<s>
A	O
screenshot	B-Application
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
screen	O
capture	O
or	O
screen	B-Application
grab	I-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
digital	O
image	O
that	O
shows	O
the	O
contents	O
of	O
a	O
computer	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
screenshot	B-Application
is	O
created	O
by	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
or	O
software	O
running	O
on	O
the	O
device	O
powering	O
the	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
screenshots	B-Application
can	O
be	O
captured	O
by	O
an	O
external	O
camera	O
,	O
using	O
photography	O
to	O
capture	O
contents	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
screenshots	B-Application
were	O
created	O
with	O
the	O
first	O
interactive	O
computers	O
around	O
1960	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
computer	O
operating	O
systems	O
did	O
not	O
universally	O
have	O
built-in	O
functionality	O
for	O
capturing	O
screenshots	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sometimes	O
text-only	O
screens	O
could	O
be	O
dumped	O
to	O
a	O
text	B-General_Concept
file	I-General_Concept
,	O
but	O
the	O
result	O
would	O
only	O
capture	O
the	O
content	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
,	O
not	O
the	O
appearance	O
,	O
nor	O
were	O
graphics	O
screens	O
preservable	O
this	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
systems	O
had	O
a	O
BSAVE	B-Protocol
command	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
capture	O
the	O
area	O
of	O
memory	O
where	O
screen	O
data	O
was	O
stored	O
,	O
but	O
this	O
required	O
access	O
to	O
a	O
BASIC	O
prompt	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Systems	O
with	O
composite	O
video	O
output	O
could	O
be	O
connected	O
to	O
a	O
VCR	O
,	O
and	O
entire	O
screencasts	B-Protocol
preserved	O
this	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
screenshots	B-Application
are	O
raster	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
,	O
but	O
some	O
vector-based	O
GUI	O
environments	O
like	O
Cairo	B-Language
are	O
capable	O
of	O
generating	O
vector	O
screenshots	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Screenshot	B-Application
kits	O
were	O
available	O
for	O
standard	O
(	O
film	O
)	O
cameras	O
that	O
included	O
a	O
long	O
antireflective	O
hood	O
to	O
attach	O
between	O
the	O
screen	O
and	O
camera	O
lens	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
closeup	O
lens	O
for	O
the	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Polaroid	O
film	O
was	O
popular	O
for	O
capturing	O
screenshots	B-Application
,	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
instant	O
results	O
and	O
close-focusing	O
capability	O
of	O
Polaroid	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1988	O
,	O
Polaroid	O
introduced	O
Spectra	O
film	O
with	O
a	O
9.2	O
×	O
7.3	O
image	O
size	O
more	O
suited	O
to	O
the	O
4:3	O
aspect	B-General_Concept
ratio	I-General_Concept
of	O
CRT	B-Device
screens	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
web	O
browsers	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
Firefox	B-Application
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Edge	I-Application
,	O
have	O
a	O
screenshot	B-Application
tool	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
capture	O
a	O
whole	O
web	O
page	O
or	O
part	O
of	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
Windows	O
systems	O
,	O
screenshots	B-Application
of	O
games	O
and	O
media	O
players	O
sometimes	O
fail	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
a	O
blank	O
rectangle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
reason	O
for	O
this	O
is	O
that	O
the	O
graphics	O
are	O
bypassing	O
the	O
normal	O
screen	O
and	O
going	O
to	O
a	O
high-speed	O
graphics	O
processor	O
on	O
the	O
graphics	B-Device
card	I-Device
by	O
using	O
a	O
method	O
called	O
hardware	B-Architecture
overlay	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generally	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
way	O
to	O
extract	O
a	O
computed	O
image	O
back	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
graphics	B-Device
card	I-Device
,	O
though	O
software	O
may	O
exist	O
for	O
special	O
cases	O
or	O
specific	O
video	B-Device
cards	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
way	O
these	O
images	O
can	O
be	O
captured	O
is	O
to	O
turn	O
off	O
the	O
hardware	B-Architecture
overlay	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
many	O
computers	O
have	O
no	O
hardware	B-Architecture
overlay	I-Architecture
,	O
most	O
programs	O
are	O
built	O
to	O
work	O
without	O
it	O
,	O
just	O
a	O
little	O
slower	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Free	B-Application
software	I-Application
media	O
players	O
may	O
also	O
use	O
the	O
overlay	O
but	O
often	O
have	O
a	O
setting	O
to	O
avoid	O
it	O
or	O
have	O
dedicated	O
screenshot	B-Application
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
screen	B-Protocol
recording	I-Protocol
capability	O
of	O
some	O
screen	O
capture	O
programs	O
is	O
a	O
time-saving	O
way	O
to	O
create	O
instructions	O
and	O
presentations	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
resulting	O
files	O
are	O
often	O
large	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
companies	O
believe	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
screenshots	B-Application
is	O
an	O
infringement	O
of	O
copyright	O
on	O
their	O
program	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
derivative	O
work	O
of	O
the	O
widgets	O
and	O
other	O
art	O
created	O
for	O
the	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Regardless	O
of	O
copyright	O
,	O
screenshots	B-Application
may	O
still	O
be	O
legally	O
used	O
under	O
the	O
principle	O
of	O
fair	O
use	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
or	O
fair	O
dealing	O
and	O
similar	O
laws	O
in	O
other	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
