<s>
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
is	O
the	O
development	O
series	O
of	O
Apple	O
Computer	O
's	O
next-generation	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Targeting	O
only	O
developers	O
for	O
a	O
transition	O
period	O
,	O
its	O
releases	O
came	O
between	O
Apple	O
's	O
purchase	O
of	O
NeXT	O
in	O
late	O
1996	O
and	O
the	O
announcement	O
of	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
(	O
later	O
renamed	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
)	O
in	O
1998	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
represented	O
a	O
new	O
and	O
exploratory	O
strategy	O
for	O
Apple	O
,	O
more	O
than	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
runs	O
on	O
x86-based	O
PCs	O
and	O
on	O
Power	B-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
OPENSTEP	B-Operating_System
based	O
Yellow	O
Box	O
API	B-General_Concept
frameworks	O
were	O
ported	O
to	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
for	O
creating	O
cross-platform	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eventually	O
,	O
the	O
non-Apple	O
platforms	O
were	O
discontinued	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
versions	O
consist	O
primarily	O
of	O
the	O
OPENSTEP	B-Operating_System
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
ported	O
to	O
Power	B-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
,	O
merging	O
the	O
Copland-originated	O
GUI	B-Application
of	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
with	O
that	O
of	O
OPENSTEP	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
existing	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
frameworks	O
were	O
ported	O
,	O
including	O
QuickTime	B-Application
and	O
AppleSearch	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
can	O
run	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
and	O
its	O
applications	O
in	O
a	O
paravirtualization	O
layer	O
called	O
Blue	O
Box	O
for	O
backward	O
compatibility	O
during	O
migration	O
to	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
follows	O
Apple	O
's	O
pattern	O
through	O
the	O
1990s	O
of	O
music-related	O
codenames	O
for	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
releases	O
(	O
see	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
(	O
music	O
)	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
had	O
canceled	O
its	O
previous	O
next-generation	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
strategy	O
of	O
Copland	B-Application
(	O
named	O
for	O
American	O
composer	O
,	O
Aaron	O
Copland	B-Application
)	O
and	O
its	O
pre-announced	O
successor	O
Gershwin	O
(	O
named	O
for	O
George	O
Gershwin	O
,	O
composer	O
of	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
in	O
Blue	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
musical	O
code	O
names	O
include	O
Harmony	O
(	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
7.6	I-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
Tempo	O
(	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
Allegro	O
(	O
Mac	O
OS	O
8.5	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Sonata	O
(	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
9	I-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
mid-1990s	O
,	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
was	O
falling	O
behind	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1993	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
had	O
introduced	O
the	O
next-generation	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
,	O
which	O
was	O
a	O
processor-independent	O
,	O
multiprocessing	B-Operating_System
and	O
multi-user	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
was	O
still	O
a	O
single-user	B-Operating_System
OS	O
,	O
and	O
had	O
gained	O
a	O
reputation	O
for	O
being	O
unstable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
made	O
several	O
attempts	O
to	O
develop	O
modern	O
replacements	O
for	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
which	O
all	O
failed	O
,	O
harming	O
public	O
confidence	O
in	O
the	O
company	O
,	O
while	O
Macintosh	B-Device
sales	O
continued	O
to	O
decline	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
most	O
promising	O
next-generation	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
Copland	B-Application
,	O
was	O
mismanaged	O
and	O
had	O
to	O
be	O
abandoned	O
in	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
,	O
Apple	O
CEO	O
Gil	O
Amelio	O
decided	O
to	O
acquire	O
or	O
license	O
an	O
already-built	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
from	O
another	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
executive	O
team	O
considered	O
BeOS	B-Application
,	O
NeXT	O
's	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
,	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
 '	O
Solaris	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
,	O
and	O
eventually	O
acquired	O
NeXT	O
