<s>
Rust	B-Application
is	O
a	O
multi-paradigm	O
,	O
high-level	B-Language
,	O
general-purpose	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
that	O
emphasizes	O
performance	O
,	O
type	B-Language
safety	I-Language
,	O
and	O
concurrency	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
enforces	O
memory	B-Application
safety	I-Application
—	O
ensuring	O
that	O
all	O
references	O
point	O
to	O
valid	O
memory	O
—	O
without	O
requiring	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
garbage	B-General_Concept
collector	I-General_Concept
or	O
reference	B-General_Concept
counting	I-General_Concept
present	O
in	O
other	O
memory-safe	B-Application
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
simultaneously	O
enforce	O
memory	B-Application
safety	I-Application
and	O
prevent	O
concurrent	B-Operating_System
data	B-Operating_System
races	I-Operating_System
,	O
its	O
"	O
borrow	O
checker	O
"	O
tracks	O
the	O
object	O
lifetime	O
of	O
all	O
references	O
in	O
a	O
program	O
during	O
compilation	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
is	O
popular	O
for	B-Language
systems	B-Application
programming	I-Application
but	O
also	O
has	O
high-level	B-Language
features	O
including	O
some	O
functional	B-Language
programming	I-Language
constructs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
developer	O
Graydon	B-Application
Hoare	I-Application
created	O
Rust	B-Application
as	O
a	O
personal	O
project	O
while	O
working	O
at	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
Research	I-Operating_System
in	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
officially	O
sponsored	O
the	O
project	O
in	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
first	O
stable	O
release	O
in	O
May	O
2015	O
,	O
Rust	B-Application
has	O
been	O
adopted	O
by	O
companies	O
including	O
Amazon	B-Application
,	O
Discord	B-Application
,	O
Dropbox	B-Application
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
(	O
Meta	O
)	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
(	O
Alphabet	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
has	O
been	O
noted	O
for	B-Language
its	O
growth	O
as	O
a	O
newer	O
language	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
the	O
subject	O
of	O
academic	O
programming	O
languages	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2022	O
,	O
it	O
became	O
the	O
second	O
high-level	B-Language
language	I-Language
to	O
be	O
supported	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
first	O
being	O
C	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
grew	O
out	O
of	O
a	O
personal	O
project	O
begun	O
in	O
2006	O
by	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
Research	I-Operating_System
employee	O
Graydon	B-Application
Hoare	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
began	O
sponsoring	O
the	O
project	O
in	O
2009	O
as	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
ongoing	O
development	O
of	O
an	O
experimental	O
browser	B-Protocol
engine	I-Protocol
called	O
Servo	B-Application
,	O
which	O
was	O
officially	O
announced	O
by	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
work	O
shifted	O
from	O
the	O
initial	O
compiler	B-Language
written	O
in	O
OCaml	B-Language
to	O
a	O
self-hosting	O
compiler	B-Language
based	O
on	O
LLVM	B-Application
written	O
in	O
Rust	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
Rust	B-Application
compiler	B-Language
successfully	O
compiled	B-Application
itself	I-Application
in	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hoare	O
would	O
later	O
state	O
that	O
Rust	B-Application
was	O
named	O
after	O
the	O
rust	B-Application
fungus	O
,	O
with	O
reference	O
to	O
the	O
fungus	O
's	O
hardiness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
's	O
type	O
system	O
underwent	O
significant	O
changes	O
between	O
versions	O
0.2	O
,	O
0.3	O
,	O
and	O
0.4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
version	O
0.2	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
March	O
2012	O
,	O
classes	O
were	O
introduced	O
for	B-Language
the	O
first	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Four	O
months	O
later	O
,	O
version	O
0.3	O
added	O
destructors	B-Language
and	O
polymorphism	B-Application
,	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2012	O
,	O
version	O
0.4	O
was	O
released	O
,	O
which	O
added	O
traits	O
as	O
a	O
means	O
of	O
inheritance	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interfaces	O
were	O
combined	O
with	O
traits	O
and	O
removed	O
as	O
a	O
separate	O
feature	O
;	O
and	O
classes	O
were	O
replaced	O
by	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
implementations	O
and	O
structured	B-Language
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
version	O
0.4	O
,	O
Rust	B-Application
also	O
supported	O
typestate	O
analysis	O
,	O
through	O
contracts	B-Application
;	O
but	O
that	O
was	O
removed	O
in	O
release	O
0.4	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
same	O
functionality	O
can	O
be	O
achieved	O
by	O
leveraging	O
Rust	B-Application
's	O
type	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
editor-in-chief	O
of	O
Dr.	O
Dobb	O
's	O
Journal	O
,	O
Andrew	O
Binstock	O
,	O
commented	O
on	O
Rust	B-Application
's	O
chances	O
of	O
becoming	O
a	O
competitor	O
to	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
along	O
with	O
D	B-Application
,	O
Go	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Nim	B-Application
(	O
then	O
Nimrod	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Binstock	O
,	O
while	O
Rust	B-Application
was	O
"	O
widely	O
viewed	O
as	O
a	O
remarkably	O
elegant	O
