<s>
SAS	B-Language
(	O
previously	O
"	O
Statistical	B-Language
Analysis	I-Language
System	I-Language
"	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
statistical	B-Algorithm
software	I-Algorithm
suite	O
developed	O
by	O
SAS	B-Language
Institute	O
for	O
data	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
,	O
advanced	O
analytics	O
,	O
multivariate	O
analysis	O
,	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
,	O
criminal	O
investigation	O
,	O
and	O
predictive	B-General_Concept
analytics	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
was	O
developed	O
at	O
North	O
Carolina	O
State	O
University	O
from	O
1966	O
until	O
1976	O
,	O
when	O
SAS	B-Language
Institute	O
was	O
incorporated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
was	O
further	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
and	O
1990s	O
with	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
new	O
statistical	O
procedures	O
,	O
additional	O
components	O
and	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
JMP	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
is	O
a	O
software	O
suite	O
that	O
can	O
mine	O
,	O
alter	O
,	O
manage	O
and	O
retrieve	O
data	O
from	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
sources	O
and	O
perform	O
statistical	O
analysis	O
on	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
provides	O
a	O
graphical	O
point-and-click	O
user	O
interface	O
for	O
non-technical	O
users	O
and	O
more	O
through	O
the	O
SAS	B-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
programs	O
have	O
DATA	O
steps	O
,	O
which	O
retrieve	O
and	O
manipulate	O
data	O
,	O
and	O
PROC	O
steps	O
,	O
which	O
analyze	O
the	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DATA	O
step	O
has	O
two	O
phases	O
:	O
compilation	B-Language
and	O
execution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
compilation	B-Language
phase	O
,	O
declarative	O
statements	O
are	O
processed	O
and	O
syntax	O
errors	O
are	O
identified	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
macros	O
are	O
pieces	O
of	O
code	O
or	O
variables	O
that	O
are	O
coded	O
once	O
and	O
referenced	O
to	O
perform	O
repetitive	O
tasks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
data	O
can	O
be	O
published	O
in	O
HTML	O
,	O
PDF	O
,	O
Excel	B-Application
,	O
RTF	O
and	O
other	O
formats	O
using	O
the	O
Output	O
Delivery	O
System	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
first	O
introduced	O
in	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SAS	B-Language
Enterprise	O
Guide	O
is	O
SAS	B-Language
's	O
point-and-click	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
generates	O
code	O
to	O
manipulate	O
data	O
or	O
perform	O
analysis	O
automatically	O
and	O
does	O
not	O
require	O
SAS	B-Language
programming	O
experience	O
to	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SAS	B-Language
software	O
suite	O
has	O
more	O
than	O
200	O
components	O
Some	O
of	O
the	O
SAS	B-Language
components	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
SAS	B-Language
began	O
in	O
1966	O
after	O
North	O
Carolina	O
State	O
University	O
re-hired	O
Anthony	O
Barr	O
to	O
program	O
his	O
analysis	B-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
variance	I-General_Concept
and	O
regression	O
software	O
so	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
run	O
on	O
IBM	B-Application
System/360	I-Application
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1968	O
,	O
Barr	O
and	O
Goodnight	O
integrated	O
new	O
multiple	O
regression	O
and	O
analysis	B-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
variance	I-General_Concept
routines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1972	O
,	O
after	O
issuing	O
the	O
first	O
release	O
of	O
SAS	B-Language
,	O
the	O
project	O
lost	O
its	O
funding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
early	O
participant	O
,	O
Caroll	O
G	O
.	O
Perkins	O
,	O
contributed	O
to	O
SAS	B-Language
 '	O
early	O
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jolayne	O
W	O
.	O
Service	O
and	O
Jane	O
T	O
.	O
Helwig	O
created	O
SAS	B-Language
 '	O
first	O
documentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
versions	O
of	O
SAS	B-Language
were	O
named	O
after	O
the	O
year	O
in	O
which	O
they	O
were	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1971	O
,	O
SAS	B-Language
71	O
was	O
published	O
as	O
a	O
limited	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
used	O
only	O
on	O
IBM	B-Device
mainframes	I-Device
and	O
had	O
the	O
main	O
elements	O
of	O
SAS	B-Language
programming	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
DATA	O
step	O
and	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
procedures	O
in	O
the	O
PROC	O
step	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
year	O
a	O
full	O
version	O
was	O
released	O
as	O
SAS	B-Language
72	O
,	O
which	O