in	O
December	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
was	O
announced	O
by	O
Gil	O
Amelio	O
at	O
the	O
January	O
7	O
,	O
1997	O
Macworld	O
Expo	O
SF	O
,	O
and	O
first	O
demonstrated	O
at	O
the	O
May	O
1997	O
Worldwide	O
Developers	O
Conference	O
(	O
WWDC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
Macworld	O
SF	O
1997	O
,	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
used	O
the	O
metaphor	O
of	O
the	O
floors	O
of	O
a	O
building	O
:	O
he	O
said	O
that	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
and	O
its	O
Macintosh	B-Device
Toolbox	I-Device
placed	O
developers	O
on	O
the	O
"	O
fifth	O
floor	O
"	O
,	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
on	O
the	O
"	O
seventh	O
floor	O
"	O
,	O
while	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
's	O
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
libraries	B-Library
would	O
let	O
developers	O
start	O
on	O
the	O
"	O
twentieth	O
floor	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Citing	O
The	O
Mythical	O
Man-Month	O
,	O
he	O
commented	O
that	O
developers	O
were	O
only	O
able	O
to	O
reach	O
a	O
few	O
'	O
floors	O
 '	O
higher	O
than	O
the	O
foundation	B-Operating_System
provided	O
by	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
since	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Jobs	O
said	O
that	O
by	O
relying	O
on	O
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
libraries	B-Library
instead	O
of	O
writing	O
equivalent	O
code	O
from	O
scratch	O
for	O
each	O
applications	O
,	O
developers	O
would	O
no	O
longer	O
need	O
to	O
write	O
80%	O
of	O
their	O
applications	O
 '	O
code	O
,	O
and	O
would	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
create	O
applications	O
"	O
five	O
to	O
ten	O
times	O
"	O
faster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jobs	O
showed	O
off	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
's	O
Interface	O
Builder	O
by	O
creating	O
an	O
application	O
's	O
interface	O
without	O
any	O
lines	O
of	O
code	O
,	O
and	O
added	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
fewer	O
than	O
25%	O
of	O
Americans	O
used	O
computers	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
thought	O
the	O
computing	O
industry	O
was	O
"	O
just	O
waiting	O
to	O
take	O
off	O
"	O
;	O
most	O
existing	O
applications	O
were	O
office	B-Application
tools	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
the	O
software	O
for	O
the	O
vast	O
majority	O
of	O
people	O
 [ had ] 	O
yet	O
to	O
be	O
written	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jobs	O
gave	O
the	O
examples	O
of	O
Lighthouse	O
Design	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
created	O
an	O
entire	O
office	B-Application
suite	O
for	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
with	O
only	O
18	O
employees	O
,	O
Tim	O
Berners-Lee	O
,	O
who	O
had	O
created	O
WorldWideWeb	B-Language
,	O
the	O
first	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
,	O
on	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Dell	O
,	O
which	O
created	O
its	O
first	O
eCommerce	O
website	O
using	O
NeXT	O
's	O
WebObjects	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
Yellow	O
Box	O
was	O
also	O
available	O
on	O
Windows	O
as	O
a	O
dynamic-link	O
library	O
(	O
DLL	O
)	O
,	O
Yellow	O
Box	O
apps	O
would	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
both	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
and	O
Windows	O
through	O
a	O
recompile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
provided	O
no	O
equivalent	O
that	O
would	O
enable	O
Win32	B-Library
apps	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
other	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
itself	O
could	O
be	O
installed	O
on	O
either	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
Macintoshes	B-Device
or	O
Intel	B-Operating_System
x86	I-Operating_System
PCs	O
,	O
enlarging	O
developers	O
 '	O
potential	O
customer	O
base	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
pitched	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
to	O
users	O
by	O
emphasizing	O
its	O
improved	O
stability	O
and	O
responsiveness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
on	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
incoming	O
faxes	O
could	O
leave	O
the	O
machine	O
frozen	O
until	O
the	O
fax	O
completes	O
;	O
and	O
if	O
an	O
app	O
crashed	O
,	O
it	O
could	O
take	O
down	O
the	O
whole	O
system	O
and	O
require	O
a	O
reboot	O
,	O
potentially	O
leading	O
to	O
data	O
loss	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
would	O
inherit	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
's	O
local	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
sharing	O
functionality	O
,	O
and	O
make	O
it	O
easy	O
to	O
share	O
data	O
across	O
apps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
Macworld	O
SF	O
1997	O
,	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
