<s>
A	O
rich	B-Application
web	I-Application
application	I-Application
(	O
originally	O
called	O
a	O
rich	B-Application
Internet	I-Application
application	I-Application
,	O
or	O
RIA	O
or	O
installable	O
Internet	B-Application
application	I-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
web	B-Application
application	I-Application
that	O
has	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
characteristics	O
of	O
desktop	B-Application
application	I-Application
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
is	O
closely	O
related	O
to	O
a	O
single-page	B-Application
application	I-Application
,	O
and	O
may	O
allow	O
the	O
user	O
interactive	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
drag	O
and	O
drop	O
,	O
background	O
menu	O
,	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
editing	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
was	O
first	O
introduced	O
in	O
2002	O
by	O
Macromedia	O
to	O
describe	O
Macromedia	O
Flash	B-Operating_System
MX	I-Operating_System
product	O
(	O
which	O
later	O
became	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Throughout	O
the	O
2000-s	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
was	O
generalized	O
to	O
describe	O
web	B-Application
applications	I-Application
developed	O
with	O
other	O
competing	O
browser	O
plugin	O
technologies	O
including	O
Java	B-Application
applets	I-Application
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Silverlight	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
deprecation	O
of	O
browser	O
plugin	O
interfaces	O
and	O
transition	O
to	O
standard	O
HTML5	B-Application
technologies	O
,	O
rich	B-Application
web	I-Application
applications	I-Application
were	O
replaced	O
with	O
JavaScript	O
web	B-Application
applications	I-Application
,	O
including	O
single-page	B-Application
applications	I-Application
and	O
progressive	B-Application
web	I-Application
applications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
terms	O
"	O
rich	O
client	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
rich	B-Application
Internet	I-Application
application	I-Application
"	O
were	O
introduced	O
in	O
a	O
white	O
paper	O
of	O
March	O
2002	O
by	O
Macromedia	O
(	O
now	O
Adobe	O
)	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
concept	O
had	O
existed	O
for	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
years	O
earlier	O
under	O
names	O
including	O
:	O
"	O
Remote	B-Protocol
Scripting	I-Protocol
"	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
in	O
April	O
1999	O
,	O
"	O
X	O
Internet	O
"	O
by	O
Forrester	O
Research	O
in	O
October	O
2000	O
,	O
Rich	B-Application
Web	I-Application
application	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2011	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
announcements	O
that	O
demonstrated	O
a	O
decline	O
in	O
demand	O
for	O
rich	B-Application
web	I-Application
application	I-Application
architectures	O
based	O
on	O
plug-ins	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
favor	O
HTML5	B-Application
alternatives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adobe	O
announced	O
that	O
Flash	O
would	O
no	O
longer	O
be	O
produced	O
for	O
mobile	O
or	O
TV	O
(	O
refocusing	O
its	O
efforts	O
on	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
AIR	I-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
In	O
Motion	O
(	O
RIM	O
)	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
continue	O
to	O
develop	O
Flash	O
for	O
the	O
PlayBook	B-Application
,	O
a	O
decision	O
questioned	O
by	O
some	O
commentators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rumors	O
stated	O
that	O
Microsoft	O
was	O
to	O
abandon	O
Silverlight	B-Application
after	O
the	O
upcoming	O
release	O
of	O
version	O
5	O
--	O
this	O
would	O
later	O
turn	O
out	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
rich	B-Application
mobile	I-Application
application	I-Application
(	O
RMA	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
application	I-Application
that	O
inherits	O
numerous	O
properties	O
from	O
rich	B-Application
web	I-Application
applications	I-Application
and	O
features	O
several	O
explicit	O
properties	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
context	O
awareness	O
and	O
ubiquity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RMAs	O
are	O
"	O
energy	O
efficient	O
,	O
multi-tier	O
,	O
online	O
mobile	B-Application
applications	I-Application
originated	O
from	O
the	O
convergence	O
of	O
mobile	B-General_Concept
cloud	I-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
,	O
future	O
web	O
,	O
and	O
imminent	O
communication	O
technologies	O
envisioning	O
to	O
deliver	O
rich	O
user	O
experience	O
via	O
high	O
functionality	O
,	O
immersive	O
interaction	O
,	O
and	O
crisp	O
response	O
in	O
a	O
secure	O
wireless	O
environment	O
while	O
enabling	O
context-awareness	O
,	O
offline	O
usability	O
,	O
portability	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
ubiquity	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
successful	O
deployment	O
of	O
rich	B-Application
web	I-Application
applications	I-Application
to	O
desktop	O
computers	O
and	O
the	O
increasing	O
popularity	O
of	O
mobile	O
devices	B-Device
,	O
researchers	O
brought	O
these	O
enhanced	O
rich	B-Application
web	I-Application
application	I-Application
functionalities	O
to	O
the	O
smartphone	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NTT	O
DoCoMo	O
of	O
Japan	O
adopted	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
Lite	I-Operating_System
in	O
2003	O
to	O
enhance	O
mobile	B-Application
applications	I-Application
 '	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
,	O
Google	O
brought	O
Google	B-Application
Gears	I-Application
to	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Mobile	I-Operating_System
5	O
and	O
6	O
devices	B-Device
to	O
support	O
platform-neutral	O
mobile	B-Application
applications	I-Application
in	O
offline	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Gears	I-Application
