<s>
Remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
is	O
the	O
acquisition	O
of	O
information	O
about	O
an	O
object	O
or	O
phenomenon	O
without	O
making	O
physical	O
contact	O
with	O
the	O
object	O
,	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
in	O
situ	O
or	O
on-site	O
observation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
is	O
used	O
in	O
numerous	O
fields	O
,	O
including	O
geophysics	O
,	O
geography	O
,	O
land	O
surveying	O
and	O
most	O
Earth	O
science	O
disciplines	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
current	O
usage	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
generally	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
satellite	B-Application
-	O
or	O
aircraft-based	O
sensor	O
technologies	O
to	O
detect	O
and	O
classify	O
objects	O
on	O
Earth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
may	O
be	O
split	O
into	O
"	O
active	O
"	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
(	O
when	O
a	O
signal	O
is	O
emitted	O
by	O
a	O
satellite	B-Application
or	O
aircraft	O
to	O
the	O
object	O
and	O
its	O
reflection	O
detected	O
by	O
the	O
sensor	O
)	O
and	O
"	O
passive	O
"	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
(	O
when	O
the	O
reflection	O
of	O
sunlight	O
is	O
detected	O
by	O
the	O
sensor	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
can	O
be	O
divided	O
into	O
two	O
types	O
of	O
methods	O
:	O
Passive	B-Application
remote	I-Application
sensing	I-Application
and	O
Active	B-Application
remote	I-Application
sensing	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
passive	O
remote	B-Application
sensors	I-Application
include	O
film	O
photography	O
,	O
infrared	O
,	O
charge-coupled	B-Algorithm
devices	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
radiometers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RADAR	B-Application
and	O
LiDAR	O
are	O
examples	O
of	O
active	B-Application
remote	I-Application
sensing	I-Application
where	O
the	O
time	O
delay	O
between	O
emission	O
and	O
return	O
is	O
measured	O
,	O
establishing	O
the	O
location	O
,	O
speed	O
and	O
direction	O
of	O
an	O
object	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
makes	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
collect	O
data	O
of	O
dangerous	O
or	O
inaccessible	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
applications	I-Application
include	O
monitoring	O
deforestation	B-Application
in	O
areas	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Amazon	O
Basin	O
,	O
glacial	O
features	O
in	O
Arctic	O
and	O
Antarctic	O
regions	O
,	O
and	O
depth	O
sounding	O
of	O
coastal	O
and	O
ocean	O
depths	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Military	O
collection	O
during	O
the	O
Cold	B-Application
War	I-Application
made	O
use	O
of	O
stand-off	O
collection	O
of	O
data	O
about	O
dangerous	O
border	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
also	O
replaces	O
costly	O
and	O
slow	O
data	O
collection	O
on	O
the	O
ground	O
,	O
ensuring	O
in	O
the	O
process	O
that	O
areas	O
or	O
objects	O
are	O
not	O
disturbed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
a	O
summary	O
of	O
major	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
satellite	B-Application
systems	O
see	O
the	O
overview	O
table	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conventional	O
radar	B-Application
is	O
mostly	O
associated	O
with	O
aerial	O
traffic	O
control	O
,	O
early	O
warning	O
,	O
and	O
certain	O
large-scale	O
meteorological	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Doppler	B-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
is	O
used	O
by	O
local	O
law	O
enforcements	O
 '	O
monitoring	O
of	O
speed	O
limits	O
and	O
in	O
enhanced	O
meteorological	B-Application
collection	I-Application
such	O
as	O
wind	O
speed	O
and	O
direction	O
within	O
weather	O
systems	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
precipitation	O
location	O
and	O
intensity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interferometric	O
synthetic	B-Application
aperture	I-Application
radar	I-Application
is	O
used	O
to	O
produce	O
precise	O
digital	B-Application
elevation	I-Application
models	I-Application
of	O
large	O
scale	O
terrain	O
(	O
See	O
RADARSAT	O
,	O
TerraSAR-X	O
,	O
Magellan	B-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laser	O
and	O
radar	B-Application
altimeters	O
on	O
satellites	B-Application
have	O
provided	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ultrasound	B-Application
(	O
acoustic	O
)	O
and	O
radar	B-Application
tide	O
gauges	O
measure	O
sea	O
level	O
,	O
tides	O
and	O
wave	O
direction	O
in	O
coastal	O
and	O
offshore	O
tide	O
gauges	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LIDAR	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
detect	O
and	O
measure	O
the	O
concentration	O
of	O
various	O
chemicals	O
in	O
the	O
atmosphere	O
,	O
while	O
airborne	O
LIDAR	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