language	O
"	O
,	O
adoption	O
slowed	O
because	O
it	O
radically	O
changed	O
from	O
version	O
to	O
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
stable	O
release	O
,	O
Rust	B-Application
1.0	O
,	O
was	O
announced	O
on	O
May	O
15	O
,	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2020	O
,	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
laid	O
off	O
250	O
of	O
its	O
1,000	O
employees	O
worldwide	O
,	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
corporate	O
restructuring	O
caused	O
by	O
the	O
COVID-19	O
pandemic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
team	O
behind	O
Servo	B-Application
,	O
a	O
browser	B-Protocol
engine	I-Protocol
written	O
in	O
Rust	B-Application
,	O
was	O
disbanded	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
event	O
raised	O
concerns	O
about	O
the	O
future	O
of	O
Rust	B-Application
,	O
as	O
some	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
team	O
were	O
active	O
contributors	O
to	O
Rust	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
following	O
week	O
,	O
the	O
Rust	B-Application
Core	O
Team	O
acknowledged	O
the	O
severe	O
impact	O
of	O
the	O
layoffs	O
and	O
announced	O
that	O
plans	O
for	B-Language
a	O
Rust	B-Application
foundation	O
were	O
underway	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
goal	O
of	O
the	O
foundation	O
would	O
be	O
to	O
take	O
ownership	O
of	O
all	O
trademarks	O
and	O
domain	O
names	O
,	O
and	O
take	O
financial	O
responsibility	O
for	B-Language
their	O
costs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
8	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
the	O
formation	O
of	O
the	O
Rust	B-Application
Foundation	O
was	O
announced	O
by	O
its	O
five	O
founding	O
companies	O
(	O
AWS	B-Application
,	O
Huawei	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
and	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
blog	O
post	O
published	O
on	O
April	O
6	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
support	O
for	B-Language
Rust	B-Application
within	O
the	O
Android	B-Application
Open	O
Source	O
Project	O
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
C/C	O
++	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
22	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
the	O
Moderation	O
Team	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
responsible	O
for	B-Language
enforcing	O
community	O
standards	O
and	O
the	O
Code	O
of	O
Conduct	O
,	O
announced	O
their	O
resignation	O
"	O
in	O
protest	O
of	O
the	O
Core	O
Team	O
placing	O
themselves	O
unaccountable	O
to	O
anyone	O
but	O
themselves.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2022	O
,	O
the	O
Rust	B-Application
Core	O
Team	O
,	O
other	O
lead	O
programmers	O
,	O
and	O
certain	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
Rust	B-Application
Foundation	O
board	O
implemented	O
governance	O
reforms	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
incident	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
's	O
syntax	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
C	B-Language
and	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
although	O
many	O
of	O
its	O
features	O
are	O
more	O
influenced	O
by	O
functional	B-Language
programming	I-Language
languages	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
aims	O
to	O
support	O
concurrent	B-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
programming	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
inspired	O
a	O
feature	O
set	O
emphasizing	O
safety	O
,	O
control	O
of	O
memory	B-General_Concept
layout	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
concurrency	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Safety	O
in	O
Rust	B-Application
includes	O
the	O
guarantees	O
of	O
memory	B-Application
safety	I-Application
,	O
type	B-Language
safety	I-Language
,	O
and	O
lack	O
of	O
data	B-Operating_System
races	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
program	O
in	O
Rust	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Statements	O
in	O
Rust	B-Application
are	O
separated	O
by	O
semicolons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Rust	B-Application
,	O
blocks	O
of	O
code	O
are	O
delimited	O
by	O
curly	O
brackets	O
,	O
and	O
control	O
flow	O
is	O
implemented	O
by	O
keywords	O
such	O
as	O
if	B-Language
,	O
else	O
,	O
while	O
,	O
and	O
for	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pattern	B-Language
matching	I-Language
can	O
be	O
done	O
using	O
the	O
keyword	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
is	O
expression-oriented	O
,	O
with	O
nearly	O
every	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
function	O
body	O
being	O
an	O
expression	O
,	O
including	O
control-flow	O
operators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ordinary	O
if	B-Language
expression	O
is	O
used	O
instead	O
of	O
C	B-Language
's	O
ternary	O
conditional	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
returns	O
being	O
implicit	O
,	O
a	O
function	O
does	O
not	O
need	O
to	O
end	O
with	O
a	O
return	O
expression	O
;	O
if	B-Language
the	O
semicolon	O
is	O
omitted	O
,	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
the	O
last	O
expression	O
in	O
the	O
function	O
is	O
used	O
as	O
the	O
return	B-Language
value	I-Language
,	O
as	O
seen	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
recursive	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
factorial	O
function	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
iterative	B-Algorithm
implementation	O
uses	O
the	O
..	O
=	O
operator	O
to	O
create	O
an	O
inclusive	O