vaunted	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
's	O
maturity	O
by	O
pointing	O
out	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
been	O
adopted	O
by	O
many	O
large	O
organizations	O
,	O
including	O
Wall	B-Application
Street	I-Application
banks	O
and	O
the	O
CIA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BYTE	O
magazine	O
described	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
as	O
"	O
field-tested	O
,	O
time-proven	O
code	O
"	O
in	O
January	O
1998	O
,	O
ten	O
years	O
after	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
's	O
introduction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
plan	O
was	O
to	O
maintain	O
compatibility	O
with	O
"	O
most	O
"	O
existing	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
applications	O
through	O
Blue	O
Box	O
but	O
require	O
apps	O
to	O
be	O
rewritten	O
for	O
Yellow	O
Box	O
to	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
's	O
new	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blue	O
Box	O
would	O
run	O
in	O
a	O
window	O
,	O
and	O
support	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
apps	O
(	O
Motorola	B-Device
68k	I-Device
and	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
but	O
would	O
only	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
support	O
apps	O
that	O
did	O
not	O
need	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
the	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Throughout	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
's	O
development	O
,	O
Apple	O
would	O
continue	O
to	O
release	O
major	O
upgrades	O
to	O
the	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
which	O
would	O
remain	O
supported	O
for	O
several	O
years	O
after	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
's	O
public	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
runs	O
on	O
a	O
modified	O
Mach	B-Operating_System
2.5	O
kernel	O
and	O
4.4BSD	O
Unix	B-Application
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Atop	O
that	O
were	O
the	O
threaded	O
,	O
object-oriented	O
Yellow	O
Box	O
libraries	B-Library
,	O
the	O
Blue	O
Box	O
compatibility	O
layer	O
for	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
applications	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
Java	B-Language
virtual	I-Language
machine	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
combines	O
NeXT	O
's	O
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
object-oriented	O
framework	O
,	O
NeXT	O
's	O
other	O
frameworks	O
(	O
WebObjects	B-Language
,	O
Enterprise	B-General_Concept
Objects	I-General_Concept
Framework	I-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
and	O
Apple	O
's	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
technologies	O
(	O
including	O
AppleScript	B-Application
,	O
QuickTime	B-Application
Media	O
Layer	O
,	O
ColorSync	O
,	O
Apple	B-Operating_System
events	I-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
uses	O
the	O
Unix	B-Operating_System
File	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
(	O
UFS	O
)	O
for	O
hard	O
disks	O
,	O
and	O
Network	B-Protocol
File	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
on	O
network	O
drives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pixels	O
are	O
drawn	O
onscreen	O
using	O
Display	O
PostScript	B-Language
instead	O
of	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
's	O
QuickDraw	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
Display	O
PostScript	B-Language
relies	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
PostScript	B-Language
language	I-Language
that	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
printers	O
,	O
no	O
conversion	O
process	O
is	O
required	O
when	O
printing	O
,	O
and	O
printed	O
documents	O
are	O
more	O
faithful	O
to	O
how	O
they	O
look	O
onscreen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
supports	O
app	O
development	O
in	O
three	O
programming	O
languages	O
:	O
Objective-C	B-Language
,	O
Java	O
,	O
and	O
C++	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
uses	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
University	O
's	O
Mach	B-Operating_System
2.5	O
kernel	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
modified	O
to	O
add	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
Network	B-Protocol
File	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
,	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
disks	O
,	O
and	O
removable	O
devices	O
like	O
CD-ROMs	B-Device
and	O
Jaz	B-Device
drives	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
kernel	O
lacks	O
symmetric	B-Operating_System
multiprocessing	I-Operating_System
(	O
SMP	O
)	O
support	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
planned	O
to	O
be	O
added	O
in	O
a	O
later	O
release	O
of	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
that	O
would	O
use	O
a	O
Mach	B-Operating_System
