<s>
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
(	O
simplified	O
as	O
Rails	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
server-side	B-Application
web	B-Application
application	I-Application
framework	I-Application
written	O
in	O
Ruby	B-Language
under	O
the	B-License
MIT	I-License
License	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
encourages	O
and	O
facilitates	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
web	O
standards	O
such	O
as	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
or	O
XML	B-Protocol
for	O
data	O
transfer	O
and	O
HTML	B-Language
,	O
CSS	B-Language
and	O
JavaScript	B-Language
for	O
user	O
interfacing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
MVC	O
,	O
Rails	O
emphasizes	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
other	O
well-known	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
patterns	O
and	O
paradigms	O
,	O
including	O
convention	B-Application
over	I-Application
configuration	I-Application
(	O
CoC	O
)	O
,	O
do	O
n't	O
repeat	O
yourself	O
(	O
DRY	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
active	O
record	O
pattern	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
 '	O
emergence	O
in	O
2005	O
greatly	O
influenced	O
web	B-Application
app	I-Application
development	O
,	O
through	O
innovative	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
seamless	O
database	B-Application
table	I-Application
creations	O
,	O
migrations	O
,	O
and	O
scaffolding	O
of	O
views	O
to	O
enable	O
rapid	O
application	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
 '	O
influence	O
on	O
other	O
web	B-Application
frameworks	I-Application
remains	O
apparent	O
today	O
,	O
with	O
many	O
frameworks	O
in	O
other	O
languages	O
borrowing	O
its	O
ideas	O
,	O
including	O
Django	B-Language
in	O
Python	B-Language
;	O
Catalyst	B-Language
in	O
Perl	B-Language
;	O
Laravel	B-Language
,	O
CakePHP	B-Language
and	O
Yii	B-Language
in	O
PHP	B-Application
;	O
Grails	B-Language
in	O
Groovy	B-Application
;	O
Phoenix	B-Application
in	O
Elixir	B-Language
;	O
Play	B-Language
in	O
Scala	B-Application
;	O
and	O
Sails.js	B-Language
in	O
Node.js	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Well-known	O
sites	O
that	O
use	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
include	O
Airbnb	O
,	O
Crunchbase	O
,	O
Dribbble	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
,	O
Twitch	O
and	O
Shopify	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
David	O
Heinemeier	O
Hansson	O
extracted	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
from	O
his	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
project	O
management	O
tool	O
Basecamp	O
at	O
the	O
web	B-Application
application	I-Application
company	O
37signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hansson	O
first	O
released	O
Rails	O
as	O
open	O
source	O
in	O
July	O
2004	O
,	O
but	O
did	O
not	O
share	O
commit	B-Language
rights	O
to	O
the	O
project	O
until	O
February	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2006	O
,	O
the	O
framework	O
reached	O
a	O
milestone	O
when	O
Apple	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
ship	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
with	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
v10.5	I-Application
"	I-Application
Leopard	I-Application
"	I-Application
,	O
which	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
October	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rails	O
version	O
2.3	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
March	O
15	O
,	O
2009	O
,	O
with	O
major	O
new	O
developments	O
in	O
templates	O
,	O
engines	O
,	O
Rack	B-Application
and	O
nested	O
model	O
forms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Templates	O
enable	O
the	O
developer	O
to	O
generate	O
a	O
skeleton	O
application	O
with	O
custom	O
gems	B-Application
and	O
configurations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Rack	B-Application
web	B-Application
server	I-Application
interface	O
and	O
Metal	O
allow	O
one	O
to	O
write	O
optimized	O
pieces	O
of	O
code	O
that	O
route	O
around	O
Action	O
Controller	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
23	O
,	O
2008	O
,	O
Merb	B-Application
,	O
another	O
web	B-Application
application	I-Application
framework	I-Application
,	O
was	O
launched	O
,	O
and	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
announced	O
it	O
would	O
work	O
with	O
the	O
Merb	B-Application
project	O
to	O
bring	O
"	O
the	O
best	O
ideas	O
of	O
Merb	B-Application
"	O
into	O
Rails	O
3	O
,	O
ending	O
the	O
"	O
unnecessary	O
duplication	O
"	O
across	O
both	O
communities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Merb	B-Application
was	O
merged	O
with	O
Rails	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Rails	O
3.0	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rails	O
3.1	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
August	O
31	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
featuring	O
Reversible	O
Database	O
Migrations	O
,	O
Asset	O
Pipeline	O
,	O