range	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
is	O
strongly	O
typed	O
and	O
statically	O
typed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
types	O
of	O
all	O
variables	O
must	O
be	O
known	O
at	O
compilation	B-Language
time	O
;	O
assigning	O
a	O
value	O
of	O
a	O
particular	O
type	O
to	O
a	O
differently	O
typed	O
variable	O
causes	O
a	O
compilation	B-Error_Name
error	I-Error_Name
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
default	O
integer	O
type	O
is	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
default	O
floating	B-Algorithm
point	I-Algorithm
type	I-Algorithm
is	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	B-Language
the	O
type	O
of	O
a	O
literal	O
number	O
is	O
not	O
explicitly	O
provided	O
,	O
either	O
it	O
is	O
inferred	O
from	O
the	O
context	O
or	O
the	O
default	O
type	O
is	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Option	O
values	O
are	O
handled	O
using	O
syntactic	O
sugar	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
if	B-Language
let	O
construction	O
,	O
to	O
access	O
the	O
inner	O
value	O
(	O
in	O
this	O
case	O
,	O
a	O
string	O
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
does	O
not	O
use	O
null	O
pointers	O
to	O
indicate	O
a	O
lack	O
of	O
data	O
,	O
as	O
doing	O
so	O
can	O
lead	O
to	O
null	O
dereferencing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
instead	O
uses	O
Option	O
for	B-Language
this	O
purpose	O
:	O
Some(T )	O
indicates	O
that	O
a	O
value	O
is	O
present	O
,	O
and	O
None	O
is	O
analogous	O
to	O
the	O
null	O
pointer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Option	O
implements	O
a	O
"	O
null	O
pointer	O
optimization	O
"	O
,	O
avoiding	O
any	O
overhead	O
for	B-Language
types	O
that	O
cannot	O
have	O
a	O
null	O
value	O
(	O
references	O
or	O
the	O
NonZero	O
types	O
,	O
for	B-Language
example	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
's	O
more	O
advanced	O
features	O
include	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
generic	B-Language
functions	O
to	O
reduce	O
duplicate	O
code	O
,	O
a	O
capability	O
called	O
parametric	O
polymorphism	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
program	O
calculates	O
the	O
sum	O
of	O
two	O
things	O
,	O
for	B-Language
which	O
addition	O
is	O
implemented	O
using	O
a	O
generic	B-Language
function	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
compile	B-Language
time	O
,	O
polymorphic	B-Application
functions	I-Application
like	O
sum	O
are	O
instantiated	O
with	O
the	O
specific	O
types	O
the	O
code	O
requires	O
(	O
in	O
this	O
case	O
,	O
sum	O
of	O
integers	O
and	O
sum	O
of	O
floats	B-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generics	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
functions	O
to	O
allow	O
implementing	O
a	O
behavior	O
for	B-Language
different	O
types	O
without	O
repeating	O
the	O
same	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generic	B-Language
functions	O
can	O
be	O
written	O
in	O
relation	O
to	O
other	O
generics	O
,	O
without	O
knowing	O
the	O
actual	O
type	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
's	O
ownership	O
system	O
consists	O
of	O
rules	O
that	O
ensure	O
memory	B-Application
safety	I-Application
without	O
using	O
a	O
garbage	B-General_Concept
collector	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
these	O
rules	O
,	O
Rust	B-Application
can	O
prevent	O
the	O
creation	O
and	O
use	O
of	O
dangling	B-Error_Name
pointers	I-Error_Name
:	O
</s>
<s>
Lifetimes	O
are	O
usually	O
an	O
implicit	O
part	O
of	O
all	O
reference	O
types	O
in	O
Rust	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
lifetime	O
encompasses	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
locations	O
in	O
the	O
code	O
for	B-Language
which	O
a	O
variable	O
is	O
valid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
borrow	O
checker	O
in	O
the	O
Rust	B-Application
compiler	B-Language
uses	O
lifetimes	O
to	O
ensure	O
that	O
the	O
values	O
a	O
reference	O
points	O
to	O
remain	O
valid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
ensures	O
that	O
a	O
mutable	B-Application
reference	O
exists	O
only	O
if	B-Language
no	O
immutable	B-Application
references	O
exist	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
's	O
memory	O
and	O
ownership	O
system	O
was	O
influenced	O
by	O
region-based	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
in	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
Cyclone	B-Language
and	O
ML	O
Kit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
defines	O
the	O
relationship	O
between	O
the	O
lifetimes	O
of	O
the	O
objects	O
created	O
and	O
used	O
by	O
functions	O
,	O
using	O
lifetime	O
parameters	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
signature	O
feature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
stack	O
or	O
temporary	O
variable	O
goes	O
out	O
of	O
scope	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
dropped	O
by	O
running	O
its	O
destructor	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
destructor	B-Language
may	O
be	O
programmatically	O
defined	O
through	O
the	O
drop	O
function	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
technique	O
enforces	O
the	O
so-called	O
resource	B-Application
acquisition	I-Application
is	I-Application
initialization	I-Application
(	O
RAII	B-Application
)	O
design	O
pattern	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
resources	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
file	O
descriptors	O
or	O
network	O
sockets	O
,	O
are	O
tied	O
to	O
the	O
lifetime	O
of	O
an	O
object	O
:	O
when	O
the	O
object	O
is	O
dropped	O
,	O
the	O
resource	O
is	O