measure	O
the	O
heights	O
of	O
objects	O
and	O
features	O
on	O
the	O
ground	O
more	O
accurately	O
than	O
with	O
radar	B-Application
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vegetation	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
is	O
a	O
principal	O
application	O
of	O
LIDAR	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	O
include	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
of	O
population	O
,	O
GDP	O
,	O
and	O
damage	O
to	O
infrastructure	O
from	O
war	O
or	O
disasters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Spectropolarimetric	O
Imaging	B-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
reported	O
to	O
be	O
useful	O
for	O
target	O
tracking	O
purposes	O
by	O
researchers	O
at	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Army	O
Research	O
Laboratory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
conclusions	O
were	O
drawn	O
from	O
the	O
imaging	B-Algorithm
of	O
military	O
trucks	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
Humvee	O
,	O
and	O
trailers	O
with	O
their	O
acousto-optic	O
tunable	O
filter	O
dual	O
hyperspectral	B-Application
and	O
spectropolarimetric	O
VNIR	O
Spectropolarimetric	O
Imager	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stereographic	B-Algorithm
pairs	I-Algorithm
of	O
aerial	O
photographs	O
have	O
often	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
make	O
topographic	O
maps	O
by	O
imagery	O
and	O
terrain	O
analysts	O
in	O
trafficability	O
and	O
highway	O
departments	O
for	O
potential	O
routes	O
,	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
modelling	O
terrestrial	O
habitat	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
thematic	O
mappers	O
take	O
images	O
in	O
multiple	O
wavelengths	O
of	O
electromagnetic	O
radiation	O
(	O
multi-spectral	O
)	O
and	O
are	O
usually	O
found	O
on	O
Earth	O
observation	O
satellites	B-Application
,	O
including	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
)	O
the	O
Landsat	O
program	O
or	O
the	O
IKONOS	O
satellite	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Maps	O
of	O
land	O
cover	O
and	O
land	O
use	O
from	O
thematic	O
mapping	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
prospect	O
for	O
minerals	O
,	O
detect	O
or	O
monitor	O
land	O
usage	O
,	O
detect	O
invasive	O
vegetation	O
,	O
deforestation	B-Application
,	O
and	O
examine	O
the	O
health	O
of	O
indigenous	O
plants	O
and	O
crops	O
(	O
satellite	B-Application
crop	O
monitoring	O
)	O
,	O
including	O
entire	O
farming	O
regions	O
or	O
forests	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prominent	O
scientists	O
using	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
for	O
this	O
purpose	O
include	O
Janet	O
Franklin	O
and	O
Ruth	O
DeFries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Weather	O
satellites	B-Application
are	O
used	O
in	O
meteorology	O
and	O
climatology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hyperspectral	B-Application
imaging	I-Application
produces	O
an	O
image	O
where	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
has	O
full	O
spectral	O
information	O
with	O
imaging	B-Algorithm
narrow	O
spectral	O
bands	O
over	O
a	O
contiguous	O
spectral	O
range	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hyperspectral	B-Application
imagers	I-Application
are	O
used	O
in	O
various	O
applications	O
including	O
mineralogy	O
,	O
biology	O
,	O
defence	O
,	O
and	O
environmental	O
measurements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
the	O
scope	O
of	O
the	O
combat	O
against	O
desertification	O
,	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
allows	O
researchers	O
to	O
follow	O
up	O
and	O
monitor	O
risk	O
areas	O
in	O
the	O
long	O
term	O
,	O
to	O
determine	O
desertification	O
factors	O
,	O
to	O
support	O
decision-makers	O
in	O
defining	O
relevant	O
measures	O
of	O
environmental	O
management	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
assess	O
their	O
impacts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remotely	O
sensed	O
multi	O
-	O
and	O
hyperspectral	B-Application
images	I-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
assessing	O
biodiversity	O
at	O
different	O
scales	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
has	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
detect	O
rare	O
plants	O
to	O
aid	O
in	O
conservation	O
efforts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Geodetic	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
can	O
be	O
gravimetric	O
or	O
geometric	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Geometric	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
includes	O
position	O
and	O
deformation	O
imaging	B-Algorithm
using	O
InSAR	O
,	O
LIDAR	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sonar	B-Application
:	O
passive	O
sonar	B-Application
,	O
listening	O
for	O
the	O
sound	O
made	O
by	O
another	O
object	O
(	O
a	O
vessel	O
,	O
