<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
Research	B-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
"	O
refers	O
to	O
early	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
Unix	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
for	O
DEC	B-Device
PDP-7	I-Device
,	O
PDP-11	B-Device
,	O
VAX	B-Device
and	O
Interdata	B-Device
7/32	I-Device
and	I-Device
8/32	I-Device
computers	O
,	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
Computing	O
Sciences	O
Research	O
Center	O
(	O
CSRC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
Research	B-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
first	O
appeared	O
in	O
the	O
Bell	O
System	O
Technical	O
Journal	O
(	O
Vol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2	O
Jul/Aug	O
1978	O
)	O
to	O
distinguish	O
it	O
from	O
other	O
versions	O
internal	O
to	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
(	O
such	O
as	B-Device
PWB/UNIX	B-Operating_System
and	O
MERT	B-Operating_System
)	O
whose	O
code-base	O
had	O
diverged	O
from	O
the	O
primary	O
CSRC	O
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
that	O
term	O
was	O
little-used	O
until	O
Version	B-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
has	O
been	O
retroactively	O
applied	O
to	O
earlier	O
versions	O
as	B-Device
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
V8	O
,	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
was	O
most	O
commonly	O
called	O
simply	O
UNIX	B-Application
(	O
in	O
caps	O
)	O
or	O
the	O
UNIX	B-Application
Time-Sharing	O
System	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AT&T	O
licensed	O
Version	O
5	O
to	O
educational	O
institutions	O
,	O
and	O
Version	O
6	O
also	O
to	O
commercial	O
sites	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	B-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
versions	O
are	O
often	O
referred	O
to	O
by	O
the	O
edition	O
of	O
the	O
manual	B-Protocol
that	O
describes	O
them	O
,	O
because	O
early	O
versions	O
and	O
the	O
last	B-Device
few	O
were	O
never	O
officially	O
released	O
outside	O
of	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
,	O
and	O
grew	O
organically	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
So	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
Research	B-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
would	O
be	O
the	O
First	O
Edition	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
last	B-Device
the	O
Tenth	O
Edition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
common	O
way	O
of	O
referring	O
to	O
them	O
is	O
as	B-Device
"	O
Version	O
x	O
Unix	B-Application
"	O
or	O
"	O
Vx	O
Unix	B-Application
"	O
,	O
where	O
x	O
is	O
the	O
manual	B-Protocol
edition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
modern	O
editions	O
of	O
Unix	B-Application
—	O
excepting	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
implementations	O
such	O
as	B-Device
Coherent	B-Operating_System
,	O
Minix	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Linux	B-Application
—	O
derive	O
from	O
the	O
7th	B-Operating_System
Edition	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
the	O
8th	O
Edition	O
,	O
versions	O
of	O
Research	B-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
had	O
a	O
close	O
relationship	O
to	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
began	O
by	O
using	O
4.1cBSD	O
as	B-Device
the	O
basis	O
for	O
the	O
8th	O
Edition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
Usenet	B-Application
post	O
from	O
2000	O
,	O
Dennis	O
Ritchie	O
described	O
these	O
later	O
versions	O
of	O
Research	B-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
as	B-Device
being	O
closer	O
to	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
than	O
they	O
were	O
to	O
