O
as	O
can	O
any	O
language	O
implemented	O
by	O
a	O
Windows	O
Script	O
Host	O
engine	O
(	O
VBScript	B-Application
,	O
JScript	B-Language
and	O
VBA	B-Language
by	O
default	O
in	O
Windows	O
and	O
third-party	O
engines	O
including	O
implementations	O
of	O
Rexx	B-Language
,	O
Perl	B-Language
,	O
Tcl	B-Operating_System
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
XSLT	B-Application
,	O
Ruby	B-Language
,	O
Modern	O
Pascal	O
,	O
Delphi	O
,	O
and	O
C	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
majority	O
of	O
applications	O
can	O
access	O
and	O
use	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
components	O
via	O
the	O
object	B-Application
models	I-Application
or	O
its	O
own	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
devices	O
like	O
programmable	O
calculators	O
may	O
also	O
have	O
glue	O
languages	O
;	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
of	O
PDAs	O
such	O
as	O
Windows	O
CE	O
may	O
have	O
available	O
native	O
or	O
third-party	O
macro	O
tools	O
that	O
glue	O
applications	O
together	O
,	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
implementations	O
of	O
common	O
glue	O
languages	O
—	O
including	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
,	O
DOS	B-Device
,	O
and	O
some	O
Unix	B-Application
shells	I-Application
,	O
Rexx	B-Language
,	O
Modern	O
Pascal	O
,	O
PHP	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Perl	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Depending	O
upon	O
the	O
OS	O
version	O
,	O
WSH	O
and	O
the	O
default	O
script	O
engines	O
(	O
VBScript	B-Application
and	O
JScript	B-Language
)	O
are	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
Texas	B-Device
Instruments	I-Device
TI-92	I-Device
,	O
by	O
factory	O
default	O
can	O
be	O
programmed	O
with	O
a	O
command	O
script	B-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inclusion	O
of	O
the	O
scripting	O
and	O
glue	O
language	O
Lua	B-Language
in	O
the	O
TI-NSpire	B-Device
series	I-Device
of	O
calculators	O
could	O
be	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
successor	O
to	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
on-board	O
high-level	B-Language
programming	I-Language
languages	I-Language
of	O
most	O
graphing	O
calculators	O
(	O
most	O
often	O
Basic	O
variants	O
,	O
sometimes	O
Lisp	B-Language
derivatives	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
uncommonly	O
,	O
C	O
derivatives	O
)	O
in	O
many	O
cases	O
can	O
glue	O
together	O
calculator	O
functions	O
—	O
such	O
as	O
graphs	O
,	O
lists	O
,	O
matrices	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Third-party	O
implementations	O
of	O
more	O
comprehensive	O
Basic	O
version	O
that	O
may	O
be	O
closer	O
to	O
variants	O
listed	O
as	O
glue	O
languages	O
in	O
this	O
article	O
are	O
available	O
—	O
and	O
attempts	O
to	O
implement	O
Perl	B-Language
,	O
Rexx	B-Language
,	O
or	O
various	O
operating	B-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
shells	I-Operating_System
on	O
the	O
TI	O
and	O
HP	O
graphing	O
calculators	O
are	O
also	O
mentioned	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PC-based	O
C	O
cross-compilers	B-Application
for	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
TI	O
and	O
HP	O
machines	O
used	O
with	O
tools	O
that	O
convert	O
between	O
C	O
and	O
Perl	B-Language
,	O
Rexx	B-Language
,	O
AWK	B-Application
,	O
and	O
shell	B-Language
scripts	I-Language
to	O
Perl	B-Language
,	O
Modern	O
Pascal	O
,	O
VBScript	B-Application
to	O
and	O
from	O
Perl	B-Language
make	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
write	O
a	O
program	O
in	O
a	O
glue	O
language	O
for	O
eventual	O
implementation	O
(	O
as	O
a	O
compiled	B-Language
program	O
)	O
on	O
the	O
calculator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
text	B-Application
editors	I-Application
support	O
macros	O
written	O
either	O
using	O
a	O
macro	O
language	O
built	O
into	O
the	O
editor	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
The	B-Application
SemWare	I-Application
Editor	I-Application
(	O
TSE	O
)	O
,	O
vi	B-Application
improved	I-Application
(	O
VIM	B-Application
)	O
,	O
or	O
using	O
an	O
external	O
implementation	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
XEDIT	B-Application
,	O
or	O
both	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
KEDIT	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sometimes	O