Streaming	O
,	O
jQuery	B-Language
as	O
default	O
JavaScript	B-Language
library	O
and	O
newly	O
introduced	O
CoffeeScript	B-Application
and	O
Sass	B-Language
into	O
the	O
stack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rails	O
3.2.x	O
is	O
the	O
last	O
version	O
that	O
supports	O
Ruby	B-Language
1.8.7	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rails	O
3.2.12	O
supports	O
Ruby	B-Language
2.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rails	O
4.0	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
June	O
25	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
introducing	O
Russian	O
Doll	O
Caching	O
,	O
Turbolinks	O
,	O
Live	O
Streaming	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
making	O
Active	O
Resource	O
,	O
Active	O
Record	O
Observer	O
and	O
other	O
components	O
optional	O
by	O
splitting	O
them	O
as	O
gems	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rails	O
4.2	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
December	O
19	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
introducing	O
Active	O
Job	O
,	O
asynchronous	O
emails	O
,	O
Adequate	O
Record	O
,	O
Web	O
Console	O
,	O
and	O
foreign	B-Application
keys	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rails	O
5.0.0.1	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
August	O
10	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
with	O
Exclusive	O
use	O
of	O
rails	O
CLI	O
over	O
Rake	B-Application
and	O
support	O
for	O
Ruby	B-Language
version	O
2.2.2	O
and	O
above	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rails	O
5.1	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
April	O
27	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
introducing	O
JavaScript	B-Language
integration	O
changes	O
(	O
management	O
of	O
JavaScript	B-Language
dependencies	O
from	O
NPM	O
via	O
Yarn	O
,	O
optional	O
compilation	O
of	O
JavaScript	B-Language
using	O
Webpack	B-Language
,	O
and	O
a	O
rewrite	O
of	O
Rails	O
UJS	O
to	O
use	O
vanilla	O
JavaScript	B-Language
instead	O
of	O
depending	O
on	O
jQuery	B-Language
)	O
,	O
system	O
tests	O
using	O
Capybara	B-Library
,	O
encrypted	O
secrets	O
,	O
parameterized	O
mailers	O
,	O
direct	O
&	O
resolved	O
routes	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
unified	O
form_with	O
helper	O
replacing	O
the	O
form_tag/form_for	O
helpers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rails	O
6.0	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
August	O
16	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
making	O
Webpack	B-Language
default	O
,	O
adding	O
mailbox	B-Operating_System
routing	O
,	O
a	O
default	O
online	B-Application
rich-text	I-Application
editor	I-Application
,	O
parallel	O
testing	O
,	O
multiple	O
database	O
support	O
,	O
mailer	O
routing	O
and	O
a	O
new	O
autoloader	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rails	O
6.1	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
December	O
9	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
adding	O
per-database	O
connection	O
switching	O
,	O
horizontal	B-General_Concept
database	I-General_Concept
sharding	I-General_Concept
,	O
eager	O
loading	O
of	O
all	O
associations	O
,	O
Delegated	O
Types	O
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
single-table	O
inheritance	O
,	O
asynchronous	O
deletion	O
of	O
associations	O
,	O
error	O
objects	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
improvements	O
and	O
bug	O
fixes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rails	O
7.0	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
December	O
15	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
replacing	O
Node.js	B-Language
and	O
Webpack	B-Language
with	O
import	O
maps	O
for	O
JavaScript	B-Language
management	O
by	O
default	O
,	O
replacing	O
Turbolinks	O
with	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
Turbo	O
and	O
Stimulus	O
,	O
adding	O
at-work	O
encryption	O
into	O
Active	O
Record	O
,	O
using	O
Zeitwerk	O
exclusively	O
for	O
code	O
loading	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
+	O
Version	O
History	O
Version	O
Release	O
Date	O
Compatible	O
Ruby	B-Language
Version(s )	O
"	O
Rails	O
1.0	O
:	O
Party	O
like	O
it	O
's	O
one	O
oh	O
oh	O
!	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
weblog.rubyonrails.org	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1.8.6	O
"	O
Rails	O
1.2	O
:	O
REST	B-Protocol
admiration	O
,	O
HTTP	O
lovefest	O
,	O
and	O
UTF-8	O
celebrations	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
weblog.rubyonrails.org	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
weblog.rubyonrails.org	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1.8.6	O
Rails	O
2.1	O
:	O
Time	O
zones	O
,	O
dirty	O
,	O
caching	O
,	O
gem	B-Application
dependencies	O
,	O
caching	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
weblog.rubyonrails.org	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1.8.6	O
"	O
Rails	O
2.2	O
:	O
i18n	O
,	O
HTTP	O
validators	O
,	O
thread	O
safety	O
,	O
JRuby/1.9	O
compatibility	O
,	O
