<s>
SCIgen	B-Application
is	O
a	O
paper	O
generator	O
that	O
uses	O
context-free	O
grammar	O
to	O
randomly	O
generate	O
nonsense	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
research	O
papers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
original	O
data	O
source	O
was	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
papers	O
downloaded	O
from	O
CiteSeer	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
created	O
in	O
2005	O
to	O
expose	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
scrutiny	O
of	O
submissions	O
to	O
conferences	O
,	O
the	O
generator	O
subsequently	O
became	O
used	O
,	O
primarily	O
by	O
Chinese	O
academics	O
,	O
to	O
create	O
large	O
numbers	O
of	O
fraudulent	O
conference	O
submissions	O
,	O
leading	O
to	O
the	O
retraction	O
of	O
122	O
SCIgen	B-Application
generated	O
papers	O
and	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
detection	O
software	O
to	O
combat	O
its	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Opening	O
abstract	O
of	O
Rooter	B-Application
:	I-Application
A	I-Application
Methodology	I-Application
for	I-Application
the	I-Application
Typical	I-Application
Unification	I-Application
of	I-Application
Access	I-Application
Points	I-Application
and	I-Application
Redundancy	I-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2005	O
a	O
paper	O
generated	O
by	O
SCIgen	B-Application
,	O
Rooter	B-Application
:	I-Application
A	I-Application
Methodology	I-Application
for	I-Application
the	I-Application
Typical	I-Application
Unification	I-Application
of	I-Application
Access	I-Application
Points	I-Application
and	I-Application
Redundancy	I-Application
,	O
was	O
accepted	O
as	O
a	O
non-reviewed	O
paper	O
to	O
the	O
2005	O
World	O
Multiconference	O
on	O
Systemics	O
,	O
Cybernetics	O
and	O
Informatics	O
(	O
WMSCI	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
authors	O
were	O
invited	O
to	O
speak	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
authors	O
of	O
SCIgen	B-Application
described	O
their	O
hoax	O
on	O
their	O
website	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
soon	O
received	O
great	O
publicity	O
when	O
picked	O
up	O
by	O
Slashdot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WMSCI	O
withdrew	O
their	O
invitation	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
SCIgen	B-Application
team	O
went	O
anyway	O
,	O
renting	O
space	O
in	O
the	O
hotel	O
separately	O
from	O
the	O
conference	O
and	O
delivering	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
randomly	O
generated	O
talks	O
on	O
their	O
own	O
"	O
track	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
SCIgen	B-Application
website	O
states	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
,	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
Call-for-Paper	O
e-mails	O
,	O
SCIgen	B-Application
was	O
used	O
to	O
generate	O
a	O
false	O
scientific	O
paper	O
titled	O
Towards	O
the	O
Simulation	O
of	O
E-Commerce	O
,	O
using	O
"	O
Herbert	O
Schlangemann	O
"	O
as	O
the	O
author	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
article	O
was	O
accepted	O
at	O
the	O
2008	O
International	O
Conference	O
on	O
Computer	B-General_Concept
Science	I-General_Concept
and	O
Software	O
Engineering	O
(	O
CSSE	O
2008	O
)	O
,	O
co-sponsored	O
by	O
the	O
IEEE	O
,	O
to	O
be	O
held	O
in	O
Wuhan	O
,	O
China	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
author	O
was	O
invited	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
session	O
chair	O
on	O
grounds	O
of	O
his	O
fictional	O
Curriculum	O
Vitae	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2013	O
scientometrics	O
paper	O
demonstrated	O
that	O
at	O
least	O
85	O
SCIgen	B-Application
papers	O
have	O
been	O
published	O
by	O
IEEE	O
and	O
Springer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
120	O
SCIgen	B-Application
papers	O
were	O
removed	O
according	O
to	O
this	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cyril	O
Labbé	O
from	O
Grenoble	O
University	O
demonstrated	O
the	O
vulnerability	O
of	O
h-index	O
calculations	O
based	O
on	O
Google	B-Library
Scholar	I-Library
output	O
by	O
feeding	O
it	O
a	O
large	O
set	O
of	O
SCIgen-generated	O
documents	O
that	O
were	O
citing	O
each	O
other	O
,	O
effectively	O
an	O
academic	O
link	O
farm	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
2010	O
paper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
over	O
122	O
published	O
conference	O
papers	O
created	O
by	O
SCIgen	B-Application
were	O
retracted	O
by	O
Springer	O
and	O
the	O
IEEE	O
,	O
unlike	O
previous	O
submissions	O
that	O
were	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
pranks	O
,	O
this	O
submission	O
were	O
largely	O
made	O
by	O
Chinese	O
academics	O
,	O
who	O
were	O
using	O
SCIgen	B-Application
papers	O
to	O
boost	O
their	O
publication	O
record	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
software	O
,	O
developed	O
by	O
Cyril	O
Labbé	O
,	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
automatically	O
detect	O
papers	O
generated	O
by	O
SCIgen	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
,	O
a	O
study	O
was	O
published	O
on	O
243	O
SCIgen	B-Application
papers	O
that	O
had	O
been	O
published	O
in	O
the	O
academic	O
literature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
found	O
that	O
SCIgen	B-Application
papers	O
made	O
up	O
75	O
per	O
million	O
papers	O
(	O
<	O
0.01	O
%	O
)	O
in	O
information	O
science	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
only	O
a	O
small	O
fraction	O
of	O
the	O
detected	O
papers	O
had	O
been	O
dealt	O
with	O
.	O
</s>
