<s>
RuBee	B-Device
(	O
IEEE	B-Device
standard	I-Device
1902.1	I-Device
)	O
is	O
a	O
two	O
way	O
active	O
wireless	O
protocol	O
designed	O
for	O
harsh	O
environment	O
and	O
high	O
security	O
asset	O
visibility	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RuBee	B-Device
utilizes	O
longwave	B-Algorithm
signals	O
to	O
send	O
and	O
receive	O
short	O
(	O
128	O
byte	B-Application
)	O
data	O
packets	O
in	O
a	O
local	O
regional	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
protocol	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
IEEE	O
802	O
protocols	O
in	O
that	O
RuBee	B-Device
is	O
networked	O
by	O
using	O
on-demand	O
,	O
peer-to-peer	O
,	O
and	O
active	O
radiating	O
transceivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RuBee	B-Device
is	O
different	O
in	O
that	O
it	O
uses	O
a	O
low	O
frequency	O
(	O
131kHz	O
)	O
carrier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
result	O
is	O
that	O
RuBee	B-Device
is	O
slow	O
(	O
1,200	O
baud	O
)	O
compared	O
to	O
other	O
packet	O
based	O
network	O
data	O
standards	O
(	O
WiFi	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
131kHz	O
as	O
an	O
operating	O
frequency	O
provides	O
RuBee	B-Device
with	O
the	O
advantages	O
of	O
ultra	O
low	O
power	O
consumption	O
(	O
battery	O
life	O
measured	O
in	O
many	O
years	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
normal	O
operation	O
near	O
steel	O
and/or	O
water	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1902.1	O
is	O
the	O
"	O
physical	B-Application
layer	I-Application
"	O
work	O
group	O
with	O
17	O
corporate	O
members	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
IEEE	B-Device
1902.1	I-Device
will	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
many	O
sensor	O
network	O
applications	O
,	O
requiring	O
this	O
physical	B-Application
layer	I-Application
standard	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
establish	O
interoperability	O
between	O
manufacturers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
standard	O
will	O
address	O
the	O
data-link	O
layers	O
based	O
on	O
existing	O
uses	O
of	O
the	O
RuBee	B-Device
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
standard	O
,	O
which	O
will	O
be	O
essential	O
for	O
the	O
widespread	O
use	O
of	O
RuBee	B-Device
in	O
visibility	O
application	O
's	O
,	O
will	O
support	O
interoperability	O
of	O
RuBee	B-Device
tags	O
,	O
RuBee	B-Device
chips	O
,	O
RuBee	B-Device
network	O
routers	O
and	O
other	O
RuBee	B-Device
equipment	O
at	O
the	O
data-link	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RuBee	B-Device
is	O
bidirectional	O
,	O
on-demand	O
,	O
and	O
peer-to-peer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RuBee	B-Device
tags	O
can	O
have	O
sensors	O
(	O
temperature	O
,	O
humidity	O
,	O
jog	O
)	O
,	O
optional	O
displays	O
and	O
may	O
have	O
a	O
full	O
4	O
bit	O
microprocessor	O
with	O
static	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
RuBee	B-Device
protocol	O
uses	O
an	O
IP	B-Protocol
Address	I-Protocol
(	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
Address	I-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RuBee	B-Device
functions	O
successfully	O
in	O
harsh	O
environments	O
,	O
with	O
networks	O
of	O
many	O
thousands	O
of	O
tags	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
1	O
to	O
30	O
m	O
(	O
3	O
to	O
100	O
ft	O
)	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
antenna	O
configuration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RuBee	B-Device
radio	O
tags	O
function	O
in	O
environments	O
where	O
other	O
radio	O
tags	O
and	O
RFID	O
may	O
have	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RuBee	B-Device
networks	O
are	O
in	O
use	O
in	O
many	O
visibility	O
applications	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
exit	O
entry	O
detection	O
in	O
high	O
security	O
government	O
facilities	O
,	O
weapons	O
and	O
small	O
arms	O
in	O
high	O
security	O
armories	O
,	O
mission	O
critical	O
specialized	O
tools	O
,	O
smart	O
shelves	O
and	O
racks	O
for	O
high-value	O
assets	O
;	O
smart	O
entry/exit	O
portals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
major	O
disadvantage	O
RuBee	B-Device
has	O
over	O
other	O
protocols	O
is	O
speed	O
and	O
packet	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
RuBee	B-Device
protocol	O
is	O
limited	O
to	O
1,200	O
baud	O
in	O
existing	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IEEE	B-Device
1902.1	I-Device
specifies	O
1,200	O
baud	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Packet	O
size	O
is	O
limited	O
tens	O
to	O
hundreds	O
of	O
bytes	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
RuBee	B-Device
's	O