docs	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
weblog.rubyonrails.org	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1.8.7	O
recommended	O
;	O
1.8.6	O
possible	O
"	O
Rails	O
2.3	O
:	O
Templates	O
,	O
Engines	O
,	O
Rack	B-Application
,	O
Metal	O
,	O
much	O
more	O
!	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
weblog.rubyonrails.org	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
weblog.rubyonrails.org	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
evolves	O
radically	O
from	O
release	O
to	O
release	O
exploring	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
new	O
technologies	O
and	O
adopting	O
new	O
standards	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
features	O
are	O
very	O
stable	O
in	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
while	O
some	O
are	O
replaced	O
in	O
favour	O
of	O
new	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
default	O
configuration	O
,	O
a	O
model	O
in	O
the	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
framework	O
maps	O
to	O
a	O
table	B-Application
in	O
a	O
database	O
and	O
to	O
a	O
Ruby	B-Language
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
model	O
class	O
User	O
will	O
usually	O
be	O
defined	O
in	O
the	O
file	O
'	O
user.rb	O
'	O
in	O
the	O
app/models	O
directory	O
,	O
and	O
linked	O
to	O
the	O
table	B-Application
'	O
users	O
 '	O
in	O
the	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
developers	O
are	O
free	O
to	O
ignore	O
this	O
convention	O
and	O
choose	O
differing	O
names	O
for	O
their	O
models	O
,	O
files	O
,	O
and	O
database	B-Application
table	I-Application
,	O
this	O
is	O
not	O
common	O
practice	O
and	O
is	O
usually	O
discouraged	O
in	O
accordance	O
with	O
the	O
"	O
convention-over-configuration	B-Application
"	O
philosophy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
controller	O
is	O
a	O
server-side	B-Application
component	O
of	O
Rails	O
that	O
responds	O
to	O
external	O
requests	O
from	O
the	O
web	B-Application
server	I-Application
to	O
the	O
application	O
,	O
by	O
determining	O
which	O
view	O
file	O
to	O
render	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
controller	O
might	O
then	O
pass	O
some	O
subset	O
of	O
the	O
flight	O
data	O
to	O
the	O
corresponding	O
view	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
contain	O
a	O
mixture	O
of	O
static	O
HTML	B-Language
and	O
logic	O
that	O
use	O
the	O
flight	O
data	O
to	O
create	O
an	O
HTML	B-Language
document	O
containing	O
a	O
table	B-Application
with	O
one	O
row	O
per	O
flight	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
,	O
an	O
action	O
is	O
typically	O
a	O
basic	O
unit	O
that	O
describes	O
how	O
to	O
respond	O
to	O
a	O
specific	O
external	O
web-browser	O
request	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rails	O
encourages	O
developers	O
to	O
use	O
RESTful	B-Protocol
routes	O
,	O
which	O
include	O
actions	O
such	O
as	O
create	O
,	O
new	O
,	O
edit	O
,	O
update	O
,	O
destroy	O
,	O
show	O
,	O
and	O
index	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
view	O
in	O
the	O
default	O
configuration	O
of	O
Rails	O
is	O
an	O
erb	O
file	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
evaluated	O
and	O
converted	O
to	O
HTML	B-Language
at	O
run-time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
includes	O
tools	O
that	O
make	O
common	O
development	O
tasks	O
easier	O
"	O
out-of-the-box	O
"	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
scaffolding	O
that	O
can	O
automatically	O
construct	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
models	O
and	O
views	O
needed	O
for	O
a	O
basic	O
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
included	O
are	O
WEBrick	B-Application
,	O
a	O
simple	O
Ruby	B-Language
web	B-Application
server	I-Application
that	O
is	O
distributed	O
with	O
Ruby	B-Language
,	O
and	O
Rake	B-Application
,	O
a	O
build	O
system	O
,	O
distributed	O
as	O
a	O
gem	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Together	O
with	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
,	O
these	O
tools	O
provide	O
a	O
basic	O
development	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
is	O
most	O
commonly	O
not	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
directly	O
,	O
but	O
through	O
some	O
front-end	O
web	B-Application
server	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mongrel	B-Application
was	O
generally	O
preferred	O
over	O
WEBrick	B-Application
in	O
the	O
early	O
days	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
can	O
also	O
run	O
on	O
Lighttpd	B-Protocol
,	O
Apache	B-Application
,	O
Cherokee	B-Language
,	O
Hiawatha	B-Application
,	O
Nginx	B-Operating_System
(	O
either	O
as	O
a	O
module	O
–	O
Phusion	B-Language
Passenger	I-Language
for	O
example	O
–	O
or	O
via	O
CGI	B-Language
,	O
FastCGI	O
or	O
mod	B-Application
ruby	I-Application
)	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
2008	O
onward	O
,	O
Passenger	O
replaced	O
Mongrel	B-Application
as	O
the	O
most-used	O
web	B-Application
server	I-Application
for	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
