<s>
SPICE	B-Algorithm
(	O
"	O
Simulation	B-Algorithm
Program	I-Algorithm
with	I-Algorithm
Integrated	I-Algorithm
Circuit	I-Algorithm
Emphasis	I-Algorithm
"	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
general-purpose	O
,	O
open-source	B-Application
analog	O
electronic	O
circuit	B-Language
simulator	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
,	O
the	O
high	O
costs	O
of	O
photolithographic	B-Algorithm
masks	I-Algorithm
and	O
other	O
manufacturing	O
prerequisites	O
make	O
it	O
essential	O
to	O
design	O
the	O
circuit	O
to	O
be	O
as	O
close	O
to	O
perfect	O
as	O
possible	O
before	O
the	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
is	O
first	O
built	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simulating	O
the	O
circuit	O
with	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
industry-standard	O
way	O
to	O
verify	O
circuit	O
operation	O
at	O
the	O
transistor	B-Application
level	O
before	O
committing	O
to	O
manufacturing	O
an	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
simulators	O
help	O
to	O
predict	O
the	O
behavior	O
of	O
the	O
IC	O
under	O
different	O
operating	O
conditions	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
different	O
voltage	O
and	O
current	O
levels	O
,	O
temperature	O
variations	O
,	O
and	O
noise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
these	O
cases	O
it	O
is	O
common	O
to	O
use	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
to	O
perform	O
Monte	B-Algorithm
Carlo	I-Algorithm
simulations	I-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
component	O
variations	O
on	O
performance	O
,	O
a	O
task	O
which	O
is	O
impractical	O
using	O
calculations	O
by	O
hand	O
for	O
a	O
circuit	O
of	O
any	O
appreciable	O
complexity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Circuit	B-Language
simulation	I-Language
programs	O
,	O
of	O
which	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
and	O
derivatives	O
are	O
the	O
most	O
prominent	O
,	O
take	O
a	O
text	O
netlist	O
describing	O
the	O
circuit	O
elements	O
(	O
transistors	B-Application
,	O
resistors	O
,	O
capacitors	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
general	O
equations	O
produced	O
are	O
nonlinear	O
differential	O
algebraic	O
equations	O
which	O
are	O
solved	O
using	O
implicit	B-Algorithm
integration	I-Algorithm
methods	I-Algorithm
,	O
Newton	O
's	O
method	O
and	O
sparse	B-Algorithm
matrix	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPICE	B-Algorithm
was	O
developed	O
at	O
the	O
Electronics	O
Research	O
Laboratory	O
of	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
,	O
Berkeley	O
by	O
Laurence	O
Nagel	O
with	O
direction	O
from	O
his	O
research	O
advisor	O
,	O
Prof	O
.	O
Donald	O
Pederson	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CANCER	O
is	O
an	O
acronym	O
for	O
"	O
Computer	O
Analysis	O
of	O
Nonlinear	O
Circuits	O
,	O
Excluding	O
Radiation	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
hint	O
to	O
Berkeley	O
's	O
liberalism	O
in	O
the	O
1960s	O
:	O
at	O
these	O
times	O
many	O
circuit	B-Language
simulators	I-Language
were	O
developed	O
under	O
contracts	O
with	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Department	O
of	O
Defense	O
that	O
required	O
the	O
capability	O
to	O
evaluate	O
the	O
radiation	O
hardness	O
of	O
a	O
circuit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPICE1	O
is	O
coded	O
in	O
FORTRAN	B-Application
and	O
to	O
construct	O
the	O
circuit	O
equations	O
uses	O
nodal	O
analysis	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
limitations	O
in	O
representing	O
inductors	O
,	O
floating	O
voltage	O
sources	O
and	O
the	O
various	O
forms	O
of	O
controlled	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
real	O
popularity	O
of	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
started	O
with	O
SPICE2	O
in	O
1975	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPICE2	O
,	O
also	O
coded	O
in	O
FORTRAN	B-Application
,	O
is	O
a	O
much-improved	O
program	O
with	O
more	O
circuit	O
elements	O
,	O
variable	O
timestep	O
transient	O
analysis	O
using	O
either	O
the	O
trapezoidal	O
(	O
second	O
order	O
Adams-Moulton	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
)	O
or	O
the	O
Gear	O
integration	O
method	O
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
BDF	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
equation	O
formulation	O
via	O
modified	O