a	O
whale	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
)	O
;	O
active	O
sonar	B-Application
,	O
emitting	O
pulses	O
of	O
sounds	O
and	O
listening	O
for	O
echoes	O
,	O
used	O
for	O
detecting	O
,	O
ranging	O
and	O
measurements	O
of	O
underwater	O
objects	O
and	O
terrain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ultrasound	B-Application
:	O
Ultrasound	B-Application
sensors	O
,	O
that	O
emit	O
high-frequency	O
pulses	O
and	O
listening	O
for	O
echoes	O
,	O
used	O
for	O
detecting	O
water	O
waves	O
and	O
water	O
level	O
,	O
as	O
in	O
tide	O
gauges	O
or	O
for	O
towing	O
tanks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High-end	O
instruments	O
now	O
often	O
use	O
positional	O
information	O
from	O
satellite	B-Application
navigation	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
quality	O
of	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
data	O
consists	O
of	O
its	O
spatial	O
,	O
spectral	O
,	O
radiometric	O
and	O
temporal	B-General_Concept
resolutions	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Spatial	O
resolution	O
The	O
size	O
of	O
a	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
that	O
is	O
recorded	O
in	O
a	O
raster	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
–	O
typically	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
may	O
correspond	O
to	O
square	O
areas	O
ranging	O
in	O
side	O
length	O
from	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Temporal	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
The	O
frequency	O
of	O
flyovers	O
by	O
the	O
satellite	B-Application
or	O
plane	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
only	O
relevant	O
in	O
time-series	O
studies	O
or	O
those	O
requiring	O
an	O
averaged	O
or	O
mosaic	O
image	O
as	O
in	O
deforesting	O
monitoring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
create	O
sensor-based	O
maps	O
,	O
most	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
systems	O
expect	O
to	O
extrapolate	O
sensor	O
data	O
in	O
relation	O
to	O
a	O
reference	O
point	O
including	O
distances	O
between	O
known	O
points	O
on	O
the	O
ground	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
step	O
in	O
which	O
this	O
problem	O
is	O
resolved	O
is	O
called	O
georeferencing	B-General_Concept
and	O
involves	O
computer-aided	O
matching	O
of	O
points	O
in	O
the	O
image	O
(	O
typically	O
30	O
or	O
more	O
points	O
per	O
image	O
)	O
which	O
is	O
extrapolated	O
with	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
an	O
established	O
benchmark	O
,	O
"	O
warping	O
"	O
the	O
image	O
to	O
produce	O
accurate	O
spatial	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
most	O
satellite	B-Application
images	O
are	O
sold	O
fully	O
georeferenced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Radiometric	O
correction	O
gives	O
a	O
scale	O
to	O
the	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
values	O
,	O
e	O
.	O
g	O
.	O
the	O
monochromatic	O
scale	O
of	O
0	O
to	O
255	O
will	O
be	O
converted	O
to	O
actual	O
radiance	O
values	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Topographic	O
correction	O
(	O
also	O
called	O
terrain	O
correction	O
)	O
In	O
rugged	O
mountains	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
terrain	O
,	O
the	O
effective	O
illumination	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
varies	O
considerably	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
image	O
,	O
the	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
on	O
the	O
shady	O
slope	O
receives	O
weak	O
illumination	O
and	O
has	O
a	O
low	O
radiance	O
value	O
,	O
in	O
contrast	O
,	O
the	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
on	O
the	O
sunny	O
slope	O
receives	O
strong	O
illumination	O
and	O
has	O
a	O
high	O
radiance	O
value	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
same	O
object	O
,	O
the	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
radiance	O
value	O
on	O
the	O
shady	O
slope	O
will	O
be	O
different	O
from	O
that	O
on	O
the	O
sunny	O
slope	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
ambiguities	O
seriously	O
affected	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
image	O
information	O
extraction	O
accuracy	O
in	O
mountainous	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
became	O
the	O
main	O
obstacle	O
to	O
the	O
further	O
application	O
of	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
the	O
premise	O
of	O
quantitative	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
application	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Atmospheric	O
correction	O
Elimination	O
of	O
atmospheric	O
haze	O
by	O
rescaling	O
each	O
frequency	O
band	O
so	O
that	O
its	O
minimum	O
value	O
(	O
usually	O
realised	O
in	O
water	O
bodies	O
)	O
corresponds	O
to	O
a	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
value	O
of	O
0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
application	O
was	O
that	O
of	O
aerial	O
photographic	O