UNIX	B-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
V	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
also	O
included	O
some	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
code	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Manual	B-Protocol
Edition	O
Release	O
date	O
Description	O
1st	O
Edition	O
Nov	O
3	O
,	O
1971	O
First	O
edition	O
of	O
the	O
Unix	B-Protocol
manual	I-Protocol
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
version	O
that	O
ran	O
on	O
the	O
PDP-11	B-Device
at	B-Device
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
operating	O
system	O
was	O
two	O
years	O
old	O
,	O
having	O
been	O
ported	O
from	O
the	O
PDP-7	B-Device
to	O
the	O
PDP-11/20	O
in	O
1970	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Includes	O
ar	B-Application
,	O
as	B-Device
,	O
bcd	O
,	O
cal	B-Application
,	O
cat	B-Device
,	O
chdir	B-Application
,	O
chmod	B-Application
,	O
chown	B-Device
,	O
cmp	B-Application
,	O
cp	B-Application
,	O
date	O
,	O
dc	B-Application
,	O
df	B-Device
,	O
du	B-Application
,	O
ed	B-Application
,	O
find	B-Application
,	O
glob	B-Language
,	O
init	B-Operating_System
,	O
ld	B-Application
,	O
ln	B-Device
,	O
ls	B-Application
,	O
mail	B-Protocol
,	O
mesg	B-Device
,	O
mkdir	B-Application
,	O
mkfs	B-Device
,	O
mount	B-Device
,	O
mv	O
,	O
nm	B-Application
,	O
od	B-Device
,	O
pr	B-Application
,	O
rm	B-Application
,	O
rmdir	B-Device
,	O
roff	O
,	O
sh	B-Application
,	O
sort	B-Application
,	O
stat	B-Language
,	O
strip	B-Application
,	O
su	B-Device
,	O
sum	O
,	O
tty	B-Device
,	O
umount	B-Device
,	O
wc	B-Application
,	O
who	B-Application
,	O
write	B-Device
;	O
also	O
precursors	O
of	O
fsck	B-Device
,	O
reboot	B-Device
,	O
and	O
adb	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
also	O
had	O
a	O
B	B-Language
and	O
Fortran	B-Application
compiler	B-Language
,	O
a	O
BASIC	O
interpreter	B-Application
,	O
device	B-Application
files	I-Application
and	O
functions	O
for	O
managing	O
punched	O
tape	O
,	O
DECtape	O
,	O
and	O
RK05	B-Device
disks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2nd	O
Edition	O
Jun	O
12	O
,	O
1972	O
Total	O
number	O
of	O
installations	O
at	B-Device
the	O
time	O
was	O
10	O
,	O
"	O
with	O
more	O
expected	O
"	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
preface	O
of	O
the	O
manual	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adds	O
echo	B-Application
,	O
exit	B-Device
,	O
login	O
,	O
m6	O
macro	B-Application
processor	I-Application
,	O
man	B-Protocol
,	O
nroff	B-Device
,	O
strip	B-Application
,	O
stty	O
,	O
tmg	B-Application
compiler-compiler	O
and	O
the	O
first	O
C	B-Language
compiler	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
3rd	O
Edition	O
Feb	O
1973	O
Introduced	O
a	O
C	B-Language
debugger	B-Application
,	O
pipes	B-Operating_System
,	O
crypt	O
,	O
kill	B-Operating_System
,	O
passwd	B-Protocol
,	O
ps	B-Application
,	O
size	O
,	O
speak	B-Device
,	O
split	B-Application
,	O
uniq	B-Application
,	O
and	O
yacc	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commands	O
are	O
split	B-Application
between	O
/bin	O
and	O
/usr/bin	O
,	O
requiring	O
a	O
search	B-Application
path	I-Application
(	O
/usr	O
was	O
the	O
mount	B-Device
point	O
for	O
a	O
second	O
hard	O
disk	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
4th	O
Edition	O
Nov	O
1973	O
First	O
version	O
written	O
in	O
C	B-Language
.	O
Also	O
introduced	O
comm	B-Application
,	O
dump	B-Application
,	O
file	B-Application
,	O
grep	B-Application
,	O
nice	B-Device
,	O
nohup	B-Device
,	O
sleep	B-Application
,	O
sync	B-Language
,	O
tr	B-Application
,	O
wait	B-Device
,	O
and	O
printf(3 )	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Included	O
a	O
SNOBOL	B-Application
interpreter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Number	O
of	O