nodal	O
analysis	O
(	O
avoiding	O
the	O
limitations	O
of	O
nodal	O
analysis	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
innovative	O
FORTRAN-based	O
memory	O
allocation	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ellis	O
Cohen	O
led	O
development	O
from	O
version	O
2B	O
to	O
the	O
industry	O
standard	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
2G6	O
,	O
the	O
last	O
FORTRAN	B-Application
version	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPICE3	B-Algorithm
was	O
developed	O
by	O
Thomas	O
Quarles	O
(	O
with	O
A	O
.	O
Richard	O
Newton	O
as	O
advisor	O
)	O
in	O
1989	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
C	B-Language
,	O
uses	O
the	O
same	O
netlist	O
syntax	O
,	O
and	O
added	O
X	B-Operating_System
Window	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
plotting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
an	O
early	O
public	B-Application
domain	I-Application
software	I-Application
program	O
with	O
source	O
code	O
available	O
,	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
was	O
widely	O
distributed	O
and	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
ubiquity	O
became	O
such	O
that	O
"	O
to	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
a	O
circuit	O
"	O
remains	O
synonymous	O
with	O
circuit	B-Language
simulation	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPICE	B-Algorithm
source	O
code	O
was	O
from	O
the	O
beginning	O
distributed	O
by	O
UC	O
Berkeley	O
for	O
a	O
nominal	O
charge	O
(	O
to	O
cover	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
magnetic	O
tape	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
license	O
originally	O
included	O
distribution	O
restrictions	O
for	O
countries	O
not	O
considered	O
friendly	O
to	O
the	O
US	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
is	O
currently	O
covered	O
by	O
the	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
license	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
birth	O
of	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
was	O
named	O
an	O
IEEE	O
Milestone	O
in	O
2011	O
;	O
the	O
entry	O
mentions	O
that	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
"	O
evolved	O
to	O
become	O
the	O
worldwide	O
standard	O
integrated	O
circuit	B-Language
simulator	I-Language
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nagel	O
was	O
awarded	O
the	O
2019	O
IEEE	O
Donald	O
O	O
.	O
Pederson	O
Award	O
in	O
Solid-State	O
Circuits	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
No	O
newer	O
versions	O
of	O
Berkeley	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
have	O
been	O
released	O
after	O
version	O
3f5	O
in	O
1993	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
then	O
,	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
or	O
academic	O
continuations	O
of	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
include	O
:	O
XSPICE	B-Algorithm
,	O
developed	O
at	O
Georgia	O
Tech	O
,	O
which	O
added	O
mixed	O
analog/digital	O
"	O
code	O
models	O
"	O
for	O
behavioral	O
simulation	O
;	O
CIDER	O
(	O
previously	O
CODECS	O
)	O
,	O
developed	O
by	O
UC	O
Berkeley	O
and	O
Oregon	O
State	O
University	O
,	O
which	O
added	O
semiconductor	O
device	O
simulation	O
;	O
Ngspice	B-Algorithm
,	O
based	O
on	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
3f5	O
;	O
WRspice	O
,	O
a	O
C++	O
re-write	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
spice3f5	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
open-source	B-Application
simulators	O
not	O
developed	O
by	O
academic	O
are	O
QUCS	B-Language
,	O
QUCS-S	O
,	O
Xyce	O
,	O
and	O
Qucsator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Berkeley	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
inspired	O
and	O
served	O
as	O
a	O
basis	O
for	O
many	O
other	O
circuit	B-Language
simulation	I-Language
programs	O
,	O
in	O
academia	O
,	O
in	O
industry	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
commercial	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
commercial	O
version	O
of	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
is	O
ISPICE	O
,	O
an	O
interactive	O
version	O
on	O
a	O
timeshare	O
service	O
,	O
National	O
CSS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
prominent	O
commercial	O
versions	O
of	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
include	O
HSPICE	O
(	O
originally	O
commercialized	O
by	O