introduced	O
the	O
MERGE	O
statement	O
and	O
added	O
features	O
for	O
handling	O
missing	O
data	O
or	O
combining	O
data	O
sets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1976	O
,	O
Barr	O
,	O
Goodnight	O
,	O
Sall	O
,	O
and	O
Helwig	O
removed	O
the	O
project	O
from	O
North	O
Carolina	O
State	O
and	O
incorporated	O
it	O
into	O
SAS	B-Language
Institute	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
was	O
redesigned	O
in	O
SAS	B-Language
76	O
with	O
an	O
open	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
that	O
allowed	O
for	O
compilers	B-Language
and	O
procedures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
INPUT	O
and	O
INFILE	O
statements	O
were	O
improved	O
so	O
they	O
could	O
read	O
most	O
data	O
formats	O
used	O
by	O
IBM	B-Device
mainframes	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1979	O
,	O
SAS	B-Language
79	O
added	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
CMS	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
and	O
introduced	O
the	O
DATASETS	O
procedure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Three	O
years	O
later	O
,	O
SAS	B-Language
82	O
introduced	O
an	O
early	O
macro	O
language	O
and	O
the	O
APPEND	O
procedure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
version	O
4	O
had	O
limited	O
features	O
,	O
but	O
made	O
SAS	B-Language
more	O
accessible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1985	O
,	O
SAS	B-Language
was	O
rewritten	O
in	O
the	O
C	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allowed	O
for	O
the	O
SAS	B-Language
 '	O
Multivendor	O
Architecture	O
that	O
allows	O
the	O
software	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
UNIX	B-Application
,	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Windows	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
previously	O
written	O
in	O
PL/I	B-Language
,	O
Fortran	B-Application
,	O
and	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1980s	O
and	O
1990s	O
,	O
SAS	B-Language
released	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
components	O
to	O
complement	O
Base	O
SAS	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS/GRAPH	O
,	O
which	O
produces	O
graphics	O
,	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
1980	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
SAS/ETS	O
component	O
,	O
which	O
supports	O
econometric	O
and	O
time	O
series	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
component	O
intended	O
for	O
pharmaceutical	O
users	O
,	O
SAS/PH	O
-Clinical	O
,	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Food	O
and	O
Drug	O
Administration	O
standardized	O
on	O
SAS/PH	O
-Clinical	O
for	O
new	O
drug	O
applications	O
in	O
2002	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vertical	O
products	O
like	O
SAS	B-Language
Financial	O
Management	O
and	O
SAS	B-Language
Human	O
Capital	O
Management	O
(	O
then	O
called	O
CFO	O
Vision	O
and	O
HR	O
Vision	O
respectively	O
)	O
were	O
also	O
introduced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JMP	B-Language
was	O
developed	O
by	O
SAS	B-Language
co-founder	O
John	O
Sall	O
and	O
a	O
team	O
of	O
developers	O
to	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
introduced	O
in	O
the	O
1984	O
Apple	B-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
and	O
shipped	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
in	O
1989	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Updated	O
versions	O
of	O
JMP	B-Language
were	O
released	O
continuously	O
after	O
2002	O
with	O
the	O
most	O
recent	O
release	O
being	O
from	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
version	O
6	O
was	O
used	O
throughout	O
the	O
1990s	O
and	O
was	O
available	O
on	O
a	O
wider	O
range	O
of	O
operating	O
systems	O
,	O
including	O
Macintosh	B-Device
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
,	O
Silicon	O
Graphics	O
,	O
and	O
PRIMOS	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
introduced	O
new	O
features	O
through	O
dot-releases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
6.06	O
to	O
6.09	O
,	O
a	O
user	O
interface	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
windows	B-Application
paradigm	O
was	O
introduced	O
and	O
support	O
for	O
SQL	O
was	O
added	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
number	O
of	O
operating	O
systems	O
that	O
were	O
supported	O
was	O
reduced	O
to	O
UNIX	B-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Application
and	O
z/OS	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Linux	B-Application
was	O
added	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
version	O
8	O
and	O
SAS	B-Language
Enterprise	O
Miner	O
were	O
released	O
in	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Text	O
Miner	O
analyzes	B-Algorithm
text	I-Algorithm
data	I-Algorithm
like	O
emails	O
for	O
patterns	O
in	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