installations	O
was	O
listed	O
as	B-Device
"	O
above	O
20	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
manual	B-Protocol
was	O
formatted	O
with	O
troff	B-Language
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Introduced	O
col	O
,	O
dd	B-Application
,	O
diff	B-Application
,	O
eqn	B-Application
,	O
lpr	B-Protocol
,	O
pwd	B-Protocol
,	O
spell	B-Application
,	O
tee	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
the	O
sticky	B-Application
bit	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Targeted	O
the	O
PDP-11/40	B-Device
and	O
other	O
11	O
models	O
with	O
18	O
bit	O
addresses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
6th	B-Operating_System
Edition	I-Operating_System
May	O
1975	O
Includes	O
ratfor	B-Language
,	O
bc	B-Application
,	O
chgrp	B-Application
,	O
cron	B-General_Concept
,	O
newgrp	O
,	O
ptrace(2 )	O
,	O
tbl	B-Application
,	O
units	B-Application
,	O
and	O
wall	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
version	O
widely	O
available	O
outside	O
of	O
Bell	O
Laboratories	O
,	O
licensed	O
to	O
commercial	O
users	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
be	O
ported	O
to	O
non-PDP	O
hardware	O
(	O
Interdata	B-Device
7/32	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
May	O
1977	O
saw	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
MINI-UNIX	O
,	O
a	O
"	O
cut	B-Device
down	O
"	O
v6	B-Operating_System
for	O
the	O
low-end	O
PDP-11/10	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
7th	B-Operating_System
Edition	I-Operating_System
Jan	O
1979	O
Includes	O
the	B-Device
Bourne	I-Device
shell	I-Device
,	O
ioctl(2 )	O
,	O
stdio(3 )	O
,	O
and	O
pcc	B-Application
augmenting	O
Dennis	O
Ritchie	O
's	O
C	B-Language
compiler	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adds	O
adb	B-Application
,	O
at	B-Device
,	O
awk	B-Application
,	O
banner	B-Device
,	O
basename	B-Application
,	O
cu	O
,	O
diff3	B-Application
,	O
expr	B-Application
,	O
f77	B-Application
,	O
factor	B-Application
,	O
fortune	B-Application
,	O
iostat	B-Device
,	O
join	B-Application
,	O
lex	B-General_Concept
,	O
lint	B-Device
,	O
look	O
,	O
m4	B-Device
,	O
make	B-Application
,	O
rev	O
,	O
sed	B-Application
,	O
tabs	O
,	O
tail	B-Application
,	O
tar	B-Application
,	O
test	B-Application
,	O
touch	B-Application
,	O
true	B-Device
,	O
false	B-Device
,	O
tsort	B-Device
,	O
uucp	B-Protocol
,	O
uux	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ancestor	O
of	O
UNIX	B-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
III	I-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
last	B-Device
release	O
of	O
Research	B-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
to	O
see	O
widespread	O
external	O
distributions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Merged	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
utilities	O
of	O
PWB/UNIX	B-Operating_System
with	O
an	O
extensively	O
modified	O
kernel	O
with	O
almost	O
80%	O
more	O
lines	O
of	O
code	O
than	O
V6	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ported	O
to	O
PDP-11	B-Device
,	O
Interdata	B-Device
8/32	I-Device
and	O
VAX	B-Device
(	O
UNIX/32V	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
32V	B-Operating_System
was	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
3BSD	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
8th	O
Edition	O
Feb	O
1985	O
A	O
modified	O
4.1cBSD	O
for	O
the	O
VAX	B-Device
,	O
with	O
a	O
System	B-Operating_System
V	I-Operating_System
shell	O
and	O
sockets	B-Protocol
replaced	O
by	O
Streams	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adds	O
Berkeley	B-Language
DB	I-Language
,	O
curses(3 )	O
,	O
cflow	O
,	O
clear	B-Device
,	O
compress	B-Device
,	O
cpio	B-Application
,	O
csh	B-Operating_System
,	O
cut	B-Device
,	O
