<s>
Screen	B-General_Concept
reading	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
act	O
of	O
reading	O
a	O
text	O
on	O
a	O
computer	B-Device
screen	I-Device
,	O
smartphone	B-Application
,	O
e-book	O
reader	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
technology	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
naked-eye	O
observations	O
were	O
used	O
to	O
observe	O
eye	O
movement	O
,	O
until	O
later	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
19th	O
and	O
mid-20th	O
century	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
experiments	O
were	O
conducted	O
in	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
discover	O
a	O
pattern	O
regarding	O
eye	O
fixations	O
while	O
reading	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
1997	O
study	O
conducted	O
by	O
Jakob	O
Nielsen	O
,	O
a	O
web	O
usability	O
expert	O
who	O
co-founded	O
usability	O
consulting	O
company	O
Nielsen	O
Norman	O
Group	O
with	O
Donald	O
Norman	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
discovered	O
that	O
generally	O
people	O
read	O
25%	O
slower	O
on	O
a	O
computer	B-Device
screen	I-Device
in	O
comparison	O
with	O
a	O
printed	O
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
researchers	O
state	O
that	O
this	O
is	O
only	O
true	O
for	O
when	O
reading	O
on	O
an	O
older	O
type	O
computer	B-Device
screen	I-Device
with	O
a	O
low-scanrate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
additional	O
study	O
done	O
in	O
2006	O
,	O
Nielsen	O
also	O
discovered	O
that	O
people	O
read	O
Web	O
pages	O
in	O
an	O
F-shaped	B-General_Concept
pattern	I-General_Concept
that	O
consists	O
of	O
two	O
horizontal	O
stripes	O
followed	O
by	O
a	O
vertical	O
stripe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
had	O
232	O
participants	O
fitted	O
with	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
cameras	O
to	O
trace	O
their	O
eye	O
movements	O
as	O
they	O
read	O
online	O
texts	O
and	O
webpages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
technical	O
report	O
from	O
Eyetools	O
,	O
DidIt	O
and	O
Enquiro	O
,	O
using	O
search	O
results	O
from	O
the	O
Google	B-Application
search	I-Application
engine	I-Application
,	O
indicated	O
that	O
readers	O
primarily	O
looked	O
at	O
a	O
triangular	O
area	O
of	O
the	O
top	O
and	O
left	O
side	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
corresponds	O
to	O
the	O
Nielsen	O
F-shaped	B-General_Concept
pattern	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
was	O
dubbed	O
the	O
Google	B-General_Concept
Golden	I-General_Concept
Triangle	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
first	O
notion	O
of	O
screen	B-General_Concept
reading	I-General_Concept
,	O
many	O
studies	O
have	O
been	O
performed	O
to	O
discern	O
any	O
differences	O
between	O
reading	O
off	O
of	O
an	O
electronic	O
device	O
and	O
reading	O
off	O
of	O
a	O
paper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
2013	O
study	O
,	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
72	O
high	O
school	O
students	O
in	O
Norway	O
were	O
randomly	O
assigned	O
into	O
one	O
of	O
two	O
groups	O
:	O
one	O
that	O
read	O
using	O
PDF	B-Application
files	I-Application
on	O
a	O
computer	O
and	O
one	O
that	O
used	O
standard	O
paper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
results	O
indicated	O
that	O
those	O
who	O
read	O
using	O
the	O
PDF	B-Application
files	I-Application
performed	O
much	O
worse	O
than	O
those	O
reading	O
off	O
of	O
a	O
paper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
conclusion	O
was	O
reached	O
that	O
certain	O
aspects	O
of	O
screen	B-General_Concept
reading	I-General_Concept
,	O
such	O
as	O
scrolling	O
,	O
can	O
impede	O
comprehension	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
by	O
practicing	O
with	O
PDF	B-Application
files	I-Application
,	O
subjects	O
that	O
preferred	O
to	O
read	O
on	O
computers	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
overcome	O
what	O
researchers	O
labeled	O
as	O
“	O
screen	O
inferiority	O
”	O
and	O
managed	O
to	O
score	O
just	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
paper	O
readers	O
,	O
who	O
did	O
not	O
improve	O
with	O
practice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lauterman	O
and	O
Ackerman	O
concluded	O
that	O
the	O
study	O
supported	O
the	O
idea	O
that	O
screen	B-General_Concept
reading	I-General_Concept
is	O
shallower	O
than	O
paper	O
reading	O
,	O
but	O
that	O
with	O
practice	O
the	O
shallowness	O
can	O
be	O
removed	O
as	O
an	O
impediment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Critics	O
have	O
voiced	O
concerns	O
about	O
screen	B-General_Concept
reading	I-General_Concept
,	O
though	O
some	O
have	O
taken	O
a	O
more	O
positive	O
stance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Studies	O
have	O
shown	O
that	O
prolonged	O
exposure	O
to	O
computer	B-Device
screens	I-Device
can	O
have	O
negative	O
effects	O
on	O
the	O
eyes	O
,	O
causing	O
symptoms	O
of	O
computer	O
vision	O
syndrome	O
(	O
CVS	O
)	O
that	O
include	O
strained	O
eyes	O
and	O
blurred	O
vision	O
.	O
</s>