closed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
example	O
below	O
parses	B-Language
some	O
configuration	O
options	O
from	O
a	O
string	O
and	O
creates	O
a	O
struct	B-Application
containing	O
the	O
options	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
struct	B-Application
only	O
contains	O
references	O
to	O
the	O
data	O
;	O
so	O
,	O
for	B-Language
the	O
struct	B-Application
to	O
remain	O
valid	O
,	O
the	O
data	O
referred	O
to	O
by	O
the	O
struct	B-Application
must	O
be	O
valid	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
function	O
signature	O
for	B-Language
parse_config	O
specifies	O
this	O
relationship	O
explicitly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
explicit	O
lifetimes	O
are	O
unnecessary	O
in	O
newer	O
Rust	B-Application
versions	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
lifetime	O
elision	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
an	O
algorithm	O
that	O
automatically	O
assigns	O
lifetimes	O
to	O
functions	O
if	B-Language
they	O
are	O
trivial	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
is	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
memory	B-Application
safe	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
does	O
not	O
permit	O
null	O
pointers	O
,	O
dangling	B-Error_Name
pointers	I-Error_Name
,	O
or	O
data	B-Operating_System
races	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
replicate	O
pointers	O
being	O
either	O
valid	O
or	O
NULL	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
linked	O
list	O
or	O
binary	O
tree	O
data	B-General_Concept
structures	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
Rust	B-Application
core	O
library	O
provides	O
an	O
option	O
type	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
test	O
whether	O
a	O
pointer	O
has	O
Some	O
value	O
or	O
None	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
has	O
added	O
syntax	O
to	O
manage	O
lifetimes	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
checked	O
at	O
compile	B-Language
time	O
by	O
the	O
borrow	O
checker	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unsafe	O
code	O
may	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
for	B-Language
low-level	O
functionality	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
volatile	B-Operating_System
memory	I-Operating_System
access	I-Operating_System
,	O
architecture-specific	O
intrinsics	O
,	O
type	B-Language
punning	I-Language
,	O
and	O
inline	O
assembly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
does	O
not	O
use	O
automated	O
garbage	B-General_Concept
collection	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Memory	O
and	O
other	O
resources	O
are	O
managed	O
through	O
the	O
"	O
resource	B-Application
acquisition	I-Application
is	I-Application
initialization	I-Application
"	O
convention	O
,	O
with	O
optional	O
reference	B-General_Concept
counting	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
provides	O
deterministic	O
management	O
of	O
resources	O
,	O
with	O
very	O
low	O
overhead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Values	O
are	O
allocated	B-General_Concept
on	I-General_Concept
the	I-General_Concept
stack	I-General_Concept
by	O
default	O
,	O
and	O
all	O
dynamic	B-Application
allocations	I-Application
must	O
be	O
explicit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
built-in	O
reference	O
types	O
using	O
the	O
&	O
symbol	O
do	O
not	O
involve	O
run-time	O
reference	B-General_Concept
counting	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
safety	O
and	O
validity	O
of	O
the	O
underlying	O
pointers	O
is	O
verified	O
at	O
compile	B-Language
time	O
,	O
preventing	O
dangling	B-Error_Name
pointers	I-Error_Name
and	O
other	O
forms	O
of	O
undefined	B-Language
behavior	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
's	O
type	O
system	O
separates	O
shared	O
,	O
immutable	B-Application
references	O
of	O
the	O
form	O
&	O
T	O
from	O
unique	O
,	O
mutable	B-Application
references	O
of	O
the	O
form	O
&	O
mut	O
T	O
.	O
A	O
mutable	B-Application
reference	O
can	O
be	O
coerced	O
to	O
an	O
immutable	B-Application
reference	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
vice	O
versa	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
's	O
type	O
system	O
supports	O
a	O
mechanism	O
called	O
traits	O
,	O
inspired	O
by	O
type	O
classes	O
in	O
the	O
Haskell	B-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
to	O
define	O
shared	O
behavior	O
between	O
different	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	B-Language
example	O
,	O
the	O
Add	O
trait	O
can	O
be	O
implemented	O
for	B-Language
floats	B-Algorithm
and	O
integers	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
added	O
;	O
and	O
the	O
Display	O
or	O
Debug	O
traits	O
can	O
be	O
implemented	O
for	B-Language
any	O
type	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
converted	O
to	O
a	O
string	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
facility	O
is	O
known	O
as	O
ad	O
hoc	O
polymorphism	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
uses	O
type	O
inference	O
for	B-Language
variables	O
declared	O
with	O
the	B-Application
keyword	I-Application
let	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
compile-time	O
error	O
results	O
if	B-Language
any	O
branch	O
of	O
code	O
leaves	O
the	O
variable	O
without	O
an	O
assignment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Variables	O
assigned	O
multiple	O
times	O
must	O
be	O
marked	O
with	O
the	B-Application
keyword	I-Application
mut	O
(	O
short	O
for	B-Language
mutable	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
