<s>
In	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
scientific	B-Application
community	I-Application
metaphor	I-Application
is	O
a	O
metaphor	O
used	O
to	O
aid	O
understanding	O
scientific	O
communities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
publications	O
on	O
the	O
scientific	B-Application
community	I-Application
metaphor	I-Application
in	O
1981	O
and	O
1982	O
involved	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
programming	O
language	O
named	O
Ether	O
that	O
invoked	O
procedural	O
plans	O
to	O
process	O
goals	O
and	O
assertions	O
concurrently	O
by	O
dynamically	O
creating	O
new	O
rules	O
during	O
program	O
execution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
scientific	B-Application
community	I-Application
metaphor	I-Application
builds	O
on	O
the	O
philosophy	O
,	O
history	O
and	O
sociology	O
of	O
science	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
important	O
challenge	O
for	O
the	O
scientific	B-Application
community	I-Application
metaphor	I-Application
is	O
to	O
reconcile	O
these	O
paradoxical	O
statements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scientific	O
research	O
depends	O
critically	O
on	O
monotonicity	O
,	O
concurrency	B-Architecture
,	O
commutativity	O
,	O
and	O
pluralism	O
to	O
propose	O
,	O
modify	O
,	O
support	O
,	O
and	O
oppose	O
scientific	O
methods	O
,	O
practices	O
,	O
and	O
theories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quoting	O
from	O
Carl	O
Hewitt	O
,	O
scientific	B-Application
community	I-Application
metaphor	I-Application
systems	O
have	O
characteristics	O
of	O
monotonicity	O
,	O
concurrency	B-Architecture
,	O
commutativity	O
,	O
pluralism	O
,	O
skepticism	O
and	O
provenance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
concurrency	B-Architecture
:	O
Scientists	O
can	O
work	O
concurrently	O
,	O
overlapping	O
in	O
time	O
and	O
interacting	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Concurrency	B-Architecture
is	O
limited	O
by	O
resources	O
including	O
personnel	O
and	O
funding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Ether	O
the	O
semantics	O
of	O
the	O
kinds	O
of	O
activity	O
described	O
in	O
this	O
paragraph	O
are	O
governed	O
by	O
the	O
actor	B-Application
model	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Imre	O
Lakatos	O
studied	O
very	O
sophisticated	O
kinds	O
of	O
translations	O
of	O
mathematical	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
the	O
Euler	B-Language
formula	O
for	O
polyhedra	O
)	O
and	O
scientific	O
theories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
paradigm	O
was	O
developed	O
and	O
deepened	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
The	O
above	O
research	O
on	O
individual	O
human	O
problem	O
solving	O
is	O
complementary	O
to	O
the	O
scientific	B-Application
community	I-Application
metaphor	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
developments	O
in	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	O
technology	O
for	O
the	O
Internet	O
are	O
being	O
applied	O
in	O
light	O
of	O
the	O
scientific	B-Application
community	I-Application
metaphor	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
just	O
now	O
become	O
less	O
costly	O
in	O
many	O
cases	O
to	O
store	O
information	O
on	O
magnetic	B-Device
disk	I-Device
than	O
on	O
tape	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Search	B-Application
engines	I-Application
currently	O
provide	O
rudimentary	O
access	O
to	O
all	O
this	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Future	O
systems	O
will	O
provide	O
interactive	B-Algorithm
question	I-Algorithm
answering	I-Algorithm
broadly	I-Algorithm
conceived	I-Algorithm
that	O
will	O
make	O
all	O
this	O
information	O
much	O
more	O
useful	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Massive	O
concurrency	B-Architecture
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
Web	O
services	O
and	O
multi-core	B-Architecture
computer	O
architectures	O
)	O
lies	O
in	O
the	O
future	O
posing	O
enormous	O
challenges	O
and	O
opportunities	O
for	O
the	O
scientific	B-Application
community	I-Application
metaphor	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
the	O
scientific	B-Application
community	I-Application
metaphor	I-Application
is	O
being	O
used	O
in	O
client	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