collection	O
which	O
used	O
the	O
following	O
process	O
;	O
spatial	O
measurement	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
light	B-Application
table	I-Application
in	O
both	O
conventional	O
single	O
or	O
stereographic	B-Algorithm
coverage	O
,	O
added	O
skills	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
photogrammetry	O
,	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
photomosaics	O
,	O
repeat	O
coverage	O
,	O
Making	O
use	O
of	O
objects	O
 '	O
known	O
dimensions	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
detect	O
modifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Image	B-General_Concept
Analysis	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
recently	O
developed	O
automated	O
computer-aided	O
application	O
that	O
is	O
in	O
increasing	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Object-Based	O
Image	B-General_Concept
Analysis	I-General_Concept
(	O
OBIA	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
sub-discipline	O
of	O
GIScience	O
devoted	O
to	O
partitioning	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
(	O
RS	O
)	O
imagery	O
into	O
meaningful	O
image-objects	O
,	O
and	O
assessing	O
their	O
characteristics	O
through	O
spatial	O
,	O
spectral	O
and	O
temporal	O
scale	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Old	O
data	O
from	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
is	O
often	O
valuable	O
because	O
it	O
may	O
provide	O
the	O
only	O
long-term	O
data	O
for	O
a	O
large	O
extent	O
of	O
geography	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
systems	O
tend	O
to	O
store	O
the	O
data	O
digitally	O
,	O
often	O
with	O
lossless	B-Algorithm
compression	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generally	O
speaking	O
,	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
works	O
on	O
the	O
principle	O
of	O
the	O
inverse	O
problem	O
:	O
while	O
the	O
object	O
or	O
phenomenon	O
of	O
interest	O
(	O
the	O
state	O
)	O
may	O
not	O
be	O
directly	O
measured	O
,	O
there	O
exists	O
some	O
other	O
variable	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
detected	O
and	O
measured	O
(	O
the	O
observation	O
)	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
object	O
of	O
interest	O
through	O
a	O
calculation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1a	O
Reconstructed	O
,	O
unprocessed	O
instrument	O
data	O
at	O
full	O
resolution	O
,	O
time-referenced	O
,	O
and	O
annotated	O
with	O
ancillary	O
information	O
,	O
including	O
radiometric	O
and	O
geometric	O
calibration	O
coefficients	O
and	O
georeferencing	B-General_Concept
parameters	O
(	O
e	O
.	O
g.	O
,	O
platform	O
ephemeris	O
)	O
computed	O
and	O
appended	O
but	O
not	O
applied	O
to	O
the	O
Level	O
0	O
data	O
(	O
or	O
if	O
applied	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
manner	O
that	O
level	O
0	O
is	O
fully	O
recoverable	O
from	O
level	O
1a	O
data	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1b	O
Level	O
1a	O
data	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
processed	O
to	O
sensor	O
units	O
(	O
e	O
.	O
g.	O
,	O
radar	B-Application
backscatter	O
cross	O
section	O
,	O
brightness	O
temperature	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
these	O
processing	O
levels	O
are	O
particularly	O
suitable	O
for	O
typical	O
satellite	B-Application
data	O
processing	O
pipelines	O
,	O
other	O
data	O
level	O
vocabularies	O
have	O
been	O
defined	O
and	O
may	O
be	O
appropriate	O
for	O
more	O
heterogeneous	O
workflows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
modern	O
discipline	O
of	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
arose	O
with	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
flight	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Systematic	O
aerial	O
photography	O
was	O
developed	O
for	O
military	O
surveillance	O
and	O
reconnaissance	O
purposes	O
beginning	O
in	O
World	O
War	O
I	O
and	O
reaching	O
a	O
climax	O
during	O
the	O
Cold	B-Application
War	I-Application
with	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
modified	O
combat	O
aircraft	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
P-51	O
,	O
P-38	O
,	O
RB-66	O
and	O
the	O
F-4C	O
,	O
or	O
specifically	O
designed	O
collection	O
platforms	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
U2/TR	O
-1	O
,	O
SR-71	O
,	O
A-5	O
and	O
the	O
OV-1	O
series	O
both	O
in	O
overhead	O
and	O
stand-off	O
collection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
imaging	B-Algorithm
technologies	O
would	O
include	O
infrared	O
,	O
conventional	O
,	O
Doppler	O
and	O
synthetic	B-Application
aperture	I-Application
radar	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
artificial	O
satellites	B-Application
in	O
the	O
latter	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
20th	O
century	O
allowed	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
to	O
progress	O
to	O
a	O
global	O
scale	O
as	O
of	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