3.0	I-Operating_System
kernel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mach	B-Operating_System
had	O
been	O
created	O
at	O
CMU	O
by	O
Avie	O
Tevanian	O
,	O
who	O
was	O
in	O
charge	O
of	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
's	O
development	O
as	O
Apple	O
's	O
senior	O
vice	O
president	O
of	O
software	O
engineering	O
,	O
a	O
role	O
he	O
previously	O
held	O
at	O
NeXT	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
WWDC	O
1997	O
presentation	O
,	O
Jeff	O
Robbin	O
said	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
was	O
based	O
on	O
Mach	B-Operating_System
2.6	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blue	O
Box	O
is	O
a	O
non-reentrant	B-Operating_System
virtualization	O
layer	O
that	O
allows	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
to	O
run	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
apps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
released	O
after	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
DR1	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
an	O
application	O
called	O
that	O
loaded	O
a	O
Macintosh	B-Device
ROM	O
file	O
stored	O
on	O
disk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blue	O
Box	O
did	O
not	O
support	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
applications	O
that	O
needed	O
hardware	O
access	O
or	O
that	O
relied	O
on	O
non-public	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
APIs	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blue	O
Box	O
beta	O
1.0	O
only	O
worked	O
in	O
full	O
screen	O
,	O
requiring	O
users	O
to	O
press	O
to	O
exit	O
the	O
environment	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
implements	O
networking	O
through	O
Open	B-Protocol
Transport	I-Protocol
,	O
instead	O
of	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
's	O
BSD	B-Protocol
sockets	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
versions	O
of	O
Blue	O
Box	O
could	O
run	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
in	O
a	O
window	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
's	O
Blue	O
Box	O
environment	O
,	O
available	O
only	O
on	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
due	O
to	O
paravirtualization	O
,	O
provides	O
runtime	O
compatibility	O
with	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blue	O
Box	O
later	O
became	O
the	O
Classic	O
environment	O
,	O
which	O
remained	O
in	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
until	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
Tiger	I-Application
,	O
with	O
support	O
for	O
Classic	O
dropped	O
in	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
Leopard	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yellow	O
Box	O
is	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
's	O
development	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
consists	O
of	O
the	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
framework	O
,	O
combined	O
with	O
a	O
runtime	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
development	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
Yellow	O
Box	O
also	O
had	O
a	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
implementation	O
,	O
apps	O
made	O
for	O
it	O
could	O
also	O
run	O
natively	O
on	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
and	O
would	O
look	O
like	O
normal	O
Windows	B-Application
applications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yellow	O
Box	O
includes	O
three	O
major	O
frameworks	O
:	O
Foundation	B-Operating_System
,	O
Application	B-Operating_System
Kit	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Display	O
PostScript	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
includes	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
's	O
Project	B-Operating_System
Builder	I-Operating_System
and	O
Interface	O
Builder	O
development	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yellow	O
Box	O
has	O
full	O
support	O
for	O
preemptive	O
multitasking	O
,	O
multithreading	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
protected	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
(	O
which	O
would	O
have	O
only	O
been	O
partially	O
supported	O
under	O
the	O
previous	O
Copland	B-Application
project	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Third-party	O
apps	O
would	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
rewritten	O
for	O
Yellow	O
Box	O
to	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
's	O
new	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yellow	O
Box	O
was	O
later	O
used	O
as	O
the	O
foundation	B-Operating_System
for	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
's	O
Cocoa	B-Operating_System
framework	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
's	O
Java	B-Language
virtual	I-Language
machine	I-Language
is	O
derived	O
from	O
Sun	O
's	O
JDK	B-Language
1.1.3	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