function	O
can	O
be	O
given	O
generic	B-Language
parameters	O
,	O
which	O
allow	O
the	O
same	O
function	O
to	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
different	O
variable	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generic	B-Language
functions	O
can	O
constrain	O
the	O
generic	B-Language
type	I-Language
to	O
implement	O
a	O
particular	O
trait	O
or	O
traits	O
;	O
for	B-Language
example	O
,	O
an	O
add_one	O
function	O
might	O
require	O
the	O
type	O
to	O
implement	O
Add	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
means	O
that	O
a	O
generic	B-Language
function	O
can	O
be	O
type-checked	B-Language
as	O
soon	O
as	O
it	O
is	O
defined	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
implementation	O
of	O
Rust	B-Application
generics	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
typical	O
implementation	O
of	O
C++	B-Language
templates	O
:	O
a	O
separate	O
copy	O
of	O
the	O
code	O
is	O
generated	O
for	B-Language
each	O
instantiation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
called	O
monomorphization	O
and	O
contrasts	O
with	O
the	O
type	B-General_Concept
erasure	I-General_Concept
scheme	B-Language
typically	O
used	O
in	O
Java	O
and	O
Haskell	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Type	B-General_Concept
erasure	I-General_Concept
is	O
also	O
available	O
in	O
Rust	B-Application
via	O
the	B-Application
keyword	I-Application
dyn	O
(	O
short	O
for	B-Language
dynamic	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
monomorphization	O
duplicates	O
the	O
code	O
for	B-Language
each	O
type	O
used	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
result	O
in	O
more	O
optimized	O
code	O
for	B-Language
specific-use	O
cases	O
,	O
but	O
compile	B-Language
time	O
and	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
output	O
binary	O
are	O
also	O
increased	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Rust	B-Application
,	O
user-defined	B-Language
types	I-Language
are	O
created	O
with	O
the	O
struct	B-Application
or	O
enum	O
keywords	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
struct	B-Application
keyword	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
denote	O
a	O
record	O
type	O
that	O
groups	O
multiple	O
related	O
values	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
enums	O
can	O
take	O
on	O
different	O
variants	O
in	O
runtime	O
,	O
with	O
its	O
capabilities	O
similar	O
to	O
algebraic	O
data	O
types	O
found	O
in	O
functional	B-Language
programming	I-Language
languages	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
structs	B-Application
and	O
enums	O
can	O
contain	O
fields	B-Application
with	O
different	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
impl	O
keyword	O
can	O
define	O
methods	B-Language
for	B-Language
the	O
types	O
(	O
data	O
and	O
functions	O
are	O
defined	O
separately	O
)	O
or	O
implement	O
a	O
trait	O
for	B-Language
the	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traits	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
common	O
behavior	O
for	B-Language
different	O
types	O
without	O
knowing	O
the	O
actual	O
type	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
provide	O
additional	O
methods	B-Language
when	O
implemented	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	B-Language
example	O
,	O
the	O
trait	O
Iterator	O
requires	O
that	O
the	O
next	O
method	O
be	O
defined	O
for	B-Language
the	O
type	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
the	O
next	O
method	O
is	O
defined	O
,	O
the	O
trait	O
can	O
provide	O
common	O
functional	B-Language
helper	O
methods	B-Language
over	O
the	O
iterator	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
map	O
or	O
filter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Type	O
aliases	O
,	O
including	O
generic	B-Language
arguments	O
,	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
defined	O
with	O
the	O
type	O
keyword	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
type	O
system	O
within	O
Rust	B-Application
is	O
based	O
around	O
implementations	O
,	O
traits	O
,	O
and	O
structured	B-Language
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Implementations	O
fulfill	O
a	O
role	O
similar	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
classes	O
within	O
other	O
languages	O
and	O
are	O
defined	O
with	O
the	B-Application
keyword	I-Application
impl	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traits	O
provide	O
inheritance	B-Language
and	O
polymorphism	B-Application
;	O
they	O
allow	O
methods	B-Language
to	O
be	O
defined	O
and	O
mixed	B-Language
in	I-Language
to	O
implementations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Structured	B-Language
types	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
define	O
fields	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Implementations	O
and	O
traits	O
cannot	O
define	O
fields	B-Application
themselves	O
,	O
and	O
only	O
traits	O
can	O
provide	O
inheritance	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
supports	O
interface	O
inheritance	B-Language
but	O
replaces	B-Library
implementation	B-Language
inheritance	I-Language
with	O
composition	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
uses	O
linear	O
types	O
,	O
where	O
each	O
value	O
is	O
used	O
exactly	O
once	O
,	O
to	O
enforce	O
type	B-Language
safety	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
traits	O
are	O
implemented	O
using	O
static	B-Language
dispatch	I-Language
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
the	O
type	O
of	O
all	O
values	O
is	O
known	O
at	O
compile	B-Language
time	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
