<s>
RubyGems	B-Application
is	O
a	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
for	O
the	O
Ruby	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
that	O
provides	O
a	O
standard	O
format	O
for	O
distributing	O
Ruby	B-Language
programs	O
and	O
libraries	B-Library
(	O
in	O
a	O
self-contained	O
format	O
called	O
a	O
"	O
gem	B-Application
"	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
tool	O
designed	O
to	O
easily	O
manage	O
the	O
installation	O
of	O
gems	B-Application
,	O
and	O
a	O
server	B-Application
for	O
distributing	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
interface	O
for	O
RubyGems	B-Application
is	O
a	O
command-line	B-Application
tool	I-Application
called	O
gem	B-Application
which	O
can	O
install	O
and	O
manage	O
libraries	B-Library
(	O
the	O
gems	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RubyGems	B-Application
integrates	O
with	O
Ruby	B-Language
run-time	O
loader	B-Operating_System
to	O
help	O
find	O
and	O
load	O
installed	O
gems	B-Application
from	O
standardized	O
library	O
folders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
private	O
RubyGems	B-Application
repository	B-Application
,	O
the	O
public	O
repository	B-Application
is	O
most	O
commonly	O
used	O
for	O
gem	B-Application
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
public	O
repository	B-Application
helps	O
users	O
find	O
gems	B-Application
,	O
resolve	O
dependencies	B-Library
and	O
install	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RubyGems	B-Application
is	O
bundled	O
with	O
the	O
standard	O
Ruby	B-Language
package	O
as	O
of	O
Ruby	B-Language
1.9	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Development	O
on	O
RubyGems	B-Application
started	O
in	O
November	O
2003	O
and	O
was	O
released	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
on	O
March	O
14	O
,	O
2004	O
,	O
or	O
Pi	O
Day	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
default	O
public	O
repository	B-Application
for	O
gems	B-Application
moved	O
from	O
gems.rubyforge.org	O
to	O
rubygems.org,	O
which	O
is	O
still	O
in	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
RubyGems	B-Application
development	O
was	O
moved	O
to	O
GitHub	B-Application
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
RubyGems	B-Application
has	O
existed	O
since	O
Ruby	B-Language
1.8	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
not	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
standard	O
Ruby	B-Language
distribution	O
until	O
Ruby	B-Language
1.9	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Previously	O
,	O
compatibility	O
with	O
RubyGems	B-Application
and	O
Ruby	B-Language
varied	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
versions	O
of	O
RubyGems	B-Application
are	O
almost	O
fully	O
incompatible	O
with	O
many	O
versions	O
of	O
Ruby	B-Language
and	O
some	O
versions	O
had	O
key	O
features	O
unusable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Ruby	B-Language
1.9	O
came	O
with	O
RubyGems	B-Application
1.3.7	O
in	O
its	O
standard	O
distribution	O
,	O
but	O
RubyGems	B-Application
1.4.x	O
was	O
not	O
compatible	O
with	O
Ruby	B-Language
1.9	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
meant	O
that	O
updating	O
RubyGems	B-Application
on	O
Ruby	B-Language
1.9	O
was	O
not	O
possible	O
until	O
RubyGems	B-Application
1.5.0	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
2011	O
,	O
two	O
years	O
after	O
the	O
first	O
stable	O
release	O
of	O
Ruby	B-Language
1.9	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
compatibility	O
issues	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
rapid	O
development	O
of	O
RubyGems	B-Application
,	O
switching	O
to	O
a	O
4	O
–	O
6	O
week	O
release	O
schedule	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
45	O
versions	O
were	O
released	O
in	O
2013	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
highest	O
number	O
of	O
releases	O
in	O
a	O
year	O
for	O
RubyGems	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Every	O
gem	B-Application
contains	O
a	O
name	O
,	O
version	O
and	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gems	B-Application
work	O
only	O
on	O
ruby	B-Language
designed	O
for	O
a	O
particular	O
platform	O
based	O
on	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
and	O
operating-system	O
type	O
and	O
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
gem	B-Application
consists	O
of	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
code	O
organization	O
follows	O
the	O
following	O
structure	O
for	O
a	O
gem	B-Application
called	O
gem_name	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
lib	O
directory	O
contains	O
the	O
code	O
for	O
the	O
gem	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rakefile	B-Application
is	O
used	O
by	O
Rake	B-Application
to	O
automate	O
tests	O
and	O
to	O
generate	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
README	O
includes	O
the	O
documentation	O
,	O
RDOC	B-Protocol
,	O
for	O
most	O
gems	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gem	B-Application
specification	O
(	O
gemspec	O
)	O
contains	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
author	O
of	O
the	O
gem	B-Application
,	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
creation	O
and	O
the	O
purpose	O
the	O
gem	B-Application
serves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
gems	B-Application
run	O
their	O
own	O
code	O
in	O
an	O
application	O
it	O
may	O
lead	O
to	O
various	O
security	O
issues	O
due	O
to	O
installation	O
of	O
malicious	O
gems	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
creator	O
of	O
a	O
malicious	O
gem	B-Application
may	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
compromise	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
system	O
or	O
server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cryptographic	O
signing	O
of	O
gems	B-Application
since	O
RubyGems	B-Application
version	O
0.8.11	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
gem	B-Application
cert	O
and	O
gem	B-Application
install	O
commands	O
are	O
used	O
for	O
this	O
purpose	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
signing	O
models	O
such	O
as	O
X509	O
and	O
OpenPGP	O
have	O
been	O
proposed	O
and	O
are	O
actively	O
being	O
discussed	O
among	O
Ruby	B-Language
experts	O
.	O
</s>