Ashawna	O
and	O
Kim	O
Hailey	O
of	O
Meta	O
Software	O
,	O
but	O
now	O
owned	O
by	O
Synopsys	O
)	O
and	O
PSPICE	O
(	O
now	O
owned	O
by	O
Cadence	O
Design	O
Systems	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
industry	O
adopted	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
quickly	O
,	O
and	O
until	O
commercial	O
versions	O
became	O
well	O
developed	O
many	O
IC	O
design	O
houses	O
had	O
proprietary	O
versions	O
of	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
a	O
few	O
IC	O
manufacturers	O
,	O
typically	O
the	O
larger	O
companies	O
,	O
have	O
groups	O
continuing	O
to	O
develop	O
SPICE-based	O
circuit	B-Language
simulation	I-Language
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
these	O
are	O
ADICE	O
at	O
Analog	O
Devices	O
,	O
LTspice	B-Algorithm
at	O
Analog	O
Devices	O
(	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
as	O
freeware	O
)	O
,	O
MCSPICE	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
Mica	O
at	O
Freescale	O
Semiconductor	O
,	O
now	O
NXP	O
Semiconductors	O
,	O
and	O
TINA-TI	B-Algorithm
at	O
Texas	O
Instruments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
LTspice	B-Algorithm
and	O
TINA-TI	B-Algorithm
come	O
bundled	O
with	O
models	O
from	O
their	O
respective	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
companies	O
maintain	O
internal	O
circuit	B-Language
simulators	I-Language
which	O
are	O
not	O
directly	O
based	O
upon	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
,	O
among	O
them	O
PowerSpice	O
at	O
IBM	O
,	O
TITAN	O
at	O
Infineon	O
Technologies	O
,	O
Lynx	O
at	O
Intel	O
Corporation	O
,	O
and	O
Pstar	O
at	O
NXP	O
Semiconductors	O
also	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPICE	B-Algorithm
became	O
popular	O
because	O
it	O
contained	O
the	O
analyses	O
and	O
models	O
needed	O
to	O
design	O
integrated	O
circuits	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
robust	O
enough	O
and	O
fast	O
enough	O
to	O
be	O
practical	O
to	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Precursors	O
to	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
often	O
had	O
a	O
single	O
purpose	O
:	O
The	O
BIAS	O
program	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
did	O
simulation	O
of	O
bipolar	O
transistor	B-Application
circuit	O
operating	O
points	O
;	O
the	O
SLIC	O
program	O
did	O
only	O
small-signal	O
analyses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPICE	B-Algorithm
combined	O
operating	O
point	O
solutions	O
,	O
transient	O
analysis	O
,	O
and	O
various	O
small-signal	O
analyses	O
with	O
the	O
circuit	O
elements	O
and	O
device	O
models	O
needed	O
to	O
successfully	O
simulate	O
many	O
circuits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
is	O
generally	O
used	O
to	O
model	O
nonlinear	O
circuits	O
,	O
the	O
small	O
signal	O
analyses	O
are	O
necessarily	O
preceded	O
by	O
a	O
quiescent	O
point	O
calculation	O
at	O
which	O
the	O
circuit	O
is	O
linearized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPICE2	O
also	O
contains	O
code	O
for	O
other	O
small-signal	O
analyses	O
:	O
sensitivity	O
analysis	O
,	O
pole-zero	B-Algorithm
analysis	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
small-signal	O
distortion	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
circuit	B-Language
simulators	I-Language
have	O
since	O
added	O
many	O
analyses	O
beyond	O
those	O
in	O
SPICE2	O
to	O
address	O
changing	O
industry	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
a	O
public-domain	O
circuit	B-Language
simulator	I-Language
containing	O
the	O
modern	O
analyses	O
and	O
features	O
needed	O
to	O
become	O
a	O
successor	O
in	O
popularity	O
to	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
has	O
not	O
yet	O
emerged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPICE2	O
includes	O
many	O
semiconductor	O
device	O
compact	O
models	O
:	O
three	O
levels	O
of	O
MOSFET	B-Architecture
model	O
,	O
a	O
combined	O
Ebers	O
–	O
Moll	O
and	O
Gummel	O
–	O
Poon	O
bipolar	O
model	O
,	O
a	O
JFET	O
model	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
model	O
for	O
a	O
junction	O
diode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPICE3	B-Algorithm
added	O
more	O
sophisticated	O
MOSFET	B-Architecture
models	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
required	O
due	O
to	O
advances	O
in	O
semiconductor	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
the	O