modified	O
so	O
that	O
Java	O
apps	O
could	O
call	O
Yellow	O
Box	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
DR1	O
included	O
Sun	O
's	O
Java	O
compiler	O
and	O
libraries	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
issued	O
two	O
developer	O
releases	O
of	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
for	O
both	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
and	O
Intel	B-Operating_System
x86	I-Operating_System
architectures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NeXT	O
's	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
called	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
,	O
becomes	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
1997	O
:	O
Apple	O
announces	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
at	O
its	O
Worldwide	O
Developers	O
Conference	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
is	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
hybrid	O
of	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
and	O
the	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
1998	O
:	O
Apple	O
releases	O
the	O
first	O
developer	O
preview	O
of	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
,	O
called	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
DR1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
version	O
of	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
is	O
designed	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
Intel	O
x86-based	O
PCs	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Apple	O
's	O
PowerPC-based	O
Macs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
1999	O
:	O
Apple	O
releases	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
DR2	O
,	O
which	O
features	O
a	O
new	O
user	O
interface	O
called	O
Platinum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
version	O
of	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
is	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
resemble	O
the	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
that	O
would	O
be	O
released	O
in	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1999	O
:	O
Apple	O
announces	O
that	O
it	O
will	O
abandon	O
the	O
hybrid	O
approach	O
of	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
and	O
focus	O
on	O
a	O
pure	O
Unix-based	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
called	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
2000	O
:	O
Apple	O
releases	O
the	O
final	O
version	O
of	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
,	O
called	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
1.0	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
version	O
of	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
is	O
designed	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
server	O
environments	O
and	O
features	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
technologies	O
that	O
would	O
later	O
be	O
included	O
in	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
2001	O
:	O
Apple	O
releases	O
Mac	O
OS	O
X	O
10.0	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
consumer	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
is	O
based	O
on	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
's	O
Unix-based	O
core	O
and	O
features	O
a	O
new	O
user	O
interface	O
called	O
Aqua	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
,	O
the	O
legacy	O
of	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
lives	O
on	O
in	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
has	O
since	O
been	O
renamed	O
to	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
developer	O
release	O
of	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
was	O
released	O
on	O
October	O
13	O
,	O
1997	O
(	O
for	O
Power	B-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
)	O
to	O
10,000	O
developers	O
,	O
who	O
were	O
given	O
two	O
CDs	O
:	O
the	O
bootable	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
installer	O
,	O
and	O
another	O
CD	O
with	O
sample	O
source	O
code	O
(	O
including	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
TextEdit	O
in	O
Java	O
that	O
calls	O
Yellow	O
Box	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
modified	O
its	O
implementation	O
of	O
Open	B-Architecture
Firmware	I-Architecture
to	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
dual	O
boot	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
and	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
by	O
holding	O
down	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DR1	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
Blue	O
Box	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
missing	O
many	O
promised	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
technologies	O
like	O
QuickTime	B-Application
,	O
AppleScript	B-Application
,	O
and	O
AppleTalk	B-Application
;	O
its	O
main	O
purpose	O
was	O
to	O
give	O