text	B-Application
editors	I-Application
and	O
edit	O
macros	O
are	O
used	O
under	O
the	O
covers	O
to	O
provide	O
other	O
applications	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
FILELIST	O
and	O
RDRLIST	O
in	O
CMS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
major	O
class	O
of	O
scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
has	O
grown	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
automation	O
of	O
job	B-General_Concept
control	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
relates	O
to	O
starting	O
and	O
controlling	O
the	O
behavior	O
of	O
system	O
programs	O
(	O
in	O
this	O
sense	O
,	O
one	O
might	O
think	O
of	O
shells	B-Language
as	O
being	O
descendants	O
of	O
IBM	O
's	O
JCL	B-Application
,	O
or	O
Job	B-Application
Control	I-Application
Language	I-Application
,	O
which	O
was	O
used	O
for	O
exactly	O
this	O
purpose	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
these	O
languages	O
 '	O
interpreters	B-Application
double	O
as	O
command-line	O
interpreters	B-Application
such	O
as	O
the	O
Unix	B-Application
shell	I-Application
or	O
the	O
MS-DOS	O
COMMAND.COM	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Others	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
AppleScript	B-Application
offer	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
English-like	O
commands	O
to	O
build	O
scripts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
graphical	O
user	O
interfaces	O
,	O
a	O
specialized	O
kind	O
of	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
emerged	O
for	O
controlling	O
a	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
languages	O
could	O
in	O
principle	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
control	O
any	O
GUI	O
application	O
;	O
but	O
,	O
in	O
practice	O
their	O
use	O
is	O
limited	O
because	O
their	O
use	O
needs	O
support	O
from	O
the	O
application	O
and	O
from	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
GUI	O
scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
are	O
based	O
on	O
recognizing	O
graphical	O
objects	O
from	O
their	O
display	O
screen	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
GUI	O
scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
do	O
not	O
depend	O
on	O
support	O
from	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
or	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
GUI	O
provides	O
the	O
appropriate	O
interfaces	O
,	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
IBM	O
Workplace	B-Device
Shell	I-Device
,	O
a	O
generic	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
OREXX	B-Application
,	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
writing	O
GUI	O
scripts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
standalone	O
based	O
app	O
languages	O
(	O
executable	O
)	O
or	O
internal	O
application	O
specific	O
languages	O
(	O
postscript	O
,	O
xml	O
,	O
gscript	O
as	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
widely	O
distributed	O
scripts	O
,	O
respectively	O
implemented	O
by	O
Adobe	O
,	O
MS	O
and	O
Google	O
)	O
among	O
others	O
include	O
an	O
idiomatic	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
tailored	O
to	O
the	O
needs	O
of	O
the	O
application	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Likewise	O
,	O
many	O
computer	O
game	O
systems	O
use	O
a	O
custom	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
to	O
express	O
the	O
programmed	O
actions	O
of	O
non-player	O
characters	O
and	O
the	O
game	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Languages	O
of	O
this	O
sort	O
are	O
designed	O
for	O
a	O
single	O
application	O
;	O
and	O
,	O
while	O
they	O
may	O
superficially	O
resemble	O
a	O
specific	O
general-purpose	B-Language
language	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
QuakeC	B-Application
,	O
modeled	O
after	O
C	O
)	O
,	O
they	O
have	O
custom	O
features	O
that	O
distinguish	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Emacs	B-Operating_System
Lisp	I-Operating_System
,	O
while	O
a	O
fully	O
formed	O
and	O
capable	O
dialect	O
of	O
Lisp	B-Language
,	O
contains	O
many	O
special	O
features	O
that	O
make	O
it	O
most	O
useful	O
for	O
extending	O
the	O
editing	O
functions	O
of	O
Emacs	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
application-specific	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
can	O
be	O
viewed	O
as	O
a	O