BSIM	B-Algorithm
family	O
of	O
models	O
were	O
added	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
also	O
developed	O
at	O
UC	O
Berkeley	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commercial	O
and	O
industrial	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
simulators	O
have	O
added	O
many	O
other	O
device	O
models	O
as	O
technology	O
advanced	O
and	O
earlier	O
models	O
became	O
inadequate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPICE3	B-Algorithm
retains	O
the	O
netlist	O
for	O
circuit	O
description	O
,	O
but	O
allows	O
analyses	O
to	O
be	O
controlled	O
from	O
a	O
command-line	O
interface	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
C	B-Operating_System
shell	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPICE3	B-Algorithm
also	O
added	O
basic	O
X	B-Operating_System
plotting	O
,	O
as	O
UNIX	B-Application
and	O
engineering	O
workstations	B-Device
became	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vendors	O
and	O
various	O
free	O
software	O
projects	O
have	O
added	O
schematic	B-Application
capture	O
front-ends	O
to	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
,	O
allowing	O
a	O
schematic	B-Application
diagram	I-Application
of	O
the	O
circuit	O
to	O
be	O
drawn	O
and	O
the	O
netlist	O
to	O
be	O
automatically	O
generated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
were	O
added	O
for	O
selecting	O
the	O
simulations	O
to	O
be	O
done	O
and	O
manipulating	O
the	O
voltage	O
and	O
current	O
output	O
vectors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
generally	O
solves	O
non-linear	O
differential	O
algebraic	O
equations	O
,	O
it	O
may	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
simulating	O
beyond	O
the	O
electrical	O
realm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
prominent	O
are	O
thermal	O
simulations	O
,	O
as	O
thermal	O
systems	O
may	O
be	O
described	O
by	O
lumped	O
circuit	O
elements	O
mapping	O
onto	O
the	O
electronic	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
elements	O
(	O
heat	O
capacity	O
→	O
capacitance	O
,	O
thermal	O
conductance/resistance	O
→	O
conductance/resistance	O
,	O
temperature	O
→	O
voltage	O
,	O
heat	O
flow	O
or	O
heat	O
generated	O
→	O
current	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
thermal	O
and	O
electronic	O
systems	O
are	O
closely	O
linked	O
by	O
power	O
dissipation	O
and	O
cooling	O
systems	O
,	O
electro-thermal	O
simulation	O
today	O
is	O
supported	O
by	O
semiconductor	O
device	O
manufacturers	O
offering	O
(	O
transistor	B-Application
)	O
models	O
with	O
both	O
electrical	O
and	O
thermal	O
nodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPICE	B-Algorithm
may	O
very	O
well	O
simulate	O
the	O
electronics	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
motor	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
So	O
again	O
the	O
final	O
model	O
consists	O
of	O
only	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
compatible	O
lumped	O
circuit	O
elements	O
,	O
but	O
one	O
gains	O
mechanical	O
together	O
with	O
electrical	O
data	O
during	O
simulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electromagnetic	O
modeling	O
is	O
accessible	O
to	O
a	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
simulator	B-Language
via	O
the	O
PEEC	O
(	O
partial	O
element	O
equivalent	O
circuit	O
)	O
method	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
as	O
of	O
2019	O
,	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
cannot	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
"	O
simulate	O
photonics	O
and	O
electronics	O
together	O
in	O
a	O
photonic	O
circuit	B-Language
simulator	I-Language
"	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
yet	O
considered	O
as	O
a	O
test	O
simulator	B-Language
for	O
photonic	O
integrated	O
circuits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Micro-fluidic	O
circuits	O
have	O
been	O
modelled	O
with	O
SPICE	B-Algorithm
by	O
creating	O
a	O
pneumatic	O
FET	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPICE	B-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
applied	O
to	O
model	O
the	O
interface	O
between	O
biological	O
and	O
electronic	O
systems	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
SPICE	B-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
applied	O
in	O
operations	O
research	O
to	O
evaluate	O
perturbed	O
supply	O
chains	O
.	O
</s>