developers	O
a	O
shipping	O
version	O
of	O
Yellow	O
Box	O
so	O
they	O
could	O
start	O
rewriting	O
their	O
apps	O
for	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DR1	O
has	O
OPENSTEP	B-Operating_System
's	O
Workspace	B-Application
Manager	I-Application
instead	O
of	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
Finder	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
the	O
following	O
weeks	O
,	O
Apple	O
also	O
released	O
the	O
Windows	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Yellow	O
Box	O
runtime	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
DR1	O
of	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
for	O
PC	O
Compatibles	O
(	O
Intel	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
first	O
release	O
of	O
Blue	O
Box	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BYTE	O
magazine	O
's	O
Tom	O
Thompson	O
described	O
DR1	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
Jekyll-and-Hyde	O
mixture	O
"	O
of	O
an	O
"	O
amazingly	O
Mac-like	O
"	O
user	O
interface	O
and	O
hard-to-use	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
components	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
which	O
could	O
only	O
be	O
configured	O
properly	O
through	O
the	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
,	O
but	O
said	O
said	O
it	O
"	O
did	O
not	O
crash	O
once	O
"	O
during	O
his	O
testing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
's	O
user	O
interface	O
was	O
considered	O
preliminary	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
developer	O
previews	O
focusing	O
on	O
the	O
system	O
's	O
underlying	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
user	O
interface	O
was	O
a	O
blend	O
of	O
the	O
OPENSTEP	B-Operating_System
UI	O
and	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
's	O
Platinum	O
UI	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
latter	O
originating	O
with	O
the	O
cancelled	O
Copland	B-Application
prototype	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developer	O
Release	O
1	O
(	O
DR1	O
)	O
does	O
not	O
have	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
's	O
Finder	B-Application
,	O
and	O
has	O
OPENSTEP	B-Operating_System
's	O
Workspace	B-Application
Manager	I-Application
,	O
Shelf	O
,	O
and	O
column	O
view	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Shelf	O
was	O
eliminated	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
OPENSTEP	B-Operating_System
's	O
Dock	O
;	O
and	O
Finder	B-Application
was	O
added	O
,	O
inheriting	O
column	O
view	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developers	O
were	O
"	O
impressed	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
enthusiastic	O
"	O
about	O
Apple	O
's	O
plans	O
,	O
but	O
,	O
with	O
Copland	B-Application
in	O
mind	O
,	O
many	O
were	O
skeptical	O
of	O
Apple	O
's	O
ability	O
to	O
deliver	O
on	O
these	O
plans	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
's	O
declining	O
sales	O
raised	O
doubts	O
about	O
Apple	O
's	O
odds	O
of	O
survival	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
"	O
many	O
"	O
developers	O
were	O
unwilling	O
to	O
commit	O
to	O
rewriting	O
their	O
apps	O
for	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
posed	O
a	O
chicken-and-egg	O
problem	O
,	O
since	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
would	O
not	O
be	O
commercially	O
successful	O
without	O
apps	O
rewritten	O
to	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
its	O
new	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technology	O
columnist	O
Walt	O
Mossberg	O
observed	O
that	O
many	O
third-party	O
developers	O
were	O
already	O
abandoning	O
the	O
Mac	B-Device
due	O
to	O
its	O
shrinking	O
market	O
share	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
's	O
lack	O
of	O
consumer	O
applications	O
,	O
combined	O
with	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
rewrite	O
apps	O
for	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
,	O
"[made]	O
buying	O
a	O
Mac	B-Device
a	O
relatively	O
risky	O
investment	O
"	O
compared	O
to	O
buying	O
a	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
or	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
assuage	O
developers	O
 '	O
concerns	O
,	O
Apple	O
announced	O
in	O
May	O
1997	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
add	O
support	O
for	O
Yellow	O
Box	O
apps	O
to	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
transition	O
from	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
smoother	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
same	O
month	O
,	O
Apple	O
announced	O
in	O
an	O
SEC	O
filing	O
that	O
contrary	O
to	O
its	O
previous	O
earnings	O
guidance	O
,	O
it	O
would	O
fail	O
to	O
return	O
to	O
profitability	O
by	O
the	O
fourth	O
quarter	O
of	O
fiscal	O
year	O
1997	O
(	O
ending	O
in	O
September	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
it	O
expected	O
Macintosh	B-Device
net	O