Rust	B-Application
also	O
uses	O
a	O
feature	O
known	O
as	O
trait	O
objects	O
to	O
accomplish	O
dynamic	O
dispatch	O
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
duck	B-Application
typing	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	B-Language
example	O
,	O
the	O
following	O
code	O
creates	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
objects	O
where	O
each	O
object	O
can	O
be	O
printed	O
out	O
:	O
let	O
v	O
:	O
Vecxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx1	O
=	O
vec	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
extend	O
the	O
Rust	B-Application
language	I-Application
using	O
macros	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
declarative	O
macro	O
(	O
also	O
called	O
a	O
"	O
macro	O
by	O
example	O
"	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
macro	O
that	O
uses	O
pattern	B-Language
matching	I-Language
to	O
determine	O
its	O
expansion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Procedural	O
macros	O
are	O
Rust	B-Application
functions	O
that	O
run	O
and	O
modify	O
the	O
compiler	B-Language
's	O
input	O
token	O
stream	O
,	O
before	O
any	O
other	O
components	O
are	O
compiled	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
for	B-Language
reading	O
and	O
writing	O
data	O
in	O
many	O
formats	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Attribute	O
macros	O
are	O
commonly	O
used	O
for	B-Language
language	O
bindings	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
extendr	O
library	O
for	B-Language
Rust	B-Application
bindings	O
to	O
R	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
to	O
implement	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
reading	O
and	O
writing	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
format	O
a	O
structure	O
for	B-Language
debugging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
has	O
a	O
foreign	B-Application
function	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
FFI	O
)	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
both	O
to	O
call	O
code	O
written	O
in	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
C	B-Language
from	O
Rust	B-Application
and	O
to	O
call	O
Rust	B-Application
code	O
from	O
those	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
also	O
has	O
a	O
library	O
,	O
CXX	B-Language
,	O
for	B-Language
calling	O
to	O
or	O
from	O
C++	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
and	O
C	B-Language
differ	O
in	O
how	O
they	O
lay	O
out	O
structs	B-Application
in	O
memory	O
,	O
so	O
Rust	B-Application
structs	B-Application
may	O
be	O
given	O
a	O
#[ 	O
repr(C )	O
]	O
attribute	O
,	O
forcing	O
the	O
same	O
layout	O
as	O
the	O
equivalent	O
C	B-Language
struct	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
the	O
compiler	B-Language
and	O
standard	B-Library
library	I-Library
,	O
the	O
Rust	B-Application
ecosystem	O
includes	O
additional	O
components	O
for	B-Language
software	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Component	O
installation	O
is	O
typically	O
managed	O
by	O
,	O
a	O
Rust	B-Application
toolchain	B-General_Concept
installer	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
Rust	B-Application
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Rust	B-Application
standard	B-Library
library	I-Library
is	O
divided	O
into	O
three	O
crates	O
:	O
,	O
,	O
and	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cargo	O
is	O
Rust	B-Application
's	O
build	B-Application
system	I-Application
and	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
downloads	O
,	O
compiles	B-Language
,	O
distributes	O
,	O
and	O
uploads	O
packages	O
—	O
called	O
crates	O
—	O
that	O
are	O
maintained	O
in	O
an	O
official	O
registry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
acts	O
as	O
a	O
front-end	B-Architecture
for	B-Language
Clippy	B-General_Concept
and	O
other	O
Rust	B-Application
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
default	O
,	O
Cargo	O
sources	O
its	O
dependencies	O
from	O
the	O
user-contributed	O
registry	O
crates.io,	O
but	O
Git	B-Application
repositories	O
and	O
crates	O
in	O
the	O
local	O
filesystem	B-Application
,	O
and	O
other	O
external	O
sources	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
specified	O
as	O
dependencies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rustfmt	O
is	O
a	O
code	O
formatter	O
for	B-Language
Rust	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
formats	O
whitespace	O
and	O
indentation	O
to	O
produce	O
code	O
in	O
accordance	O
with	O
a	O
common	O
style	B-Language
,	O
unless	O
otherwise	O
specified	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
be	O
invoked	O
as	O
a	O
standalone	O
program	O
,	O
or	O
from	O
a	O
Rust	B-Application
project	O
through	O
Cargo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clippy	B-General_Concept
is	O
Rust	B-Application
's	O
built-in	O
linting	B-Device
tool	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
correctness	O
,	O
performance	O
,	O
and	O
readability	O
of	O
Rust	B-Application
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
created	O
in	O
2014	O
and	O
named	O
after	O
the	O
eponymous	B-General_Concept
Microsoft	I-General_Concept
Office	I-General_Concept
feature	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
Rust	B-Application
1.0	O
,	O
new	O
features	O
are	O
developed	O
in	O
nightly	O
versions	O
which	O
are	O
released	O
daily	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Editions	O
are	O
released	O
to	O
allow	O
making	O
limited	O
breaking	B-General_Concept
changes	I-General_Concept
,	O
such	O
as	O
promoting	O
to	O