domain-specific	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
specialized	O
to	O
a	O
single	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
languages	O
have	O
been	O
designed	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
replacing	O
application-specific	O
scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
by	O
being	O
embeddable	O
in	O
application	B-Application
programs	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
application	O
programmer	O
(	O
working	O
in	O
C	O
or	O
another	O
systems	O
language	O
)	O
includes	O
"	O
hooks	O
"	O
where	O
the	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
can	O
control	O
the	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
languages	O
may	O
be	O
technically	O
equivalent	O
to	O
an	O
application-specific	O
extension	B-Language
language	I-Language
but	O
when	O
an	O
application	O
embeds	O
a	O
"	O
common	O
"	O
language	O
,	O
the	O
user	O
gets	O
the	O
advantage	O
of	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
transfer	O
skills	O
from	O
application	O
to	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
more	O
generic	O
alternative	O
is	O
simply	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
library	O
(	O
often	O
a	O
C	O
library	O
)	O
that	O
a	O
general-purpose	B-Language
language	O
can	O
use	O
to	O
control	O
the	O
application	O
,	O
without	O
modifying	O
the	O
language	O
for	O
the	O
specific	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JavaScript	B-Language
began	O
as	O
and	O
primarily	O
still	O
is	O
a	O
language	O
for	O
scripting	O
inside	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
;	O
however	O
,	O
the	O
standardization	O
of	O
the	O
language	O
as	O
ECMAScript	B-Language
has	O
made	O
it	O
popular	O
as	O
a	O
general-purpose	B-Language
embeddable	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
the	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
implementation	O
SpiderMonkey	B-Language
is	O
embedded	O
in	O
several	O
environments	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Yahoo	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
applications	O
embedding	O
ECMAScript	B-Language
implementations	O
include	O
the	O
Adobe	O
products	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
(	O
ActionScript	B-Operating_System
)	O
and	O
Adobe	B-Application
Acrobat	I-Application
(	O
for	O
scripting	O
PDF	B-Application
files	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tcl	B-Operating_System
was	O
created	O
as	O
an	O
extension	B-Language
language	I-Language
but	O
has	O
come	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
more	O
frequently	O
as	O
a	O
general-purpose	B-Language
language	O
in	O
roles	O
similar	O
to	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
Perl	B-Language
,	O
and	O
Ruby	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
Rexx	B-Language
was	O
originally	O
created	O
as	O
a	O
job	B-Application
control	I-Application
language	I-Application
,	O
but	O
is	O
widely	O
used	O
as	O
an	O
extension	B-Language
language	I-Language
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
general-purpose	B-Language
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Perl	B-Language
is	O
a	O
general-purpose	B-Language
language	O
,	O
but	O
had	O
the	O
Oraperl	O
(	O
1990	O
)	O
dialect	O
,	O
consisting	O
of	O
a	O
Perl	B-Language
4	O
binary	O
with	O
Oracle	B-Application
Call	I-Application
Interface	I-Application
compiled	B-Language
in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
has	O
however	O
since	O
been	O
replaced	O
by	O
a	O
library	O
(	O
Perl	B-Language
Module	O
)	O
,	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Autodesk	B-Language
Maya	I-Language
3D	O
authoring	O
tools	O
embed	O
the	O
Maya	B-Language
Embedded	I-Language
Language	I-Language
,	O
or	O
Blender	B-Application
which	O
uses	O
Python	B-Language
to	O
fill	O
this	O
role	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
used	O
for	O
this	O
purpose	O
range	O
from	O
the	O
more	O
common	O
and	O
more	O
famous	O
Lua	B-Language
and	O
Python	B-Language
to	O
lesser-known	O
ones	O
such	O
as	O
AngelScript	B-Application
and	O
Squirrel	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ch	B-Language
is	O
another	O
C	O
compatible	O
scripting	O
option	O
for	O
the	O
industry	O
to	O
embed	O
into	O
C/C	O
++	O
application	B-Application
programs	I-Application
.	O
</s>