sales	O
to	O
continue	O
to	O
decline	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Q4	O
FY1997	O
,	O
quarterly	O
Macintosh	B-Device
sales	O
declined	O
from	O
932,000	O
to	O
625,000	O
year-over-year	O
,	O
and	O
Apple	O
had	O
an	O
operating	O
loss	O
of	O
$24	O
million	O
(	O
though	O
it	O
still	O
had	O
$1.45	O
billion	O
in	O
cash	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shortly	O
before	O
the	O
August	O
6	O
,	O
1997	O
Macworld	O
Expo	O
Boston	O
,	O
Amelio	O
tried	O
to	O
obtain	O
a	O
commitment	O
from	O
Microsoft	O
to	O
release	O
Office	B-Application
for	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
Bill	O
Gates	O
refused	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
small	O
developers	O
announced	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
ports	O
of	O
their	O
apps	O
,	O
including	O
Stone	O
Design	O
's	O
Create	O
,	O
Anderson	O
Financial	O
systems	O
 '	O
PasteUp	O
,	O
Onyshuk	O
&	O
Associates	O
 '	O
Glyphix	O
,	O
OpenBase	O
,	O
and	O
Dantz	O
Development	O
's	O
Retrospect	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
meeting	O
with	O
Michael	O
Dell	O
,	O
owner	O
of	O
PC	O
maker	O
Dell	O
,	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
demonstrated	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
on	O
Intel	B-Operating_System
x86	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
offered	O
to	O
license	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
to	O
Dell	O
for	O
distribution	O
on	O
its	O
PCs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
deal	O
failed	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
when	O
Jobs	O
insisted	O
that	O
all	O
of	O
its	O
computers	O
ship	O
with	O
both	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
and	O
Windows	O
so	O
that	O
consumers	O
could	O
choose	O
the	O
platform	O
they	O
prefer	O
(	O
which	O
would	O
have	O
resulted	O
in	O
Dell	O
having	O
to	O
pay	O
royalties	O
to	O
Apple	O
for	O
every	O
computer	O
it	O
sells	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
Dell	O
's	O
preference	O
that	O
the	O
choice	O
of	O
OS	O
be	O
a	O
factory	O
option	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
mid-1997	O
,	O
after	O
Amelio	O
was	O
ousted	O
as	O
Apple	O
's	O
CEO	O
and	O
Jobs	O
informally	O
replaced	O
him	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
grew	O
quieter	O
on	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
,	O
leading	O
to	O
speculation	O
over	O
its	O
fate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
October	O
1997	O
Seybold	O
publishing	O
conference	O
,	O
Jobs	O
announced	O
that	O
the	O
transition	O
would	O
be	O
more	O
"	O
gradual	O
"	O
than	O
previously	O
announced	O
by	O
Amelio	O
,	O
and	O
would	O
follow	O
a	O
"	O
dual-OS	O
"	O
strategy	O
,	O
with	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
oriented	O
towards	O
servers	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
a	O
consumer	O
released	O
several	O
years	O
later	O
,	O
imitating	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
strategy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
WWDC	O
1998	O
held	O
in	O
May	O
,	O
Apple	O
stated	O
that	O
"	O
not	O
a	O
single	O
"	O
major	O
third-party	O
developer	O
had	O
committed	O
to	O
rewriting	O
their	O
apps	O
for	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
instead	O
unveiled	O
their	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
strategy	O
:	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
applications	O
would	O
not	O
need	O
a	O
complete	O
rewrite	O
to	O
run	O
well	O
on	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
which	O
Jobs	O
said	O
could	O
have	O
taken	O
as	O
long	O
as	O
two	O
years	O
;	O
instead	O
,	O
applications	O
could	O
run	O
on	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
with	O
only	O
"	O
minor	O
adjustments	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
also	O
ported	O
existing	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
frameworks	O
into	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
and	O
developed	O
the	O
cross-platform	O
Carbon	B-Operating_System
API	I-Operating_System
for	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
9	I-Operating_System
and	O
X	O
as	O
the	O
transition	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Widely	O
used	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
libraries	B-Library
like	O
QuickTime	B-Application
and	O
AppleScript	B-Application
were	O
ported	O
and	O
published	O
to	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
also	O
announced	O
that	O
Adobe	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
and	O
Macromedia	O
were	O
on	O
board	O
with	O
the	O
new	O
strategy	O
,	O
and	O
had	O
committed	O
to	O
releasing	O
their	O
applications	O
for	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
.	O
Programmer	O
Dave	O
Winer	O
celebrated	O
the	O
new	O
strategy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