a	O
keyword	O
to	O
support	O
async/await	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
popular	O
language	O
server	O
for	B-Language
Rust	B-Application
is	O
Rust	B-Application
Analyzer	O
,	O
which	O
officially	O
replaced	O
the	O
original	O
language	O
server	O
,	O
RLS	O
,	O
in	O
July	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
Analyzer	O
provides	O
IDEs	O
and	O
text	B-Application
editors	I-Application
with	O
information	O
about	O
a	O
Rust	B-Application
project	O
;	O
basic	O
features	O
including	O
autocompletion	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
display	O
of	O
compilation	B-Error_Name
errors	I-Error_Name
while	O
editing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
aims	O
"	O
to	O
be	O
as	O
efficient	O
and	O
portable	O
as	O
idiomatic	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
without	O
sacrificing	O
safety	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
perform	O
garbage	B-General_Concept
collection	I-General_Concept
,	O
Rust	B-Application
is	O
often	O
faster	O
than	O
other	O
memory-safe	B-Application
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
provides	O
two	O
"	O
modes	O
"	O
:	O
safe	O
and	O
unsafe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Safe	O
mode	O
is	O
the	O
"	O
normal	O
"	O
one	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
most	O
Rust	B-Application
is	O
written	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
unsafe	O
mode	O
,	O
the	O
developer	O
is	O
responsible	O
for	B-Language
the	O
code	O
's	O
correctness	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
create	O
applications	O
that	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
low-level	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
been	O
empirically	O
demonstrated	O
that	O
unsafe	O
Rust	B-Application
does	O
not	O
always	O
perform	O
faster	O
than	O
safe	O
Rust	B-Application
,	O
and	O
can	O
even	O
be	O
slower	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
Rust	B-Application
's	O
features	O
are	O
so-called	O
zero-cost	O
abstractions	O
,	O
meaning	O
they	O
are	O
optimized	O
away	O
at	O
compile	B-Language
time	O
and	O
incur	O
no	O
runtime	O
penalty	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ownership	O
and	O
borrowing	O
system	O
permits	O
zero-copy	O
implementations	O
for	B-Language
some	O
performance-sensitive	O
tasks	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
parsing	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Static	B-Language
dispatch	I-Language
is	O
used	O
by	O
default	O
to	O
eliminate	O
method	B-Language
calls	I-Language
,	O
with	O
the	O
exception	O
of	O
methods	B-Language
called	O
on	O
dynamic	O
trait	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
compiler	B-Language
also	O
uses	O
inline	O
expansion	O
to	O
eliminate	O
function	O
calls	O
and	O
statically-dispatched	O
method	O
invocations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
Rust	B-Application
utilizes	O
LLVM	B-Application
,	O
any	O
performance	O
improvements	O
in	O
LLVM	B-Application
also	O
carry	O
over	O
to	O
Rust	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
C	B-Language
and	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
Rust	B-Application
allows	O
for	B-Language
reordering	O
struct	B-Application
and	O
enum	O
elements	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
sizes	O
of	O
structures	O
in	O
memory	O
,	O
for	B-Language
better	O
memory	O
alignment	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
improve	O
cache	B-General_Concept
access	O
efficiency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
2022	O
Stack	B-Error_Name
Overflow	I-Error_Name
Developer	O
Survey	O
,	O
9%	O
of	O
respondents	O
had	O
recently	O
done	O
extensive	O
development	O
in	O
Rust	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
survey	O
also	O
named	O
Rust	B-Application
the	O
"	O
most	O
loved	O
programming	O
language	O
"	O
every	O
year	O
from	O
2016	O
to	O
2022	O
(	O
inclusive	O
)	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
developers	O
interested	O
in	O
continuing	O
to	O
work	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2022	O
,	O
Rust	B-Application
tied	O
with	O
Python	B-Language
for	B-Language
"	O
most	O
wanted	O
technology	O
"	O
,	O
with	O
18%	O
of	O
developers	O
not	O
currently	O
working	O
in	O
Rust	B-Application
expressing	O
an	O
interest	O
in	O
doing	O
so	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
has	O
been	O
adopted	O
for	B-Language
components	O
at	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
major	O
software	O
companies	O
,	O
including	O
Amazon	B-Application
,	O
Discord	B-Application
,	O
Dropbox	B-Application
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
(	O
Meta	O
)	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
(	O
Alphabet	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Arti	O
is	O
a	O
Rust	B-Application
implementation	O
of	O
a	O
Tor	B-Application
server	O
by	O
The	O
Tor	B-Application
Project	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
has	O
multiple	O
projects	O
written	O
in	O
Rust	B-Application
,	O
including	O
Firecracker	B-Application
,	O
a	O
virtualization	O
solution	O
,	O
and	O
Bottlerocket	O
,	O
a	O
Linux	B-Application
distribution	I-Application
and	O
containerization	B-General_Concept
solution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloudflare	B-Application
's	O
implementations	O
of	O
the	O
QUIC	B-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
and	O
firewall	B-Application
rules	O
are	O
written	O
in	O
Rust	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deno	B-Application