is	O
also	O
supported	O
natively	O
on	O
IBM	B-Application
i	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
is	O
also	O
noteworthy	O
for	O
its	O
extensive	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
JavaScript	B-Language
libraries	O
Prototype	B-Language
and	O
Script.aculo.us	B-Language
for	O
scripting	O
Ajax	B-General_Concept
actions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
initially	O
utilized	O
lightweight	O
SOAP	B-Application
for	O
web	O
services	O
;	O
this	O
was	O
later	O
replaced	O
by	O
RESTful	B-Protocol
web	I-Protocol
services	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
3.0	O
separates	O
the	O
markup	O
of	O
the	O
page	O
(	O
which	O
defines	O
the	O
structure	O
of	O
the	O
page	O
)	O
from	O
scripting	O
(	O
which	O
determines	O
functionality	O
or	O
logic	O
of	O
the	O
page	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
jQuery	B-Language
is	O
fully	O
supported	O
as	O
a	O
replacement	O
for	O
Prototype	B-Language
and	O
is	O
the	O
default	O
JavaScript	B-Language
library	O
in	O
Rails	O
3.1	O
,	O
reflecting	O
an	O
industry-wide	O
move	O
towards	O
jQuery	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
CoffeeScript	B-Application
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
Rails	O
3.1	O
as	O
the	O
default	O
JavaScript	B-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
version	O
2.0	O
,	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
offers	O
both	O
HTML	B-Language
and	O
XML	B-Protocol
as	O
standard	O
output	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
latter	O
is	O
the	O
facility	O
for	O
RESTful	B-Protocol
web	I-Protocol
services	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rails	O
3.1	O
introduced	O
Sass	B-Language
as	O
standard	O
CSS	B-Language
templating	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
default	O
,	O
the	O
server	O
uses	O
Embedded	B-Application
Ruby	I-Application
in	O
the	O
HTML	B-Language
views	O
,	O
with	O
files	O
having	O
an	O
html.erb	O
extension	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rails	O
supports	O
swapping-in	O
alternative	O
templating	O
languages	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
HAML	B-Application
and	O
Mustache	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
3.0	O
has	O
been	O
designed	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
Ruby	B-Language
1.8.7	O
,	O
Ruby	B-Language
1.9.2	O
,	O
and	O
JRuby	B-Language
1.5.2	O
+	O
;	O
earlier	O
versions	O
are	O
not	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
3.2	O
is	O
the	O
last	O
series	O
of	O
releases	O
that	O
support	O
Ruby	B-Language
1.8.7	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
is	O
separated	O
into	O
various	O
packages	O
,	O
namely	O
ActiveRecord	O
(	O
an	O
object-relational	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
system	O
for	O
database	O
access	O
)	O
,	O
Action	O
Pack	O
,	O
Active	O
Support	O
and	O
Action	B-Application
Mailer	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
version	O
2.0	O
,	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
also	O
included	O
the	O
Action	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Service	I-Application
package	O
that	O
is	O
now	O
replaced	O
by	O
Active	O
Resource	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apart	O
from	O
standard	O
packages	O
,	O
developers	O
can	O
make	O
plugins	B-Application
to	O
extend	O
existing	O
packages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Earlier	O
Rails	O
supported	O
plugins	B-Application
within	O
their	O
own	O
custom	O
framework	O
;	O
version	O
3.2	O
deprecates	O
these	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
standard	O
Ruby	B-Language
"	O
gems	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
is	O
often	O
installed	O
using	O
RubyGems	B-Application
,	O
a	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
which	O
is	O
included	O
with	O
current	O
versions	O
of	O
Ruby	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
free	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
also	O
support	O
installation	O
of	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
and	O
its	O
dependencies	O
through	O
their	O
native	O
package	B-Application
management	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
is	O
typically	O
deployed	O
with	O
a	O
database	O
server	O
such	O
as	O
MySQL	B-Application
or	O
PostgreSQL	B-Application
,	O
and	O
a	O
web	B-Application
server	I-Application
such	O
as	O
Apache	B-Application
running	O
the	O
Phusion	B-Language
Passenger	I-Language
module	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
is	O
intended	O
to	O
emphasize	O
Convention	B-Application
over	I-Application
Configuration	I-Application
(	O
CoC	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Do	O
n't	O
Repeat	O
Yourself	O
(	O
DRY	O
)	O
principle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
is	O
an	O
enduring	O
enabler	O
that	O
guides	O
the	O
philosophy	O
,	O
design	O
,	O
and	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