landmark	O
Microsoft	O
antitrust	O
trial	O
,	O
Avie	O
Tevanian	O
argued	O
that	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
's	O
failure	O
was	O
partly	O
caused	O
by	O
Windows	O
's	O
dominance	O
,	O
which	O
made	O
new	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
platforms	O
inherently	O
uncompetitive	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
The	O
Register	O
's	O
John	O
Lettice	O
argued	O
that	O
"	O
those	O
[	O
Yellow	O
Box ]	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
Apple	O
could	O
n't	O
get	O
developers	O
to	O
support	O
 [ ... ] 	O
are	O
of	O
course	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
that	O
NeXT	O
could	O
n't	O
get	O
developers	O
to	O
support	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lettice	O
described	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
as	O
inherently	O
flawed	O
,	O
stating	O
that	O
:	O
"	O
The	O
theory	O
of	O
this	O
school	O
of	O
OS	O
development	O
 [ that ] 	O
says	O
you	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
run	O
their	O
existing	O
apps	O
while	O
making	O
it	O
possible	O
for	O
a	O
whole	O
new	O
generation	O
of	O
compelling	O
apps	O
to	O
take	O
over	O
in	O
the	O
long	O
run	O
"	O
is	O
a	O
strategy	O
that	O
"	O
has	O
not	O
so	O
far	O
worked	O
in	O
practice	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
developers	O
were	O
expecting	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
DP3	O
,	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
announced	O
at	O
the	O
July	O
1998	O
MacWorld	O
Expo	O
NY	O
that	O
an	O
improved	O
version	O
of	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
would	O
be	O
publicly	O
released	O
as	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
1.0	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
would	O
bundle	O
WebObjects	B-Language
,	O
the	O
QuickTime	B-Operating_System
Streaming	I-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
an	O
Apache	B-Application
web	I-Application
server	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
forked	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
into	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
,	O
an	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
that	O
is	O
the	O
foundation	B-Operating_System
for	O
Apple	O
's	O
current	O
commercial	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
could	O
run	O
on	O
both	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
and	O
Intel	B-Operating_System
x86	I-Operating_System
,	O
some	O
commentators	O
speculated	O
that	O
Apple	O
could	O
be	O
planning	O
to	O
switch	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
from	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
to	O
Intel	O
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
switch	B-Device
occurred	I-Device
in	I-Device
2005	I-Device
,	O
with	O
Apple	O
revealing	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
internally	O
tested	O
Intel	O
builds	O
of	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
since	O
the	O
year	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
innovations	O
were	O
foundational	O
to	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
,	O
including	O
the	O
Cocoa	B-Operating_System
framework	O
,	O
Interface	O
Builder	O
(	O
which	O
became	O
part	O
of	O
Xcode	B-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Objective-C	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
technologies	O
attracted	O
many	O
indie	O
developers	O
to	O
the	O
Mac	B-Device
,	O
and	O
are	O
still	O
in	O
use	O
today	O
on	O
the	O
Mac	B-Device
;	O
they	O
were	O
later	O
used	O
on	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
the	O
iPad	B-Device
,	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Watch	I-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
TV	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
version	O
of	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
DR1	O
required	O
32MB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
(	O
64MB	O
recommended	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
1GB	O
of	O
disk	O
space	O
,	O
and	O
only	O
officially	O
supported	O
the	O
Power	B-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
9500	I-Device
,	O
9600	B-Device
,	O
8500	B-Device
and	O
8600	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
's	O
version	O
numbers	O
start	O
at	O
version	O
5.0	O
,	O
since	O
was	O
a	O
rename	O
of	O
NeXT	O
's	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
whose	O
last	O
version	O
was	O
OPENSTEP	B-Operating_System
for	O
Mach	B-Operating_System
4.2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
Apple	O
never	O
released	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
5.2	O
,	O
some	O
speculated	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
meant	O
to	O
be	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
Premier	O
.	O
</s>