ksh	B-Language
,	O
last	B-Device
,	O
netstat	B-Application
,	O
netnews	B-Application
,	O
seq	B-Device
,	O
telnet	B-Protocol
,	O
tset	O
,	O
ul	O
,	O
vi	B-Application
,	O
vmstat	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Blit	B-Protocol
graphics	O
terminal	O
became	O
the	O
primary	O
user	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Includes	O
Lisp	B-Language
,	O
Pascal	B-Application
and	O
Altran	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Added	O
a	O
network	B-Protocol
file	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
that	O
allowed	O
accessing	O
remote	O
computers	O
 '	O
files	O
as	B-Device
/n/hostname/path	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
regular	O
expression	O
library	O
that	O
introduced	O
an	O
API	O
later	O
mimicked	O
by	O
Henry	O
Spencer	O
's	O
reimplementation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
9th	O
Edition	O
Sep	O
1986	O
Incorporated	O
code	O
from	O
4.3BSD	O
;	O
used	O
internally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Featured	O
a	O
generalized	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Streams	B-Operating_System
IPC	B-Operating_System
mechanism	O
introduced	O
in	O
V8	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mount	B-Device
system	O
call	O
was	O
extended	O
to	O
connect	O
a	O
stream	O
to	O
a	O
file	B-Application
,	O
the	O
other	O
end	O
of	O
which	O
could	O
be	O
connected	O
to	O
a	O
(	O
user-level	O
)	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
innovations	O
include	O
Sam	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Dennis	O
Ritchie	O
,	O
V9	O
and	O
V10	O
were	O
"	O
conceptual	O
"	O
:	O
manuals	O
existed	O
,	O
but	O
no	O
OS	O
distributions	O
"	O
in	O
complete	O
and	O
coherent	B-Operating_System
form	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
10th	O
Edition	O
Oct	O
1989	O
Last	B-Device
Research	B-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
manual	B-Protocol
was	O
published	O
outside	O
of	O
AT&T	O
by	O
Saunders	O
College	O
Publishing	O
,	O
there	O
was	O
no	O
full	O
distribution	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novelties	O
included	O
graphics	O
typesetting	O
tools	O
designed	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
troff	B-Language
,	O
a	O
C	B-Language
interpreter	B-Application
,	O
animation	O
programs	O
,	O
and	O
several	O
tools	O
later	O
found	O
in	O
Plan	B-Operating_System
9	I-Operating_System
:	O
the	O
Mk	O
build	O
tool	O
and	O
the	O
rc	B-Operating_System
shell	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Plan	B-Operating_System
9	I-Operating_System
1st	O
Edition	O
1992	O
Plan	B-Operating_System
9	I-Operating_System
was	O
a	O
successor	O
operating	O
system	O
to	O
Research	B-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
developed	O
by	O
Bell	O
Laboratories	O
Computing	O
Science	O
Research	O
Center	O
(	O
CSRC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2002	O
,	O
Caldera	O
International	O
released	O
Unix	B-Application
V1	O
,	O
V2	O
,	O
V3	O
,	O
V4	O
,	O
V5	O
,	O
V6	B-Operating_System
,	O
V7	B-Operating_System
on	O
PDP-11	B-Device
and	O
Unix	B-Application
32V	B-Operating_System
on	O
VAX	B-Device
as	B-Device
FOSS	B-Application
under	O
a	O
permissive	B-License
BSD-like	B-Operating_System
software	B-License
license	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
Unix	B-Application
Heritage	O
Society	O
and	O
Alcatel-Lucent	O
USA	O
Inc.	O
,	O
on	O
behalf	O
of	O
itself	O
and	O
Nokia	O
Bell	O
Laboratories	O
,	O
released	O
V8	O
,	O
V9	O
,	O
and	O
V10	O
under	O
the	O
condition	O
that	O
only	O
non-commercial	O
use	O
was	O
allowed	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
not	O
assert	O
copyright	O
claims	O
against	O
such	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
