<s>
SAAM	B-Application
II	I-Application
(	O
an	O
abbreviation	O
of	O
"	O
Simulation	O
Analysis	O
and	O
Modeling	O
"	O
version	O
2.0	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
proprietary	B-Application
and	O
US	O
NIH-funded	O
software	O
that	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
SAAM	O
Institute	O
in	O
1997	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Washington	O
in	O
Seattle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAAM	B-Application
II	I-Application
is	O
a	O
computer	O
program	O
for	O
tracer	O
and	O
pharmacokinetic	O
studies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1995	O
Prof	O
David	O
Foster	O
led	O
the	O
re-writing	O
of	O
the	O
SAAM	O
code	O
,	O
including	O
a	O
strategic	O
user	O
interface	O
,	O
which	O
generated	O
SAAM	B-Application
II	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
particular	O
boost	O
to	O
SAAM	B-Application
II	I-Application
was	O
then	O
given	O
by	O
both	O
Prof	O
Foster	O
and	O
Dr.	O
Vicini	O
's	O
labs	O
furthering	O
the	O
development	O
and	O
support	O
to	O
version	O
2.1	O
,	O
plus	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
a	O
Population	O
pharmacokinetics	O
plug-in	O
,	O
called	O
PopKinetics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Now	O
,	O
SAAM	B-Application
II	I-Application
is	O
distributed	O
by	O
Nanomath	O
LLC	O
,	O
a	O
Washington	O
company	O
held	O
by	O
Dr.	O
Simone	O
Perazzolo	O
a	O
modeler	O
and	O
scientist	O
at	O
University	O
of	O
Washington	O
Pharmaceutics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Compartmental	O
Module	O
is	O
the	O
most	O
used	O
feature	O
of	O
SAAM	B-Application
II	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
ODE	O
solving	O
it	O
uses	O
3	O
types	O
of	O
integrators	O
:	O
RK	B-Algorithm
4-5th	O
order	O
,	O
something	O
like	O
ode45	O
in	O
MATLAB	B-Language
;	O
a	O
method	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Pade	O
approximation	O
of	O
the	O
matrix	O
exponential	O
;	O
and	O
typical	O
Rosenbrock	B-Algorithm
methods	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
popKinetics	O
is	O
an	O
add-on	O
to	O
SAAM	B-Application
II	I-Application
and	O
a	O
powerful	O
simulator	O
to	O
simulate	O
the	O
PK	O
of	O
a	O
drug	O
in	O
populations	O
with	O
variability	O
in	O
data	O
and	O
model	O
parameters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
funded	O
by	O
the	O
NIH	O
for	O
the	O
population	O
analysis	O
of	O
the	O
compartmental	O
models	O
built	O
in	O
SAAM	B-Application
II	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cobelli	O
and	O
Kovatchev	O
labs	O
prototyped	O
the	O
simulator	O
in	O
SAAM	B-Application
II	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Classic	O
pharmacokinetic	O
studies	O
using	O
SAAM	B-Application
II	I-Application
are	O
by	O
Foster	O
and	O
Vicini	O
labs	O
,	O
while	O
more	O
complex	O
lipid	O
dynamics	O
studies	O
are	O
by	O
Barrett	O
lab	O
in	O
Australia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAAM	B-Application
II	I-Application
is	O
currently	O
employed	O
for	O
prototyping	O
PBPK	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
complex	O
mechanisms	O
participate	O
in	O
the	O
PK	O
of	O
new	O
drugs	O
or	O
formulations	O
,	O
SAAM	B-Application
II	I-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
rapid	O
in	O
vivo	O
testing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Perazzolo	O
and	O
colleagues	O
in	O
Seattle	O
use	O
SAAM	B-Application
II	I-Application
jointly	O
with	O
experimental	O
data	O
to	O
inform	O
nanoparticle	O
PBPK	O
and	O
the	O
clinical	O
transition	O
of	O
long-acting	O
or	O
extended-release	O
therapies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAAM	B-Application
II	I-Application
is	O
present	O
in	O
several	O
curricula	O
in	O
Universities	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
and	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
biomedical	O
engineering	O
and	O
pharmacy	O
courses	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
USC	O
Mann	O
School	O
of	O
Pharmacy	O
or	O
UCLA	O
bioengineering	O
.	O
</s>