framework	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Convention	B-Application
over	I-Application
Configuration	I-Application
"	O
means	O
a	O
developer	O
only	O
needs	O
to	O
specify	O
unconventional	O
aspects	O
of	O
the	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
if	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
class	O
Sale	O
in	O
the	O
model	O
,	O
the	O
corresponding	O
table	B-Application
in	O
the	O
database	O
is	O
called	O
sales	O
by	O
default	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
only	O
if	O
one	O
deviates	O
from	O
this	O
convention	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
calling	O
the	O
table	B-Application
"	O
products	O
sold	O
"	O
,	O
that	O
the	O
developer	O
needs	O
to	O
write	O
code	O
regarding	O
these	O
names	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generally	O
,	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
conventions	O
lead	O
to	O
less	O
code	O
and	O
less	O
repetition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
can	O
retrieve	O
this	O
information	O
from	O
the	O
database	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
class	O
name	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HTML	B-Language
Over	O
The	O
Wire	O
(	O
Hotwire	O
)	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
applications	O
concern	O
the	O
phrase	O
"	O
RUBY	B-Application
ON	I-Application
RAILS	I-Application
"	O
,	O
the	O
word	O
"	O
RAILS	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
official	O
Rails	O
logo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
summer	O
of	O
2007	O
,	O
Hansson	O
denied	O
the	O
publisher	O
Apress	O
permission	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
logo	O
on	O
the	O
cover	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
book	O
written	O
by	O
some	O
authoritative	O
community	O
members	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
episode	O
gave	O
rise	O
to	O
a	O
polite	O
protest	O
in	O
the	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
earlier	O
days	O
,	O
Rails	O
running	O
on	O
Matz	B-Language
's	I-Language
Ruby	I-Language
Interpreter	I-Language
(	O
the	O
de	O
facto	O
reference	O
interpreter	O
for	O
Ruby	B-Language
)	O
had	O
been	O
criticized	O
for	O
issues	O
with	O
scalability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
critics	O
often	O
mentioned	O
various	O
Twitter	B-Application
outages	O
in	O
2007	O
and	O
2008	O
,	O
which	O
spurred	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
partial	O
transition	O
to	O
Scala	B-Application
(	O
which	O
runs	O
on	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Virtual	I-Language
Machine	I-Language
)	O
for	O
their	O
queueing	B-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
and	O
other	O
middleware	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	O
interface	O
aspects	O
of	O
the	O
site	O
continued	O
to	O
run	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
until	O
2011	O
when	O
it	O
was	O
replaced	O
due	O
to	O
concerns	O
over	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
author	O
of	O
Rails	O
,	O
David	O
Heinemeier	O
Hansson	O
,	O
criticized	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
saying	O
that	O
their	O
problems	O
scaling	O
were	O
the	O
consequences	O
of	O
their	O
own	O
poor	O
architectural	O
decisions	O
and	O
not	O
the	O
fault	O
of	O
Rails	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
Gartner	O
Research	O
noted	O
that	O
despite	O
criticisms	O
and	O
comparisons	O
to	O
Java	O
,	O
many	O
high-profile	O
consumer	O
web	O
firms	O
are	O
using	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
to	O
build	O
scalable	O
web	B-Application
applications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
largest	O
sites	O
running	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
include	O
Airbnb	O
,	O
Cookpad	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
,	O
GitLab	B-Application
,	O
Scribd	O
,	O
Shopify	O
,	O
and	O
Basecamp	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
January	O
2016	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
estimated	O
that	O
more	O
than	O
1.2	O
million	O
web	O
sites	O
are	O
running	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2012	O
,	O
security	O
researcher	O
Egor	O
Homakov	O
discovered	O
a	O
mass	B-Protocol
assignment	I-Protocol
vulnerability	I-Protocol
that	O
allowed	O
certain	O
Rails	O
applications	O
to	O
be	O
remotely	O
exploited	O
,	O
and	O
demonstrated	O
it	O
by	O
non-maliciously	O
hacking	O
GitHub	B-Application
after	O
his	O
earlier	O
attempts	O
at	O
responsible	O
disclosure	O
were	O
dismissed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
24	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
a	O
session	O
cookie	O
persistence	O
security	O
flaw	O
was	O
reported	O
in	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
15	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
Near	O
reported	O
that	O
an	O
analysis	O
of	O
50	O
popular	O
Web	B-Application
applications	I-Application
using	O
Space	O
uncovered	O
23	O
previously	O
unknown	O
security	O
flaws	O
.	O
</s>
