<s>
Sakai	B-Language
is	O
a	O
free	B-Application
,	O
community-driven	O
,	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
educational	O
software	O
platform	O
designed	O
to	O
support	O
teaching	O
,	O
research	O
and	O
collaboration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Systems	O
of	O
this	O
type	O
are	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
learning	B-Application
management	I-Application
systems	I-Application
(	O
LMS	O
)	O
,	O
course	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
systems	I-Protocol
(	O
CMS	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
virtual	B-Protocol
learning	I-Protocol
environments	I-Protocol
(	O
VLE	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sakai	B-Language
is	O
developed	O
by	O
a	O
community	O
of	O
academic	O
institutions	O
,	O
commercial	O
organizations	O
and	O
individuals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
distributed	O
under	O
the	O
Educational	B-License
Community	I-License
License	I-License
,	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sakai	B-Language
is	O
used	O
by	O
hundreds	O
of	O
institutions	O
,	O
mainly	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
in	O
Canada	O
,	O
Europe	O
,	O
Asia	O
,	O
Africa	O
and	O
Australia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sakai	B-Language
was	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
scalable	O
,	O
reliable	O
,	O
interoperable	O
and	O
extensible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sakai	B-Language
is	O
developed	O
as	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
software	O
as	O
a	O
community	O
effort	O
,	O
stewarded	O
by	O
the	O
Apereo	O
Foundation	O
,	O
a	O
member-based	O
,	O
non-profit	O
corporation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Foundation	O
fosters	O
use	O
and	O
development	O
of	O
Sakai	B-Language
in	O
the	O
same	O
open	O
,	O
community-based	O
fashion	O
in	O
which	O
it	O
was	O
created	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
,	O
regional	O
conferences	O
have	O
taken	O
place	O
in	O
China	O
,	O
Japan	O
,	O
Australia	O
,	O
Europe	O
and	O
South	O
Africa	O
,	O
and	O
there	O
is	O
an	O
annual	O
Sakai	B-Language
Virtual	O
Conference	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
Sakai	B-Language
was	O
originally	O
funded	O
by	O
a	O
grant	O
from	O
the	O
Mellon	O
Foundation	O
as	O
the	O
Sakai	B-Language
Project	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
early	O
versions	O
were	O
based	O
on	O
existing	O
tools	O
created	O
by	O
the	O
founding	O
institutions	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
largest	O
piece	O
coming	O
from	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Michigan	O
's	O
CHEF	O
course	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sakai	B-Language
is	O
a	O
play	O
on	O
the	O
word	O
chef	O
and	O
refers	O
to	O
Iron	O
Chef	O
Hiroyuki	O
Sakai	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
institution	O
had	O
built	O
a	O
custom	O
course	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
:	O
</s>
<s>
uPortal	B-Language
and	O
the	O
Open	O
Knowledge	O
Initiative	O
were	O
also	O
represented	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sakai	B-Language
1.0	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
2005	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
adopted	O
by	O
all	O
participating	O
universities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
Indiana	O
University	O
moved	O
all	O
of	O
its	O
legacy	O
systems	O
to	O
Sakai	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
Sakai	B-Language
Project	I-Language
concluding	O
,	O
the	O
Sakai	B-Language
Foundation	I-Language
was	O
set	O
up	O
to	O
oversee	O
the	O
continued	O
work	O
on	O
Sakai	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sakai	B-Language
's	O
chief	O
architect	O
,	O
Dr.	O
Charles	O
Severance	O
,	O
was	O
its	O
first	O
Executive	O
Director	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
partners	O
joined	O
this	O
effort	O
,	O
seeing	O
this	O
as	O
an	O
opportunity	O
to	O
do	O
away	O
with	O
some	O
of	O
Sakai	B-Language
's	O
known	O
limitations	O
;	O
for	O
a	O
while	O
,	O
the	O
effort	O
was	O
named	O
Sakai	B-Language
3	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
was	O
far	O
from	O
being	O
a	O
feature	O
complete	O
replacement	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
built	O
from	O
scratch	O
on	O
different	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
seriously	O
hampered	O
progress	O
on	O
the	O
existing	O
Sakai	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
about	O
two	O
years	O
,	O
it	O
turned	O
out	O
the	O
new	O
software	O
would	O
never	O
replace	O
the	O
existing	O
Sakai	B-Language
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
renamed	O
to	O
Sakai	B-Language
OAE	O
(	O
today	O
:	O
Apereo	O
OAE	O
)	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
while	O
the	O
existing	O
Sakai	B-Language
was	O
renamed	O
to	O
Sakai	B-Language
CLE	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
this	O
,	O
Sakai	B-Language
CLE	I-Language
development	O
slowly	O
picked	O
up	O
speed	O
again	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
University	O
of	O
Michigan	O
