<s>
SPSS	B-Algorithm
Statistics	O
is	O
a	O
statistical	B-Algorithm
software	I-Algorithm
suite	O
developed	O
by	O
IBM	B-Device
for	O
data	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
,	O
advanced	O
analytics	O
,	O
multivariate	O
analysis	O
,	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
criminal	O
investigation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Long	O
produced	O
by	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
Inc.	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
acquired	O
by	O
IBM	B-Device
in	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Versions	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
released	O
since	O
2015	O
have	O
the	O
brand	O
name	O
IBM	B-Algorithm
SPSS	I-Algorithm
Statistics	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	O
name	O
originally	O
stood	O
for	O
Statistical	B-Algorithm
Package	I-Algorithm
for	I-Algorithm
the	I-Algorithm
Social	I-Algorithm
Sciences	I-Algorithm
(	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
reflecting	O
the	O
original	O
market	O
,	O
then	O
later	O
changed	O
to	O
Statistical	O
Product	O
and	O
Service	O
Solutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPSS	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
widely	O
used	O
program	O
for	O
statistical	O
analysis	O
in	O
social	O
science	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
also	O
used	O
by	O
market	O
researchers	O
,	O
health	O
researchers	O
,	O
survey	O
companies	O
,	O
government	O
,	O
education	O
researchers	O
,	O
marketing	O
organizations	O
,	O
data	B-Application
miners	I-Application
,	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
manual	O
(	O
Nie	O
,	O
Bent	O
&	O
Hull	O
,	O
1970	O
)	O
has	O
been	O
described	O
as	O
one	O
of	O
"	O
sociology	O
's	O
most	O
influential	O
books	O
"	O
for	O
allowing	O
ordinary	O
researchers	O
to	O
do	O
their	O
own	O
statistical	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
statistical	O
analysis	O
,	O
data	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
(	O
case	O
selection	O
,	O
file	O
reshaping	O
and	O
creating	O
derived	O
data	O
)	O
and	O
data	O
documentation	O
(	O
a	O
metadata	O
dictionary	O
is	O
stored	O
in	O
the	O
datafile	O
)	O
are	O
features	O
of	O
the	O
base	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
many	O
features	O
of	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
Statistics	O
are	O
accessible	O
via	O
pull-down	O
menus	O
or	O
can	O
be	O
programmed	O
with	O
a	O
proprietary	O
4GL	B-Language
command	O
syntax	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
pull-down	O
menu	O
interface	O
also	O
generates	O
command	O
syntax	O
:	O
this	O
can	O
be	O
displayed	O
in	O
the	O
output	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
default	B-General_Concept
settings	O
have	O
to	O
be	O
changed	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
syntax	O
visible	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Python	B-Language
programmability	O
extension	O
can	O
access	O
the	O
information	O
in	O
the	O
data	O
dictionary	O
and	O
data	O
and	O
dynamically	O
build	O
command	O
syntax	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
extension	O
,	O
introduced	O
in	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
14	O
,	O
replaced	O
the	O
less	O
functional	O
SAX	B-Application
Basic	O
"	O
scripts	O
"	O
for	O
most	O
purposes	O
,	O
although	O
SaxBasic	O
remains	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
Python	B-Language
extension	O
allows	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
to	O
run	O
any	O
of	O
the	O
statistics	O
in	O
the	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
package	O
R	B-Language
.	O
From	O
version	O
14	O
onwards	O
,	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
driven	O
externally	O
by	O
a	O
Python	B-Language
or	O
a	O
VB.NET	B-Language
program	O
using	O
supplied	O
"	O
plug-ins	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
From	O
version	O
20	O
onwards	O
,	O
these	O
two	O
scripting	O
facilities	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
many	O
scripts	O
,	O
are	O
included	O
on	O
the	O
installation	O
media	O
and	O
are	O
normally	O
installed	O
by	O
default	B-General_Concept
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
SPSS	B-Algorithm
Statistics	O
places	O
constraints	O
on	O
internal	O
file	O
structure	O
,	O
data	O
types	O
,	O
data	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
matching	O
files	O
,	O
which	O
together	O
considerably	O
simplify	O
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPSS	B-Algorithm
datasets	O
have	O
a	O
two-dimensional	O
table	O
structure	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
rows	O
typically	O
represent	O
cases	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
individuals	O
or	O
households	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
columns	O
represent	O
measurements	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
age	O
,	O
sex	O
,	O
or	O
household	O
income	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
data	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
occurs	O
sequentially	O
case-by-case	O
through	O
the	O
file	O
(	O
dataset	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Files	O
can	O
be	O
matched	O
one-to-one	B-Application
and	O
one-to-many	B-Application
,	O
but	O
not	O
many-to-many	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
has	O
two	O
views	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
toggled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
'	O
Data	O
View	O
 '	O
shows	O
a	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
view	O
of	O
the	O
cases	O
(	O
rows	O
)	O