,	O
SAS	B-Language
Version	O
9.0	O
was	O
released	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
dubbed	O
"	O
Project	O
Mercury	O
"	O
and	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
make	O
SAS	B-Language
accessible	O
to	O
a	O
broader	O
range	O
of	O
business	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
9.0	O
added	O
custom	O
user	O
interfaces	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
role	O
and	O
established	O
the	O
point-and-click	O
user	O
interface	O
of	O
SAS	B-Language
Enterprise	O
Guide	O
as	O
the	O
software	O
's	O
primary	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
GUI	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Customer	O
Relationship	O
Management	O
(	O
CRM	O
)	O
features	O
were	O
improved	O
in	O
2004	O
with	O
SAS	B-Language
Interaction	O
Management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
SAS	B-Language
announced	O
Project	O
Unity	O
,	O
designed	O
to	O
integrate	O
data	O
quality	O
,	O
data	O
integration	O
and	O
master	O
data	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
Institute	O
Inc	O
v	O
World	O
Programming	O
Ltd	O
was	O
a	O
lawsuit	O
with	O
developers	O
of	O
a	O
competing	O
implementation	O
,	O
World	B-Algorithm
Programming	I-Algorithm
System	I-Algorithm
,	O
alleging	O
that	O
they	O
had	O
infringed	O
SAS	B-Language
's	O
copyright	O
in	O
part	O
by	O
implementing	O
the	O
same	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
Social	O
Media	O
Analytics	O
,	O
a	O
tool	O
for	O
social	O
media	O
monitoring	O
,	O
engagement	O
and	O
sentiment	O
analysis	O
,	O
was	O
also	O
released	O
that	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
Rapid	O
Predictive	O
Modeler	O
(	O
RPM	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
creates	O
basic	O
analytical	O
models	O
using	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Excel	I-Application
,	O
was	O
introduced	O
that	O
same	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JMP	B-Language
9	O
in	O
2010	O
added	O
a	O
new	O
interface	O
for	O
using	O
the	O
R	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
from	O
JMP	B-Language
and	O
an	O
add-in	O
for	O
Excel	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
year	O
,	O
a	O
High	B-Architecture
Performance	I-Architecture
Computing	I-Architecture
appliance	O
was	O
made	O
available	O
in	O
a	O
partnership	O
with	O
Teradata	O
and	O
EMC	O
Greenplum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
introduced	O
27	O
data	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
products	O
from	O
October	O
2013	O
to	O
October	O
2014	O
and	O
updates	O
to	O
160	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
2015	O
SAS	B-Language
Global	O
Forum	O
,	O
it	O
announced	O
several	O
new	O
products	O
that	O
were	O
specialized	O
for	O
different	O
industries	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
new	O
training	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
had	O
many	O
releases	O
since	O
1972	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
release	O
9.3	O
,	O
SAS/STAT	O
has	O
its	O
own	O
release	O
numbering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2011	O
SAS	B-Language
's	O
largest	O
set	O
of	O
products	O
is	O
its	O
line	O
for	O
customer	O
intelligence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Numerous	O
SAS	B-Language
modules	O
for	O
web	O
,	O
social	O
media	O
and	O
marketing	O
analytics	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
profile	O
customers	O
and	O
prospects	O
,	O
predict	O
their	O
behaviors	O
and	O
manage	O
and	O
optimize	O
communications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
also	O
provides	O
the	O
SAS	B-Language
Fraud	O
Framework	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
Enterprise	O
GRC	O
(	O
Governance	O
,	O
Risk	O
and	O
Compliance	O
)	O
provides	O
risk	O
modeling	O
,	O
scenario	O
analysis	O
and	O
other	O
functions	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
manage	O
and	O
visualize	O
risk	O
,	O
compliance	O
and	O
corporate	O
policies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
SAS	B-Language
Enterprise	O
Risk	O
Management	O
product-set	O
designed	O
primarily	O
for	O
banks	O
and	O
financial	O
services	O
organizations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
 '	O
products	O
for	O
monitoring	O
and	O
managing	O
the	O
operations	O
of	O
IT	O
systems	O
are	O
collectively	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
SAS	B-Language
IT	O
Management	O
Solutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
collects	O
data	O
from	O
various	O
IT	O
assets	O
on	O
performance	O
and	O
utilization	O
,	O
then	O
creates	O
reports	O
and	O
analyses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
 '	O
Performance	O
Management	O
products	O
consolidate	O
and	O
provide	O
graphical	O
displays	O
for	O
key	O
performance	O