for	O
mobile	O
devices	B-Device
is	O
a	O
mobile	O
browser	O
extension	O
for	O
developing	O
rich	B-Application
web	I-Application
applications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2008	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
introduced	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Silverlight	I-Application
mobile	O
to	O
develop	O
engaging	O
,	O
interactive	O
UIs	O
for	O
mobile	O
devices	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Silverlight	B-Application
is	O
a	O
.NET	O
plug-in	O
compatible	O
with	O
several	O
mobile	O
browsers	O
that	O
runs	O
the	O
Silverlight-enabled	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Android	B-Application
accommodated	O
the	O
Google	O
Gear	O
plug-in	O
in	O
the	O
Google	O
Chrome	O
Lite	O
browser	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
interaction	O
experience	O
of	O
Android	B-Application
end-users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
manipulates	O
vector	O
and	O
raster	B-Algorithm
graphics	I-Algorithm
to	O
provide	O
animation	O
of	O
text	O
,	O
drawings	O
,	O
and	O
still	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flash	O
contains	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
language	I-Language
called	O
ActionScript	B-Operating_System
and	O
supports	O
automation	O
via	O
the	O
JavaScript	O
Flash	O
language	O
(	O
JSFL	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flash	O
content	O
may	O
be	O
displayed	O
on	O
various	O
computer	O
systems	O
and	O
devices	B-Device
,	O
using	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
Player	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
is	O
available	O
free	O
of	O
charge	O
for	O
common	O
web	O
browsers	O
,	O
some	O
mobile	O
phones	O
and	O
a	O
few	O
other	O
electronic	O
devices	B-Device
(	O
using	O
Flash	B-Operating_System
Lite	I-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apache	O
Flex	O
,	O
formerly	O
Adobe	O
Flex	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
software	B-Application
development	I-Application
kit	I-Application
(	O
SDK	O
)	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
and	O
deployment	O
of	O
cross-platform	O
RIAs	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
platform	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Application
applets	I-Application
were	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
visualizations	I-General_Concept
and	O
to	O
present	O
video	O
,	O
three-dimensional	O
objects	O
and	O
other	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Application
applets	I-Application
were	O
appropriate	O
for	O
complex	O
visualizations	O
that	O
required	O
significant	O
programming	O
effort	O
in	O
a	O
high	O
level	O
language	O
or	O
communications	O
between	O
applet	O
and	O
originating	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JavaFX	O
is	O
a	O
software	O
platform	O
for	O
creating	O
and	O
delivering	O
RIAs	O
that	O
can	O
run	O
across	O
a	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
connected	O
devices	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	O
FX	O
runs	O
as	O
plug-in	O
Java	B-Application
applet	I-Application
or	O
via	O
Webstart	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Silverlight	B-Application
was	O
proposed	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
as	O
another	O
proprietary	O
alternative	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technology	O
has	O
not	O
been	O
widely	O
accepted	O
and	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
lacks	O
support	O
on	O
many	O
mobile	O
devices	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Silverlight	B-Application
was	O
also	O
used	O
by	O
Netflix	O
for	O
its	O
instant	O
video	O
streaming	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Silverlight	B-Application
is	O
no	O
longer	O
under	O
active	O
development	O
and	O
is	O
not	O
supported	O
in	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Edge	I-Application
,	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
most	O
recent	O
browser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gears	B-Application
,	O
formerly	O
known	O
as	O
Google	B-Application
Gears	I-Application
,	O
is	O
a	O
discontinued	O
utility	B-Application
software	I-Application
providing	O
offline	O
storage	O
and	O
other	O
additional	O
features	O
to	O
web	O
browsers	O
,	O
including	O
Google	O
Chrome	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gears	B-Application
was	O
discontinued	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
the	O
standardized	O
HTML5	B-Application
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gears	B-Application
was	O
removed	O
from	O
Google	O
Chrome	O
12	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RIAs	O
could	O
use	O
XForms	B-Application
to	O
enhance	O
their	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
XML	B-Protocol
and	O
XSLT	B-Application
along	O
with	O
some	O
XHTML	B-Language
,	O
CSS	O
and	O
JavaScript	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
generate	O
richer	O
client	O
side	O
UI	O
components	O
like	O
data	O
tables	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
resorted	O
locally	O
on	O
the	O
client	O
without	O
going	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RIAs	O
present	O
indexing	O
challenges	O
to	O
Web	B-Application
search	I-Application
engines	I-Application
,	O
but	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
content	O
is	O
now	O
at	O
least	O
partially	O
indexable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Security	O
can	O
improve	O
over	O
that	O
of	O
application	B-Application
software	I-Application
(	O
for	O
example	O
through	O
use	O
of	O
sandboxes	O
and	O
automatic	O
updates	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
extensions	O
themselves	O
remain	O
subject	O
to	O
vulnerabilities	O
and	O
access	O
is	O
often	O
much	O
greater	O
than	O
that	O
of	O
native	O
Web	B-Application
applications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