and	O
variables	O
(	O
columns	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
spreadsheets	B-Application
,	O
the	O
data	O
cells	O
can	O
only	O
contain	O
numbers	O
or	O
text	O
,	O
and	O
formulas	O
cannot	O
be	O
stored	O
in	O
these	O
cells	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cells	O
in	O
both	O
views	O
can	O
be	O
manually	O
edited	O
,	O
defining	O
the	O
file	O
structure	O
and	O
allowing	O
data	B-General_Concept
entry	I-General_Concept
without	O
using	O
command	O
syntax	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Larger	O
datasets	O
such	O
as	O
statistical	O
surveys	O
are	O
more	O
often	O
created	O
in	O
data	B-General_Concept
entry	I-General_Concept
software	O
,	O
or	O
entered	O
during	O
computer-assisted	B-Algorithm
personal	I-Algorithm
interviewing	I-Algorithm
,	O
by	O
scanning	O
and	O
using	O
optical	B-Application
character	I-Application
recognition	I-Application
and	O
optical	B-Application
mark	I-Application
recognition	I-Application
software	O
,	O
or	O
by	O
direct	O
capture	O
from	O
online	O
questionnaires	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
datasets	O
are	O
then	O
read	O
into	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPSS	B-Algorithm
Statistics	O
can	O
read	O
and	O
write	O
data	O
from	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
text	I-Protocol
files	I-Protocol
(	O
including	O
hierarchical	O
files	O
)	O
,	O
other	O
statistics	B-Algorithm
packages	I-Algorithm
,	O
spreadsheets	B-Application
and	O
databases	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
also	O
read	O
and	O
write	O
to	O
external	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
tables	I-Application
via	O
ODBC	B-Application
and	O
SQL	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Statistical	O
output	O
is	O
to	O
a	O
proprietary	O
file	O
format	O
( *	O
.spv	O
file	O
,	O
supporting	O
pivot	B-Application
tables	I-Application
)	O
for	O
which	O
,	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
in-package	O
viewer	O
,	O
a	O
stand-alone	O
reader	O
can	O
be	O
downloaded	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
proprietary	O
output	O
can	O
be	O
exported	O
to	O
text	O
or	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Word	I-Application
,	O
PDF	B-Application
,	O
Excel	B-Application
,	O
and	O
other	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alternatively	O
,	O
output	O
can	O
be	O
captured	O
as	O
data	O
(	O
using	O
the	O
OMS	O
command	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
text	O
,	O
tab-delimited	O
text	O
,	O
PDF	B-Application
,	O
XLS	O
,	O
HTML	B-Language
,	O
XML	B-Protocol
,	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
dataset	O
or	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
graphic	O
image	O
formats	O
(	O
JPEG	O
,	O
PNG	O
,	O
BMP	B-Device
and	O
EMF	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
variants	O
of	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
Statistics	O
exist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPSS	B-Algorithm
Statistics	O
Gradpacks	O
are	O
highly	O
discounted	O
versions	O
sold	O
only	O
to	O
students	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPSS	B-Algorithm
Statistics	O
Server	O
is	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
with	O
a	O
client/server	B-Operating_System
architecture	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPSS	B-Algorithm
Statistics	O
is	O
available	O
under	O
either	O
an	O
annual	O
or	O
a	O
monthly	B-Architecture
subscription	I-Architecture
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
25	O
of	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
Statistics	O
launched	O
on	O
August	O
08	O
,	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
V25	O
also	O
includes	O
new	O
Bayesian	O
statistics	O
capabilities	O
,	O
a	O
method	O
of	O
statistical	O
inference	O
,	O
and	O
publication	O
ready	O
charts	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
powerful	O
new	O
charting	O
capabilities	O
,	O
including	O
new	O
default	B-General_Concept
templates	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
share	O
with	O
Microsoft	O
Office	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPSS	B-Algorithm
was	O
released	O
in	O
its	O
first	O
version	O
in	O
1968	O
as	O
the	O
Statistical	B-Algorithm
Package	I-Algorithm
for	I-Algorithm
the	I-Algorithm
Social	I-Algorithm
Sciences	I-Algorithm
(	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
)	O
after	O
being	O
developed	O
by	O
Norman	O
H	O
.	O
Nie	O
,	O
Dale	O
H	O
.	O
Bent	O
,	O
and	O
C	O
.	O
Hadlai	O
Hull	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Those	O
principals	O
incorporated	O
as	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
Inc	O
.	O
in	O
1975	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
versions	O
of	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
Statistics	O
were	O
written	O
in	O
Fortran	B-Application
and	O
designed	O
for	O
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
on	O
mainframes	B-Architecture
,	O
including	O
for	O
example	O
IBM	B-Device
and	O
ICL	B-Device
versions	O
,	O
originally	O
using	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
for	O
data	O
and	O
program	O
input	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
processing	O
run	O
read	O
a	O
command	O
file	O
of	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
commands	O
and	O
either	O
a	O
raw	O
input	O
file	O
of	O
fixed-format	O
data	O
with	O
a	O
single	O
record	O
type	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
'	O
getfile	O
 '	O
of	O
data	O
saved	O
by	O
a	O
previous	O
run	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
version	O
10	O
(	O
SPSS-X	O
