<s>
Robot	B-Algorithm
was	O
a	O
German	O
imaging	O
company	O
known	O
originally	O
for	O
clockwork	B-Application
cameras	O
,	O
later	O
producing	O
surveillance	O
(	O
Traffipax	O
)	O
and	O
bank	O
security	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
created	O
in	O
1934	O
as	O
a	O
brand	O
of	O
Otto	B-Algorithm
Berning	I-Algorithm
,	O
it	O
became	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Jenoptik	O
group	O
of	O
optical	O
companies	O
in	O
1999	O
,	O
and	O
specializes	O
in	O
traffic	O
surveillance	O
today	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
motorized	O
amateur	O
cameras	O
powered	O
by	O
clockwork	B-Application
(	O
spring	O
)	O
motors	O
were	O
first	O
made	O
in	O
1934	O
,	O
and	O
ended	O
with	O
a	O
special	O
limited	O
edition	O
collector	O
's	O
model	O
,	O
"	O
Star	O
Classic	O
"	O
,	O
in	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
film	O
cameras	O
used	O
35	O
mm	O
film	O
,	O
mostly	O
in	O
square	O
24	O
×	O
24mm	O
image	O
format	O
,	O
but	O
many	O
used	O
18	O
×	O
24mm	O
(	O
half-frame	O
)	O
and	O
24	O
×	O
36mm	O
(	O
standard	O
Leica	O
format	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
non-standard	O
formats	O
such	O
as	O
6	O
×	O
24mm	O
(	O
Recorder	O
6	O
)	O
,	O
12	O
×	O
24mm	O
(	O
Recorder	O
12	O
)	O
and	O
16	O
×	O
16mm	O
(	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
SC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kodak	O
and	O
Agfa	O
rejected	O
the	O
design	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
sold	O
to	O
Hans	O
Berning	O
,	O
who	O
set	O
up	O
the	O
Otto	B-Algorithm
Berning	I-Algorithm
firm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Otto	B-Algorithm
Berning	I-Algorithm
was	O
granted	O
its	O
first	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
patent	O
in	O
1934	O
;	O
a	O
US	O
patent	O
was	O
granted	O
in	O
1936	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
camera	O
was	O
originally	O
intended	O
to	O
come	O
in	O
two	O
versions	O
:	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
I	O
,	O
without	O
motor	O
,	O
and	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
II	I-Algorithm
with	O
a	O
spring	O
motor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
release	O
was	O
delayed	O
and	O
already	O
the	O
first	O
camera	O
"	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
I	O
"	O
included	O
its	O
hallmark	O
spring	O
motor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
camera	O
does	O
not	O
have	O
a	O
rangefinder	B-Algorithm
,	O
as	O
it	O
was	O
designed	O
for	O
use	O
mostly	O
with	O
short	O
focal	O
length	O
lenses	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
I	O
was	O
quite	O
small	O
,	O
the	O
body	O
measuring	O
4¼	O
inches	O
long	O
,	O
2½	O
inches	O
high	O
,	O
and	O
1¼	O
inches	O
deep	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
about	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
much	O
later	O
Olympus	B-Algorithm
Stylus	I-Algorithm
although	O
it	O
weighed	O
about	O
20	O
ounces	O
,	O
approximately	O
the	O
weight	O
of	O
a	O
modern	O
SLR	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
die-cast	O
zinc	O
and	O
stamped	O
stainless	O
steel	O
body	O
was	O
crammed	O
with	O
clockwork	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
place	O
of	O
the	O
velvet	O
light	O
trap	O
on	O
modern	O
cassettes	O
,	O
the	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
cassette	O
used	O
spring	O
pressure	O
and	O
felt	O
pads	O
to	O
close	O
the	O
film	O
passage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
I	O
had	O
an	O
exposure	O
range	O
of	O
1	O
to	O
1/500	O
,	O
and	O
provision	O
for	O
time	O
exposures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1938	O
Berning	O
introduced	O
the	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
II	I-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
slightly	O
larger	O
camera	O
with	O
some	O
significant	O
improvements	O
but	O
still	O
using	O
the	O
basic	O
mechanism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
special	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
cassettes	O
type-N	O
continued	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
take-up	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Civilian	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
were	O
discontinued	O
at	O
the	O
outset	O
of	O
the	O
Second	O
World	O
War	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
was	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
bomb	O
damage	O
assessment	O
camera	O
by	O
the	O
Luftwaffe	O
,	O
mounted	O
in	O
the	O
tail	O
of	O
JU87	O
(	O
Stuka	O
)	O
dive	O
bombers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
central	O
Leica	O
250GG	O
camera	O
in	O
the	O
JU87	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