design	O
forgoes	O
high	O
bandwidth	O
,	O
high	O
speed	O
communication	O
because	O
most	O
visibility	O
applications	O
do	O
not	O
require	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LW	O
magnetic	O
wave	O
tag	O
systems	O
can	O
,	O
and	O
have	O
,	O
achieved	O
15-year	O
lives	O
using	O
low-cost	O
lithium	B-Language
batteries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
means	O
that	O
with	O
a	O
low-cost	O
handheld	O
reader	O
one	O
can	O
read	O
a	O
RuBee	B-Device
tag	O
and	O
learn	O
about	O
the	O
asset	O
—	O
manufacturing	O
data	O
,	O
expiry	O
date	O
,	O
lot	O
number	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RuBee	B-Device
can	O
also	O
write	O
to	O
a	O
tag	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
range	O
as	O
it	O
can	O
read	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Human-safe	O
–	O
A	O
RuBee	B-Device
base	O
station	O
produces	O
only	O
nanowatts	O
of	O
radio	O
energy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RuBee	B-Device
's	O
LW	O
magnetic	O
waves	O
are	O
not	O
absorbed	O
by	O
biological	O
tissues	O
and	O
are	O
not	O
even	O
regulated	O
by	O
OSHA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
fact	O
,	O
RuBee	B-Device
produces	O
less	O
power	O
and	O
lower	O
field	O
strengths	O
than	O
the	O
metal	O
detectors	O
in	O
airports	O
and	O
the	O
anti-theft	O
detectors	O
in	O
retail	O
stores	O
operating	O
at	O
similar	O
frequencies	O
—	O
by	O
a	O
factor	O
of	O
about	O
10	O
to	O
100	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recently	O
published	O
studies	O
show	O
that	O
RuBee	B-Device
has	O
no	O
effect	O
on	O
pacemakers	O
or	O
other	O
implantable	O
devices	O
(	O
Hayes	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
2007	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intrinsically	O
safe	O
–	O
A	O
RuBee	B-Device
base	O
station	O
and	O
tag	O
produce	O
a	O
low	O
level	O
of	O
magnetic	O
energy	O
not	O
capable	O
of	O
heating	O
explosives	O
or	O
creating	O
a	O
spark	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
independent	O
studies	O
carried	O
out	O
by	O
the	O
Department	O
of	O
Energy	O
RuBee	B-Device
was	O
given	O
a	O
Safe	O
Separation	O
Distance	O
(	O
SSD	O
)	O
of	O
zero	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
the	O
only	O
wireless	O
technology	O
to	O
have	O
that	O
rating	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High	O
security	O
and	O
privacy	O
RuBee	B-Device
tags	O
have	O
many	O
unique	O
advantages	O
in	O
high	O
security	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
since	O
RuBee	B-Device
tags	O
have	O
a	O
battery	O
,	O
a	O
crystal	O
and	O
sRAM	B-Architecture
memory	O
,	O
they	O
can	O
use	O
strong	O
encryption	O
with	O
nearly	O
uncrackable	O
one	O
time	O
keys	O
,	O
or	O
totally	O
uncrackable	O
one	O
time	O
pads	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RuBee	B-Device
is	O
in	O
use	O
today	O
in	O
many	O
high	O
security	O
applications	O
for	O
these	O
reasons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RuBee	B-Device
is	O
the	O
only	O
wireless	O
technology	O
approved	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
secure	O
US	O
government	O
sites	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Controlled	O
volumetric	O
range	O
–	O
RuBee	B-Device
has	O
a	O
maximum	O
volumetric	O
range	O
of	O
approximately	O
10,000	O
square	O
feet	O
(	O
900	O
m²	O
)	O
,	O
using	O
volumetric	O
loop	O
antennas	O
—	O
From	O
even	O
a	O
small	O
volumetric	O
antenna	O
of	O
1	O
sq	O
ft	O
(	O
900cm²	O
)	O
,	O
RuBee	B-Device
can	O
read	O
a	O
tag	O
within	O
an	O
egg-shaped	O
(	O
ellipsoid	O
)	O
volume	O
of	O
about	O
10	O
x	O
10	O
x	O
15ft	O
(	O
3	O
x	O
3	O
x	O
5	O
m	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cost	O
effective	O
-	O
With	O
RuBee	B-Device
,	O
relatively	O
simple	O
base	O
stations	O
and	O
routers	O
can	O
be	O
employed	O
,	O
which	O
means	O
receivers	O
and	O
card	O
readers	O
can	O
be	O
reasonably	O
priced	O
as	O
compared	O
to	O
higher	O
frequency	O
transceivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Less	O
noise	O
–	O
Because	O
ambient	O
noise	O
in	O
a	O
region	O
falls	O
off	O
as	O
1/r³	O
,	O
RuBee	B-Device
exhibits	O
reduced	O
susceptibility	O
to	O
extraneous	O
noise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NFC	O
also	O
shares	O
the	O
physical	O
security	O
properties	O
of	O
"	O
magnetic	O
"	O
communications	O
like	O
RuBee	B-Device
,	O
however	O
NFC	O
signals	O
can	O
be	O
detected	O
miles	O
from	O
the	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RuBee	B-Device
signals	O
are	O
detectable	O
at	O
a	O
maximum	O
distance	O
of	O
from	O
the	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