,	O
a	O
secure	O
runtime	O
for	B-Language
JavaScript	B-Language
and	O
TypeScript	B-Language
,	O
is	O
built	O
with	O
V8	B-Language
,	O
Rust	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Tokio	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Firefox	B-Application
has	O
two	O
projects	O
written	O
in	O
Rust	B-Application
:	O
the	O
Servo	B-Application
parallel	B-Operating_System
browser	B-Protocol
engine	I-Protocol
developed	O
by	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
in	O
collaboration	O
with	O
Samsung	B-Application
;	O
and	O
Quantum	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
composed	O
of	O
several	O
sub-projects	O
for	B-Language
improving	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
's	O
Gecko	B-Language
browser	B-Protocol
engine	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenDNS	B-Protocol
uses	O
Rust	B-Application
in	O
some	O
of	O
its	O
internal	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
is	O
a	O
Unix/Linux	O
command-line	O
alternative	O
to	O
that	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
Rust	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
LynxOS-178	O
and	O
LynxElement	O
unikernel	O
support	O
Rust	B-Application
in	O
their	O
certified	O
toolchain	B-General_Concept
,	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Redox	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
"	O
full-blown	O
Unix-like	O
operating	O
system	O
"	O
that	O
includes	O
a	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
written	O
in	O
Rust	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Rust	B-Application
for	I-Application
Linux	I-Application
project	O
was	O
begun	O
in	O
2021	O
to	O
add	O
Rust	B-Application
support	O
to	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	B-Language
Rust	B-Application
(	O
along	O
with	O
support	O
for	B-Language
C	B-Language
and	O
Assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
)	O
was	O
officially	O
added	O
in	O
version	O
6.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stratis	B-Application
is	O
a	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
manager	I-Application
written	O
in	O
Rust	B-Application
for	B-Language
Fedora	O
and	O
RHEL	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Theseus	O
,	O
an	O
experimental	O
operating	O
system	O
described	O
as	O
having	O
an	O
"	O
intralingual	O
design	O
"	O
,	O
leverages	O
Rust	B-Application
's	O
programming	O
language	O
mechanisms	O
to	O
implement	O
the	O
OS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Discord	B-Application
uses	O
Rust	B-Application
for	B-Language
portions	O
of	O
its	O
backend	B-Architecture
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
client-side	O
video	O
encoding	O
,	O
to	O
augment	O
the	O
core	O
infrastructure	O
written	O
in	O
Elixir	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Azure	I-Application
IoT	B-Operating_System
Edge	O
,	O
a	O
platform	B-Device
used	O
to	O
run	O
Azure	O
services	O
and	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
on	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
,	O
has	O
components	O
implemented	O
in	O
Rust	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Polkadot	B-Protocol
is	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
blockchain	B-Application
platform	B-Device
and	O
cryptocurrency	O
written	O
in	O
Rust	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruffle	B-Operating_System
is	O
an	O
open-source	O
SWF	O
emulator	O
written	O
in	O
Rust	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
TerminusDB	B-Application
,	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
graph	B-Application
database	I-Application
designed	O
for	B-Language
collaboratively	O
building	O
and	O
curating	O
knowledge	B-Application
graphs	I-Application
,	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
Prolog	B-Language
and	O
Rust	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
's	O
official	O
website	O
lists	O
online	O
forums	O
,	O
messaging	O
platforms	B-Device
,	O
and	O
in-person	O
meetups	O
for	B-Language
the	O
Rust	B-Application
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conferences	O
dedicated	O
to	O
Rust	B-Application
development	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Rust	B-Application
Foundation	O
is	O
a	O
non-profit	O
membership	O
organization	O
incorporated	O
in	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
primary	O
purposes	O
of	O
backing	O
the	O
technical	O
project	O
as	O
a	O
legal	O
entity	O
and	O
helping	O
to	O
manage	O
the	O
trademark	O
and	O
infrastructure	O
assets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
established	O
on	O
February	O
8	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
with	O
five	O
founding	O
corporate	O
members	O
(	O
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
,	O
Huawei	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
and	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Rust	B-Application
project	O
is	O
composed	O
of	O
teams	O
that	O
are	O
responsible	O
for	B-Language
different	O
subareas	O
of	O
the	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	B-Language
example	O
,	O
the	O
Core	O
team	O
manages	O
Rust	B-Application
's	O
overall	O
direction	O
,	O
supervises	O
subteams	O
,	O
and	O
deals	O
with	O
cross-cutting	O
issues	O
;	O
the	O
compiler	B-Language
team	O
develops	O
,	O
manages	O
,	O
and	O
optimizes	O
compiler	B-Language
internals	O
;	O
and	O
the	O
language	O
team	O
is	O
in	O
charge	O
of	O
designing	O
and	O
helping	O
to	O
implement	O
new	O
language	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