switched	O
on	O
automatically	O
when	O
the	O
dive	O
brakes	O
were	O
applied	O
,	O
the	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
had	O
to	O
be	O
switched	O
on	O
manually	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1950s	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
introduced	O
the	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
Star	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Robot	B-Algorithm
then	O
introduced	O
the	O
"	O
Junior	O
"	O
,	O
an	O
economy	O
model	O
with	O
the	O
quality	O
and	O
almost	O
all	O
the	O
features	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
Star	O
"	O
but	O
without	O
the	O
angle	O
finder	O
or	O
the	O
rewind	O
mechanism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
late	O
1950s	O
the	O
company	O
,	O
now	O
called	O
Robot-Berning	O
,	O
redesigned	O
the	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
Star	O
and	O
created	O
the	O
Vollautomat	O
Star	O
II	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
camera	O
became	O
,	O
with	O
slight	O
changes	O
,	O
the	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
Star	O
25	O
and	O
Star	O
50	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
Star	O
25	O
could	O
expose	O
25	O
frames	O
on	O
a	O
single	O
winding	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
double-motor	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
Star	O
50	O
could	O
expose	O
50	O
frames	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
most	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
by	O
then	O
were	O
sold	O
for	O
industrial	O
use	O
where	O
the	O
camera	O
was	O
fixed	O
in	O
position	O
,	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
also	O
introduced	O
versions	O
without	O
a	O
finder	O
,	O
and	O
even	O
without	O
rewind	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Robot-Berning	O
also	O
produced	O
enlarged	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
Royal	O
18	O
,	O
24	O
and	O
36	O
,	O
with	O
built-in	O
rangefinder	B-Algorithm
and	O
with	O
an	O
autoburst	O
mode	O
of	O
operation	O
capable	O
of	O
shooting	O
6	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
camera	O
was	O
about	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
a	O
Leica	B-Algorithm
M3	I-Algorithm
and	O
weighed	O
almost	O
2	O
pounds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
Royal	O
36	O
took	O
a	O
standard	O
35mm	O
still	O
picture	O
but	O
was	O
identical	O
to	O
the	O
Royal	O
24	O
in	O
all	O
other	O
regards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Robot	B-Algorithm
Royal	O
II	O
is	O
a	O
larger	O
viewfinder	O
camera	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
no	O
rangefinder	B-Algorithm
,	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
have	O
burst	O
mode	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
stripped	O
down	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
Royal	O
III	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Robot	B-Algorithm
Royal	O
III	O
has	O
a	O
main	O
spring	O
,	O
when	O
tightened	O
,	O
the	O
camera	O
can	O
take	O
4	O
to	O
5	O
pictures	O
in	O
succession	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
cameras	O
were	O
like	O
the	O
Royal	O
but	O
without	O
viewfinder	O
or	O
rangefinder	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
became	O
the	O
centerpiece	O
of	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
portable	O
document	O
capture	O
,	O
traffic	O
control	O
and	O
security	O
solutions	O
,	O
and	O
continues	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
standard	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
for	O
instrumentation	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
Cold	B-Application
War	I-Application
,	O
Robots	B-Algorithm
had	O
a	O
large	O
following	O
in	O
the	O
espionage	O
business	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
Robots	B-Algorithm
were	O
capable	O
of	O
sequence	O
photography	O
,	O
the	O
shutter	O
that	O
made	O
this	O
possible	O
placed	O
some	O
constraints	O
upon	O
taking	O
lenses	O
and	O
shutter	O
speeds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
lack	O
of	O
a	O
rangefinder	B-Algorithm
on	O
the	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
and	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
Star	O
required	O
zone	O
focusing	O
of	O
these	O
long	O
lenses	O
:	O
every	O
shot	O
had	O
to	O
be	O
estimated	O
or	O
premeasured	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
an	O
extra	O
fee	O
,	O
Robot-Berning	O
supplied	O
silenced	O
versions	O
with	O
nylon	O
gears	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
their	O
limits	O
the	O
Robots	B-Algorithm
did	O
an	O
excellent	O
job	O
of	O
sequence	O
photography	O
.	O
</s>