and	O
Indiana	O
University	O
,	O
two	O
of	O
Sakai	B-Language
's	O
founders	O
,	O
left	O
the	O
Sakai	B-Language
foundation	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
following	O
2	O
years	O
,	O
many	O
existing	O
users	O
also	O
retired	O
Sakai	B-Language
,	O
moving	O
to	O
other	O
software	O
,	O
while	O
other	O
core	O
contributors	O
remained	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
Sakai	B-Language
CLE	I-Language
development	O
picked	O
up	O
speed	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
renamed	O
back	O
to	O
just	O
Sakai	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2012	O
,	O
the	O
Sakai	B-Language
Foundation	I-Language
merged	O
with	O
Jasig	O
to	O
form	O
the	O
Apereo	O
Foundation	O
,	O
which	O
took	O
over	O
stewardship	O
of	O
Sakai	B-Language
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sakai	B-Language
software	O
includes	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
features	O
common	O
to	O
course	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
systems	I-Protocol
,	O
including	O
document	O
distribution	O
,	O
a	O
gradebook	O
,	O
discussion	O
,	O
live	O
chat	O
,	O
assignment	O
uploads	O
,	O
and	O
online	O
testing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
course	O
management	O
features	O
,	O
Sakai	B-Language
is	O
intended	O
as	O
a	O
collaborative	O
tool	O
for	O
research	O
and	O
group	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
support	O
this	O
function	O
,	O
Sakai	B-Language
includes	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
change	O
the	O
settings	O
of	O
all	O
the	O
tools	O
based	O
on	O
roles	O
,	O
changing	O
what	O
the	O
system	O
permits	O
different	O
users	O
to	O
do	O
with	O
each	O
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
includes	O
a	O
wiki	B-Protocol
,	O
mailing	O
list	O
distribution	O
and	O
archiving	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
RSS	O
reader	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
core	O
tools	O
can	O
be	O
augmented	O
with	O
tools	O
designed	O
for	O
a	O
particular	O
application	O
of	O
Sakai	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Sakai	B-Language
,	O
the	O
content	O
and	O
tools	O
used	O
in	O
courses	O
or	O
projects	O
is	O
organized	O
into	O
sites	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
principle	O
,	O
everything	O
in	O
Sakai	B-Language
is	O
done	O
per	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
what	O
allows	O
Sakai	B-Language
to	O
scale	O
to	O
hundreds	O
of	O
thousands	O
of	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sakai	B-Language
is	O
extensible	O
in	O
several	O
ways	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
it	O
is	O
a	O
platform	O
for	O
integrating	O
loosely	O
coupled	O
tools	O
,	O
which	O
provide	O
the	O
actual	O
functionality	O
;	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
core	O
tools	O
distributed	O
with	O
Sakai	B-Language
,	O
several	O
important	O
third-party	O
tools	O
are	O
available	O
,	O
and	O
web	B-Operating_System
developers	I-Operating_System
can	O
write	O
their	O
own	O
additional	O
tools	O
in	O
a	O
language	O
of	O
their	O
own	O
choice	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
Sakai	B-Language
is	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
web	B-Application
applications	I-Application
written	O
in	O
Java-based	O
,	O
loosely	O
coupled	O
in	O
a	O
service-oriented	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
supported	O
web	B-Application
server	I-Application
is	O
Tomcat	B-Language
;	O
the	O
databases	O
supported	O
for	O
data	O
storage	O
are	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
and	O
MySQL	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sakai	B-Language
has	O
a	O
layered	O
architecture	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sakai	B-Language
kernel	O
provides	O
a	O
common	O
infrastructure	O
and	O
exposes	O
it	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
web	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
the	O
sub-applications	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
tools	O
in	O
Sakai	B-Language
,	O
depend	O
on	O
these	O
services	O
for	O
things	O
like	O
user	O
management	O
and	O
site	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tools	O
have	O
a	O
business	O
logic	O
implementation	O
part	O
and	O
a	O
user	O
interface	O
part	O
,	O
implemented	O
using	O
various	O
Java	B-Language
technologies	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Owing	O
to	O
the	O
services	O
,	O
tools	O
and	O
user	O
interfaces	O
can	O
be	O
written	O
in	O
other	O
languages	O
than	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
but	O
this	O
does	O
not	O
happen	O
in	O
practice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Up	O
to	O
and	O
including	O
Sakai	B-Language
10	O
,	O
the	O
code	O
base	O
for	O
Sakai	B-Language
and	O
its	O
contributed	O
tools	O
were	O
maintained	O
in	O
publicly	O
accessible	O
Subversion	O
repositories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
Sakai	B-Language
11	O
,	O
this	O
was	O
changed	O
to	O
Git	O
and	O
GitHub	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sakai	B-Language
is	O
mainly	O
in	O
use	O
at	O
universities	O
.	O
</s>