indicators	O
(	O
KPIs	O
)	O
at	O
the	O
employee	O
,	O
department	O
and	O
organizational	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SAS	B-Language
Supply	O
Chain	O
Intelligence	O
product	O
suite	O
is	O
offered	O
for	O
supply	O
chain	O
needs	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
forecasting	O
product	O
demand	O
,	O
managing	O
distribution	O
and	O
inventory	O
and	O
optimizing	O
pricing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
"	O
SAS	B-Language
for	O
Sustainability	O
Management	O
"	O
set	O
of	O
software	O
to	O
forecast	O
environmental	O
,	O
social	O
and	O
economic	O
effects	O
and	O
identify	O
causal	O
relationships	O
between	O
operations	O
and	O
an	O
impact	O
on	O
the	O
environment	O
or	O
ecosystem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
has	O
product	O
sets	O
for	O
specific	O
industries	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
government	O
,	O
retail	O
,	O
telecommunications	O
and	O
aerospace	O
and	O
for	O
marketing	O
optimization	O
or	O
high-performance	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
previously	O
offered	O
a	O
Free	O
University	O
Edition	O
which	O
could	O
be	O
downloaded	O
by	O
anyone	O
for	O
non-commercial	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
in	O
2022	O
,	O
SAS	B-Language
Free	O
University	O
Edition	O
was	O
replaced	O
by	O
two	O
entirely	O
web-based	O
versions	O
:	O
SAS	B-Language
OnDemand	O
for	O
Academics	O
and	O
SAS	B-Language
Viya	O
for	O
Learners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
2005	O
article	O
for	O
the	O
Journal	O
of	O
Marriage	O
and	O
Family	O
comparing	O
statistical	B-Algorithm
packages	I-Algorithm
from	O
SAS	B-Language
and	O
its	O
competitors	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
and	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
,	O
Alan	O
C	B-Language
.	O
Acock	O
wrote	O
that	O
SAS	B-Language
programs	O
provide	O
"	O
extraordinary	O
range	O
of	O
data	O
analysis	O
and	O
data	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
tasks	O
,	O
"	O
but	O
were	O
difficult	B-General_Concept
to	I-General_Concept
use	I-General_Concept
and	O
learn	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPSS	B-Algorithm
and	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
,	O
meanwhile	O
,	O
were	O
both	O
easier	O
to	O
learn	O
(	O
with	O
better	O
documentation	O
)	O
but	O
had	O
less	O
capable	O
analytic	O
abilities	O
,	O
though	O
these	O
could	O
be	O
expanded	O
with	O
paid	O
(	O
in	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
)	O
or	O
free	O
(	O
in	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
)	O
add-ons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Acock	O
concluded	O
that	O
SAS	B-Language
was	O
best	O
for	O
power	B-General_Concept
users	I-General_Concept
,	O
while	O
occasional	O
users	O
would	O
benefit	O
most	O
from	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
and	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Competitors	O
such	O
as	O
Revolution	O
Analytics	O
and	O
Alpine	O
Data	O
Labs	O
advertise	O
their	O
products	O
as	O
considerably	O
cheaper	O
than	O
SAS	B-Language
 '	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
 '	O
business	O
model	O
is	O
not	O
weighted	O
as	O
heavily	O
on	O
initial	O
fees	O
for	O
its	O
programs	O
,	O
instead	O
focusing	O
on	O
revenue	O
from	O
annual	O
subscription	O
fees	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
IDC	O
,	O
SAS	B-Language
is	O
the	O
largest	O
market-share	O
holder	O
in	O
"	O
advanced	O
analytics	O
"	O
with	O
35.4	O
percent	O
of	O
the	O
market	O
as	O
of	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
the	O
fifth	O
largest	O
market-share	O
holder	O
for	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
(	O
BI	O
)	O
software	O
with	O
a	O
6.9	O
%	O
share	O
and	O
the	O
largest	O
independent	O
vendor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
competes	O
in	O
the	O
BI	O
market	O
against	O
conglomerates	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
SAP	O
BusinessObjects	O
,	O
IBM	O
Cognos	O
,	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
Modeler	I-Algorithm
,	O
Oracle	O
Hyperion	O
,	O
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Power	I-Application
BI	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
has	O
been	O
named	O
in	O
the	O
Gartner	O
Leader	O
's	O
Quadrant	O
for	O
Data	O
Integration	O
Tool	O
and	O
for	O
Business	B-General_Concept
Intelligence	I-General_Concept
and	O
Analytical	O
Platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
study	O
published	O
in	O
2011	O
in	O
BMC	O
Health	O
Services	O
Research	O
found	O
that	O
SAS	B-Language
was	O
used	O
in	O
42.6	O
percent	O
of	O
data	O
analyses	O
in	O
health	O
service	O
research	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
sample	O
of	O
1,139	O
articles	O
drawn	O
from	O
three	O
journals	O
.	O
</s>
