<s>
The	O
Ritz	B-Algorithm
Dakota	I-Algorithm
Digital	I-Algorithm
was	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
point-and-shoot	B-Algorithm
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
,	O
introduced	O
in	O
July	O
2003	O
,	O
and	O
sold	O
by	O
the	O
Ritz	O
Camera	O
Centers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
introduced	O
,	O
the	O
Dakota	B-Algorithm
Digital	I-Algorithm
sparked	O
massive	O
interest	O
,	O
primarily	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
price	O
tag	O
:	O
US	O
$10.99	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
a	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
of	O
similar	O
resolution	O
and	O
functionality	O
was	O
in	O
the	O
$40	O
–	O
$70	O
range	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
reason	O
for	O
the	O
low	O
price	O
was	O
that	O
the	O
Dakota	B-Algorithm
Digital	I-Algorithm
was	O
a	O
single-use	O
camera	O
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
consumer	O
takes	O
the	O
pictures	O
,	O
returns	O
the	O
camera	O
to	O
the	O
store	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
pictures	O
are	O
returned	O
to	O
the	O
consumer	O
in	O
print	O
and	O
CD-ROM	B-Device
format	O
(	O
after	O
an	O
additional	O
$11	O
processing	O
fee	O
)	O
while	O
the	O
camera	O
is	O
refurbished	O
and	O
resold	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dakota	B-Algorithm
Digital	I-Algorithm
was	O
n't	O
the	O
very	O
first	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
introduced	O
as	O
a	O
single-use	O
concept	O
camera	O
-	O
Pentax	B-Application
and	O
Sanyo	O
did	O
it	O
in	O
Japan	O
two	O
years	O
before	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
single-use	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
to	O
be	O
mass-marketed	O
(	O
the	O
Pentax/Sanyo	O
camera	O
was	O
only	O
a	O
three-month	O
trial	O
run	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
single-use	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
sold	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Almost	O
immediately	O
after	O
introduction	O
,	O
several	O
people	O
began	O
work	O
on	O
hacking	O
the	O
single-use	O
Dakota	B-Algorithm
Digital	I-Algorithm
in	O
attempts	O
to	O
transform	O
it	O
into	O
what	O
would	O
be	O
the	O
least	O
expensive	O
reusable	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
available	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technical	O
details	O
about	O
the	O
internal	O
components	O
were	O
publicly	O
posted	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
instructions	O
for	O
creating	O
various	O
compatible	O
link	O
cables	O
that	O
connected	O
the	O
Dakota	B-Algorithm
Digital	I-Algorithm
to	O
home	O
personal	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
this	O
,	O
special	O
third-party	O
software	O
provided	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
download	O
pictures	O
and	O
clear	O
the	O
camera	O
's	O
internal	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
to	O
allow	O
more	O
pictures	O
to	O
be	O
taken	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technical	O
data	O
,	O
instructions	O
and	O
software	O
met	O
all	O
requirements	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
Dakota	B-Algorithm
Digital	I-Algorithm
reusable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Public	O
announcement	O
of	O
how	O
to	O
transform	O
the	O
single-use	O
camera	O
into	O
a	O
reusable	O
camera	O
,	O
paired	O
with	O
the	O
very	O
low	O
camera	O
price	O
,	O
immediately	O
created	O
high	O
demand	O
for	O
the	O
Dakota	B-Algorithm
Digital	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
So	O
Ritz	O
began	O
pulling	O
the	O
Dakota	B-Algorithm
Digital	I-Algorithm
out	O
of	O
its	O
stores	O
after	O
learning	O
of	O
the	O
hack	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
original	O
camera	O
soon	O
became	O
difficult	O
to	O
find	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2004	O
,	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
hackers	O
made	O
available	O
methods	O
to	O
further	O
improve	O
the	O
original	O
Dakota	B-Algorithm
Digital	I-Algorithm
by	O
upgrading	O
the	O
camera	O
's	O
firmware	B-Application
,	O
or	O
internal	O
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
firmware	B-Application
upgrades	O
added	O
several	O
new	O
features	O
,	O
most	O
notably	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
adjust	O
or	O
remove	O
the	O
original	O
25	O
picture	O
limit	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
various	O
other	O
changes	O
and	O
improvements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
few	O
months	O
after	O
the	O
original	O
camera	O
was	O
pulled	O
off	O
the	O
shelves	O
,	O
Ritz	O
introduced	O
two	O
new	O
models	O
of	O
Dakota	B-Algorithm
Digital	I-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
PV2	O
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
was	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
model	O
with	O
a	O
price	O
of	O
$10.99	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
other	O
,	O
priced	O
at	O
$18.99	O
,	O
contained	O
a	O
color	B-Device
LCD	I-Device
screen	O
that	O
displayed	O
the	O
most	O
recent	O
picture	O
taken	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
were	O
based	O
on	O
an	O
entirely	O
new	O
chipset	B-Device
manufactured	O
by	O
SMaL	O
Camera	O
Technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
John	O
Maushammer	O
removed	O
and	O
read	O
the	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
chip	O
,	O
wrote	O
a	O
disassembler	O
,	O
and	O
commented	O
significant	O
portions	O
of	O
the	O
firmware	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Others	O
investigated	O
the	O
USB	B-Protocol
interface	O
,	O
and	O
John	O
figured	O
out	O
the	O
authentication	O
mechanism	O
and	O
how	O
to	O
disable	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Others	O
figured	O
out	O
how	O
to	O
download	O
the	O
images	O
using	O
modified	O
versions	O
of	O
software	O
for	O
SMaL	O
's	O
other	O
cameras	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
people	O
are	O
reverse-engineering	O
the	O
proprietary	O
RAW	B-Application
file	I-Application
format	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
challenge	O
was	O
the	O
camera	O
's	O
serial	O
number	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
response	O
was	O
the	O
4-byte	O
result	O
of	O
a	O
simple	O
hash	B-Error_Name
function	I-Error_Name
–	O
the	O
serial	O
number	O
converted	O
from	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
to	O
binary-coded	O
decimal	O
,	O
negated	O
bitwise	O
,	O
and	O
multiplied	O
by	O
4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
weakness	O
was	O
that	O
the	O
hash	B-Error_Name
function	I-Error_Name
was	O
stored	O
in	O
the	O
firmware	B-Application
,	O
so	O
it	O
could	O
be	O
completely	O
understood	O
and	O
replicated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
better	O
not	O
because	O
it	O
used	O
a	O
longer	O
key	O
(	O
128	O
byte	O
challenge	O
,	O
128	O
byte	O
response	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
because	O
the	O
hash	B-Error_Name
function	I-Error_Name
was	O
not	O
stored	O
algorithmically	O
in	O
firmware	B-Application
.	O
</s>
