<s>
The	O
salience	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
(	O
SN	O
)	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
anatomically	O
as	O
the	O
midcingulo-insular	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
(	O
M-CIN	O
)	O
or	O
ventral	B-General_Concept
attention	I-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
,	O
is	O
a	O
large	O
scale	O
brain	O
network	O
of	O
the	O
human	O
brain	O
that	O
is	O
primarily	O
composed	O
of	O
the	O
anterior	O
insula	O
(	O
AI	O
)	O
and	O
dorsal	O
anterior	O
cingulate	O
cortex	O
(	O
dACC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
network	O
is	O
detectable	O
through	O
independent	B-Algorithm
component	I-Algorithm
analysis	I-Algorithm
of	O
resting	B-Algorithm
state	I-Algorithm
fMRI	I-Algorithm
images	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
seed	B-Algorithm
based	I-Algorithm
functional	O
connectivity	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
functional	O
connectivity	O
has	O
been	O
linked	O
with	O
structural	O
connectivity	O
through	O
diffusion	B-Algorithm
tensor	I-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
reveals	O
white	O
matter	O
tracts	O
between	O
the	O
AI	O
and	O
dACC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
salience	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
is	O
primarily	O
anchored	O
at	O
the	O
AI	O
and	O
dACC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
salience	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
is	O
also	O
distinguished	O
by	O
distinct	O
cellular	O
components	O
,	O
including	O
von	O
Economo	O
neurons	O
in	O
the	O
AI/dACC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cortico-striatal-thalamic	O
loop	O
circuits	O
contribute	O
to	O
the	O
salience	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
function	O
of	O
the	O
salience	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
is	O
not	O
exactly	O
known	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
implicated	O
in	O
the	O
detection	O
and	O
integration	O
of	O
emotional	O
and	O
sensory	O
stimuli	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
in	O
modulating	O
the	O
switch	O
between	O
the	O
internally	O
directed	O
cognition	O
of	O
the	O
default	O
mode	O
network	O
and	O
the	O
externally	O
directed	O
cognition	O
of	O
the	O
central	B-General_Concept
executive	I-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Evidence	O
that	O
the	O
salience	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
mediates	O
a	O
switch	O
between	O
the	O
DMN	O
and	O
CEN	O
comes	O
from	O
Granger	B-General_Concept
causality	I-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
and	O
studies	O
utilizing	O
transcranial	O
magnetic	O
stimulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
timing	O
of	O
electrophysiological	O
responses	O
during	O
the	O
oddball	B-Algorithm
task	I-Algorithm
is	O
consistent	O
with	O
interaction	O
,	O
as	O
after	O
the	O
initial	O
mismatch	B-Algorithm
negativity	I-Algorithm
response	I-Algorithm
is	O
transmitted	O
"	O
bottom-up	O
"	O
from	O
sensory	O
regions	O
,	O
a	O
"	O
top-down	O
"	O
signal	O
localized	O
to	O
the	O
AI	O
and	O
dACC	O
occurs	O
before	O
a	O
widespread	O
evoked	O
potential	O
that	O
corresponds	O
to	O
attentional	O
shifting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dysfunction	O
in	O
the	O
salience	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
have	O
been	O
observed	O
in	O
various	O
psychiatric	O
disorders	O
,	O
including	O
anxiety	O
disorders	O
,	O
post-traumatic	O
stress	O
disorder	O
,	O
schizophrenia	B-Application
,	O
frontotemporal	O
dementia	O
,	O
and	O
Alzheimer	O
's	O
disease	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AI	O
node	O
of	O
the	O
salience	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
observed	O
to	O
be	O
hyperactive	O
in	O
anxiety	O
disorders	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
thought	O
to	O
reflect	O
predictions	O
of	O
aversive	O
bodily	O
states	O
leading	O
to	O
worrisome	O
thoughts	O
and	O
anxious	O
behaviors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
schizophrenia	B-Application
,	O
both	O
structural	O
and	O
functional	O
abnormalities	O
have	O
been	O
observed	O
,	O
thought	O
to	O
reflect	O
excessive	O
salience	O
being	O
ascribed	O
to	O
internally	O
generated	O
stimuli	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
cingulo-opercular	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
(	O
CO	O
)	O
has	O
generally	O
been	O
equated	O
with	O
the	O
salience	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
,	O
but	O
it	O
may	O
represent	O
a	O
distinct	O
but	O
adjacent	O
network	O
or	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
SN	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ventral	B-General_Concept
attention	I-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
(	O
VAN	O
)	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
ventral	B-General_Concept
frontoparietal	I-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
(	O
VFN	O
)	O
or	O
ventral	O
attention	O
system	O
(	O
VAS	O
)	O
,	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
equated	O
with	O
the	O
SN	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
have	O
defined	O
it	O
as	O
a	O
larger	O
,	O
bilateral	O
network	O
that	O
is	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
the	O
SN	O
and	O
CO	O
,	O
while	O
others	O
have	O
described	O
it	O
as	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
salience	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
involving	O
the	O
more	O
dorsal	O
anterior	O
insular	O
cortex	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
proposed	O
that	O
midcingulo-insular	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
(	O
M-CIN	O
)	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
standard	O
anatomical	O
name	O
for	O
the	O
network	O
that	O
includes	O
the	O
SN	O
,	O
CO	O
,	O
and	O
VAN	O
.	O
</s>