)	O
in	O
1983	O
,	O
data	O
files	O
could	O
contain	O
multiple	O
record	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
16.0	O
,	O
different	O
versions	O
of	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
were	O
available	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
and	O
Unix	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPSS	B-Algorithm
Statistics	O
version	O
13.0	O
for	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
was	O
not	O
compatible	O
with	O
Intel-based	O
Macintosh	O
computers	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
Rosetta	B-Operating_System
emulation	I-Operating_System
software	I-Operating_System
causing	O
errors	O
in	O
calculations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPSS	B-Algorithm
Statistics	O
15.0	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
needed	O
a	O
downloadable	O
hotfix	O
to	O
be	O
installed	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
be	O
compatible	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
version	O
16.0	O
,	O
the	O
same	O
version	O
runs	O
under	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
Mac	O
,	O
and	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
is	O
written	O
in	O
Java	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
version	O
is	O
provided	O
as	O
a	O
Universal	B-Operating_System
binary	I-Operating_System
,	O
making	O
it	O
fully	O
compatible	O
with	O
both	O
PowerPC	O
and	O
Intel-based	O
Mac	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPSS	B-Algorithm
Inc	O
announced	O
on	O
July	O
28	O
,	O
2009	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
being	O
acquired	O
by	O
IBM	B-Device
for	O
US	O
$1.2	O
billion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
a	O
dispute	O
about	O
ownership	O
of	O
the	O
name	O
"	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
"	O
,	O
between	O
2009	O
and	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
product	O
was	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
PASW	O
(	O
Predictive	O
Analytics	O
SoftWare	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
January	O
2010	O
,	O
it	O
became	O
"	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
:	O
An	O
IBM	B-Device
Company	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Complete	O
transfer	O
of	O
business	O
to	O
IBM	B-Device
was	O
done	O
by	O
October	O
1	O
,	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
that	O
date	O
,	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
:	O
An	O
IBM	B-Device
Company	O
ceased	O
to	O
exist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	B-Device
SPSS	B-Algorithm
is	O
now	O
fully	O
integrated	O
into	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
Corporation	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
brands	O
under	O
IBM	B-Device
Software	O
Group	O
's	O
Business	O
Analytics	O
Portfolio	O
,	O
together	O
with	O
IBM	B-Device
Algorithmics	O
,	O
IBM	B-Device
Cognos	O
and	O
IBM	B-Application
OpenPages	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Companion	O
software	O
in	O
the	O
"	O
IBM	B-Device
SPSS	B-Algorithm
"	O
family	O
are	O
used	O
for	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
and	O
text	B-Algorithm
analytics	I-Algorithm
(	O
IBM	B-Algorithm
SPSS	I-Algorithm
Modeler	I-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
and	O
realtime	O
credit	O
scoring	O
services	O
(	O
IBM	B-Device
SPSS	B-Algorithm
Collaboration	O
and	O
Deployment	O
Services	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPSS	B-Algorithm
Data	O
Collection	O
and	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
Dimensions	O
were	O
sold	O
in	O
2015	O
to	O
UNICOM	O
Systems	O
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
a	O
division	O
of	O
UNICOM	O
Global	O
,	O
and	O
merged	O
into	O
the	O
integrated	O
software	O
suite	O
UNICOM	O
Intelligence	O
(	O
survey	O
design	O
,	O
survey	O
deployment	O
,	O
data	O
collection	O
,	O
data	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
and	O
reporting	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
offered	O
on	O
the	O
HP-2000	O
,	O
somewhat	O
later	O
,	O
under	O
the	O
ownership	O
of	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
,	O
it	O
was	O
also	O
available	O
on	O
DEC	O
's	O
DECSYSTEM-20	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
SCSS	O
was	O
a	O
software	O
product	O
intended	O
for	O
online	O
use	O
of	O
IBM	B-Device
mainframes	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
gave	O
good	O
interactive	O
response	O
time	O
for	O
the	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
Conversational	O
Statistical	O
System	O
(	O
SCSS	O
)	O
,	O
whose	O
strong	O
point	O
,	O
as	O
with	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
,	O
was	O
Cross-tabulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
,	O
2020	O
IBM	B-Device
announced	O
the	O
start	O
of	O
an	O
Early	O
Access	O
Program	O
for	O
the	O
"	O
New	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
Statistics	O
"	O
,	O
codenamed	O
Project	O
NX	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
contains	O
"	O
many	O
of	O
your	O
favorite	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
capabilities	O
presented	O
in	O
a	O
new	O
easy	O
to	O
use	O
interface	O
,	O
with	O
integrated	O
guidance	O
,	O
multiple	O
tabs	O
,	O
improved	O
graphs	O
and	O
much	O
more	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
IBM	B-Device
opened	O
up	O
the	O
Early	O
Access	O
Program	O
for	O
the	O
next	O
generation	O
of	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
Statistics	O
for	O
more	O
users	O
and	O
shared	O
more	O
visuals	O
about	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
