<s>
Scribe	B-Protocol
is	O
a	O
markup	O
language	O
and	O
word	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
system	O
that	O
pioneered	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
descriptive	O
markup	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scribe	B-Protocol
was	O
revolutionary	O
when	O
it	O
was	O
proposed	O
,	O
because	O
it	O
involved	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
a	O
clean	O
separation	O
of	O
presentation	O
and	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scribe	B-Protocol
was	O
designed	O
and	O
developed	O
by	O
Brian	O
Reid	O
of	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
University	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reid	O
presented	O
a	O
paper	O
describing	O
Scribe	B-Protocol
in	O
the	O
same	O
conference	O
session	O
in	O
1981	O
in	O
which	O
Charles	O
Goldfarb	O
presented	O
GML	B-Application
(	O
developed	O
in	O
1969	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
immediate	O
predecessor	O
of	O
SGML	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1979	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
his	O
graduate-student	O
career	O
,	O
Reid	O
sold	O
Scribe	B-Protocol
to	O
a	O
Pittsburgh-area	O
software	O
company	O
called	O
Unilogic	O
(	O
later	O
renamed	O
Scribe	B-Protocol
Systems	O
)	O
,	O
founded	O
by	O
Michael	O
Shamos	O
,	O
another	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
computer	O
scientist	O
,	O
to	O
market	O
the	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Michael	O
Shamos	O
was	O
embroiled	O
in	O
a	O
dispute	O
with	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
administrators	O
over	O
the	O
intellectual-property	O
rights	O
to	O
Scribe	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
dispute	O
with	O
the	O
administration	O
was	O
settled	O
out	O
of	O
court	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
university	O
conceded	O
it	O
had	O
no	O
claim	O
to	O
Scribe	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reid	O
agreed	O
to	O
insert	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
time-dependent	O
functions	O
(	O
called	O
"	O
time	B-General_Concept
bombs	I-General_Concept
"	O
)	O
that	O
would	O
deactivate	O
freely	O
copied	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
program	O
after	O
a	O
90-day	O
expiration	O
date	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stallman	O
's	O
Texinfo	B-Application
is	O
"	O
loosely	O
based	O
on	O
Brian	O
Reid	O
's	O
Scribe	B-Protocol
and	O
other	O
formatting	O
languages	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
Scribe	B-Protocol
involved	O
a	O
two	O
phase	O
process	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Typing	O
a	O
manuscript	O
file	O
using	O
any	O
text	O
editor	O
,	O
conforming	O
to	O
the	O
Scribe	B-Protocol
markup	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Processing	O
this	O
file	O
through	O
the	O
Scribe	B-Protocol
compiler	O
to	O
generate	O
an	O
associated	O
document	O
file	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
printed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Scribe	B-Protocol
markup	I-Protocol
language	I-Protocol
defined	O
the	O
words	O
,	O
lines	O
,	O
pages	O
,	O
spacing	O
,	O
headings	O
,	O
footings	O
,	O
footnotes	O
,	O
numbering	O
,	O
tables	O
of	O
contents	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
in	O
a	O
way	O
similar	O
to	O
HTML	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Scribe	B-Protocol
compiler	O
used	O
a	O
database	O
of	O
Styles	O
(	O
containing	O
document	O
format	O
definitions	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
defined	O
the	O
rules	O
for	O
formatting	O
a	O
document	O
in	O
a	O
particular	O
style	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
similarities	O
to	O
the	O
LaTeX	B-Application
document	O
preparation	O
system	O
by	O
Leslie	O
Lamport	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
idea	O
of	O
using	O
markup	O
language	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
meta-information	O
about	O
the	O
document	O
and	O
its	O
formatting	O
were	O
contained	O
within	O
the	O
document	O
itself	O
,	O
first	O
saw	O
widespread	O
use	O
in	O
a	O
program	O
called	O
RUNOFF	B-Protocol
;	O
Scribe	B-Protocol
contained	O
the	O
first	O
robust	O
implementation	O
of	O
declarative	O
markup	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Scribe	B-Protocol
,	O
markup	O
was	O
introduced	O
with	O
an	O
@	O
sign	O
,	O
followed	O
either	O
by	O
a	O
Begin-End	O
block	O
or	O
by	O
a	O
direct	O
token	O
invocation	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
that	O
single	O
concatenated	O
source	O
,	O
Scribe	B-Protocol
computed	O
chapter	O
numbers	O
,	O
page	O
numbers	O
,	O
and	O
cross-references	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
processes	O
replicate	O
features	O
in	O
later	O
markup	O
languages	O
like	O
HTML	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Placing	O
styles	O
in	O
a	O
separate	O
file	O
gave	O
some	O
advantages	O
like	O
Cascading	B-Language
Style	I-Language
Sheets	I-Language
,	O
and	O
programmed	O
macros	O
presaged	O
the	O
document	O
manipulation	O
aspects	O
of	O
JavaScript	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FinalWord	B-Application
word	O
processor	O
from	O
Mark	O
of	O
the	O
Unicorn	O
,	O
which	O
became	O
Borland	O
's	O
Sprint	B-Application
,	O
featured	O
a	O
markup	O
language	O
which	O
resembled	O
a	O
simplified	O
version	O
of	O
Scribe	B-Protocol
's	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
being	O
packaged	O
as	O
FinalWord	B-Application
,	O
earlier	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
editor	O
and	O
formatter	O
had	O
been	O
sold	O
separately	O
as	O
MINCE	B-Operating_System
(	O
"	O
MINCE	B-Operating_System
Is	O
Not	O
Complete	O
Emacs	B-Application
"	O
)	O
and	O
Scribble	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LaTeX	B-Application
extends	O
TeX	B-Application
with	O
the	O
descriptive	O
markup	O
ideas	O
of	O
Scribe	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
