<s>
Research	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
archiving	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
long-term	O
storage	O
of	O
scholarly	O
research	O
data	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
natural	O
sciences	O
,	O
social	O
sciences	O
,	O
and	O
life	O
sciences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
various	O
academic	O
journals	O
have	O
differing	O
policies	O
regarding	O
how	O
much	O
of	O
their	O
data	O
and	O
methods	O
researchers	O
are	O
required	O
to	O
store	O
in	O
a	O
public	O
archive	B-Application
,	O
and	O
what	O
is	O
actually	O
archived	O
varies	O
widely	O
between	O
different	O
disciplines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
recent	O
years	O
this	O
approach	O
has	O
become	O
increasingly	O
strained	O
as	O
research	O
in	O
some	O
areas	O
depends	O
on	O
large	O
datasets	B-General_Concept
which	O
cannot	O
easily	O
be	O
replicated	O
independently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
archiving	I-General_Concept
is	O
more	O
important	O
in	O
some	O
fields	O
than	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
requirement	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
archiving	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
recent	O
development	O
in	O
the	O
history	O
of	O
science	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
made	O
possible	O
by	O
advances	O
in	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
allowing	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
data	O
to	O
be	O
stored	O
and	O
accessed	O
from	O
central	O
locations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
American	O
Geophysical	O
Union	O
(	O
AGU	O
)	O
adopted	O
their	O
first	O
policy	O
on	O
data	B-General_Concept
archiving	I-General_Concept
in	O
1993	O
,	O
about	O
three	O
years	O
after	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
the	O
WWW	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
policy	O
mandates	O
that	O
datasets	B-General_Concept
cited	O
in	O
AGU	O
papers	O
must	O
be	O
archived	O
by	O
a	O
recognised	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
;	O
it	O
permits	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
"	O
data	O
papers	O
"	O
;	O
and	O
it	O
establishes	O
AGU	O
's	O
role	O
in	O
maintaining	O
data	O
archives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
it	O
makes	O
no	O
requirements	O
on	O
paper	O
authors	O
to	O
archive	B-Application
their	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
organized	O
data	B-General_Concept
archiving	I-General_Concept
,	O
researchers	O
wanting	O
to	O
evaluate	O
or	O
replicate	O
a	O
paper	O
would	O
have	O
to	O
request	O
data	O
and	O
methods	O
information	O
from	O
the	O
author	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
academic	O
community	O
expects	O
authors	O
to	O
share	B-Application
supplemental	I-Application
data	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
need	O
for	O
data	B-General_Concept
archiving	I-General_Concept
and	O
due	O
diligence	O
is	O
greatly	O
increased	O
when	O
the	O
research	O
deals	O
with	O
health	O
issues	O
or	O
public	O
policy	O
formation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
the	O
National	O
Science	O
Foundation	O
(	O
NSF	O
)	O
has	O
tightened	O
requirements	O
on	O
data	B-General_Concept
archiving	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
seeking	O
funding	O
from	O
NSF	O
are	O
now	O
required	O
to	O
file	O
a	O
data	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
plan	I-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
two-page	O
supplement	O
to	O
the	O
grant	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NSF	O
Datanet	O
initiative	O
has	O
resulted	O
in	O
funding	O
of	O
the	O
Data	O
Observation	O
Network	O
for	O
Earth	O
(	O
DataONE	O
)	O
project	O
,	O
which	O
will	O
provide	O
scientific	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
archiving	I-General_Concept
for	O
ecological	O
and	O
environmental	O
data	O
produced	O
by	O
scientists	O
worldwide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
data	O
library	O
,	O
data	O
archive	B-Application
,	O
or	O
data	O
repository	O
is	O
a	O
collection	B-Application
of	O
numeric	O
and/or	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
sets	O
for	O
secondary	O
use	O
in	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
established	O
for	O
research	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
archiving	I-General_Concept
and	O
to	O
serve	O
the	O
data	O
users	O
of	O
that	O
organisation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	O
library	O
tends	O
to	O
house	O
local	O
data	O
collections	O
and	O
provides	O
access	O
to	O
them	O
through	O
various	O
means	O
(	O
CD-/DVD	O
-ROMs	O
or	O
central	O
server	B-Application
for	O
download	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whether	O
a	O
data	O
library	O
is	O
also	O
considered	O
a	O
data	O
archive	B-Application
may	O
depend	O
on	O
the	O
extent	O
of	O
unique	O
holdings	O
in	O
the	O
collection	B-Application
,	O
whether	O
long-term	O
preservation	O
services	O
are	O
offered	O
,	O
and	O
whether	O
it	O
serves	O
a	O
broader	O
community	O
(	O
as	O
national	O
data	O
archives	O
do	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Library	O
service	O
providing	O
support	O
at	O
the	O
institutional	O
level	O
for	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
numerical	O
and	O
other	O
types	O
of	O
datasets	B-General_Concept
in	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reference	O
Assistance	O
—	O
locating	O
numeric	O
or	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
datasets	B-General_Concept
containing	O
measurable	O
variables	O
on	O
a	O
particular	O
topic	O
or	O
group	O
of	O
topics	O
,	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
a	O
user	O
query	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technical	O
Assistance	O
-	O
including	O
easing	O
registration	O
procedures	O
,	O
troubleshooting	O
problems	O
with	O
the	O
dataset	B-General_Concept
,	O
such	O
as	O
errors	O
in	O
the	O
documentation	O
,	O
reformatting	O
data	O
into	O
something	O
a	O
user	O
can	O
work	O
with	O
,	O
and	O
helping	O
with	O
statistical	O
methodology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Collection	B-Application
Development	O
&	O
Management	O
-	O
acquire	O
,	O
maintain	O
,	O
and	O
manage	O
a	O
collection	B-Application
of	O
data	O
files	O
used	O
for	O
secondary	O
analysis	O
by	O
the	O
local	O
user	O
community	O
;	O
purchase	O
institutional	O
data	O
subscriptions	O
;	O
act	O
as	O
a	O
site	O
representative	O
to	O
data	O
providers	O
and	O
national	O
data	O
archives	O
for	O
the	O
institution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Preservation	O
and	O
Data	B-Application
Sharing	I-Application
Services	O
-	O
act	O
on	O
a	O
strategy	O
of	O
preservation	O
of	O
datasets	B-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
collection	B-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
media	O
refreshment	O
and	O
file	O
format	O
migration	O
;	O
download	O
and	O
keep	O
records	O
on	O
updated	O
versions	O
from	O
a	O
central	O
repository	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NCAR	O
Research	O
Data	O
Archive	B-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
CESSDA	O
Members	O
are	O
data	O
archives	O
and	O
other	O
organisations	O
that	O
archive	B-Application
social	O
science	O
data	O
and	O
provide	O
data	O
for	O
secondary	O
use	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Finnish	O
Social	O
Science	O
Data	O
Archive	B-Application
(	O
FSD	O
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Social	O
Science	O
Data	O
Archive	B-Application
:	O
</s>