Cold	B-Application
War	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instrumentation	O
aboard	O
various	O
Earth	O
observing	O
and	O
weather	O
satellites	B-Application
such	O
as	O
Landsat	O
,	O
the	O
Nimbus	O
and	O
more	O
recent	O
missions	O
such	O
as	O
RADARSAT	O
and	O
UARS	O
provided	O
global	O
measurements	O
of	O
various	O
data	O
for	O
civil	O
,	O
research	O
,	O
and	O
military	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Space	O
probes	O
to	O
other	O
planets	O
have	O
also	O
provided	O
the	O
opportunity	O
to	O
conduct	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
studies	O
in	O
extraterrestrial	O
environments	O
,	O
synthetic	B-Application
aperture	I-Application
radar	I-Application
aboard	O
the	O
Magellan	B-Architecture
spacecraft	I-Architecture
provided	O
detailed	O
topographic	O
maps	O
of	O
Venus	B-Application
,	O
while	O
instruments	O
aboard	O
SOHO	O
allowed	O
studies	O
to	O
be	O
performed	O
on	O
the	O
Sun	O
and	O
the	O
solar	O
wind	O
,	O
just	O
to	O
name	O
a	O
few	O
examples	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recent	O
developments	O
include	O
,	O
beginning	O
in	O
the	O
1960s	O
and	O
1970s	O
with	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
of	O
satellite	B-Application
imagery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
research	O
groups	O
in	O
Silicon	O
Valley	O
including	O
NASA	O
Ames	O
Research	O
Center	O
,	O
GTE	O
,	O
and	O
ESL	O
Inc	O
.	O
developed	O
Fourier	B-Algorithm
transform	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
leading	O
to	O
the	O
first	O
notable	O
enhancement	O
of	O
imagery	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1999	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
satellite	B-Application
(	O
IKONOS	O
)	O
collecting	O
very	O
high	O
resolution	O
imagery	O
was	O
launched	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remote	B-Application
Sensing	I-Application
has	O
a	O
growing	O
relevance	O
in	O
the	O
modern	O
information	O
society	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
exceedingly	O
influences	O
everyday	O
life	O
,	O
ranging	O
from	O
weather	O
forecasts	O
to	O
reports	O
on	O
climate	O
change	O
or	O
natural	O
disasters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
an	O
example	O
,	O
80%	O
of	O
the	O
German	O
students	O
use	O
the	O
services	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
Earth	I-Application
;	O
in	O
2006	O
alone	O
the	O
software	O
was	O
downloaded	O
100	O
million	O
times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
exists	O
a	O
huge	O
knowledge	O
gap	O
between	O
the	O
application	O
and	O
the	O
understanding	O
of	O
satellite	B-Application
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
only	O
plays	O
a	O
tangential	O
role	O
in	O
schools	O
,	O
regardless	O
of	O
the	O
political	O
claims	O
to	O
strengthen	O
the	O
support	O
for	O
teaching	O
on	O
the	O
subject	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
fact	O
,	O
the	O
subject	O
of	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
requires	O
a	O
consolidation	O
of	O
physics	O
and	O
mathematics	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
competences	O
in	O
the	O
fields	O
of	O
media	O
and	O
methods	O
apart	O
from	O
the	O
mere	O
visual	O
interpretation	O
of	O
satellite	B-Application
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
teachers	O
have	O
great	O
interest	O
in	O
the	O
subject	O
"	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
"	O
,	O
being	O
motivated	O
to	O
integrate	O
this	O
topic	O
into	O
teaching	O
,	O
provided	O
that	O
the	O
curriculum	O
is	O
considered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
integrate	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
in	O
a	O
sustainable	O
manner	O
organizations	O
like	O
the	O
EGU	O
or	O
Digital	B-General_Concept
Earth	I-General_Concept
encourage	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
learning	O
modules	O
and	O
learning	B-Application
portals	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
:	O
FIS	O
–	O
Remote	B-Application
Sensing	I-Application
in	O
School	O
Lessons	O
,	O
Geospektiv	O
,	O
Ychange	O
,	O
or	O
Spatial	O
Discovery	O
,	O
to	O
promote	O
media	O
and	O
method	O
qualifications	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
independent	O
learning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
data	O
are	O
processed	O
and	O
analyzed	O
with	O
computer	O
software	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
application	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
proprietary	O
and	O
open	O
source	O
applications	O
exist	O
to	O
process	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
software	I-Application
packages	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
ERDAS	B-Application
IMAGINE	I-Application
from	O
Hexagon	O
Geospatial	O
(	O
Separated	O
from	O
Intergraph	O
SG&I	O
)	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
ENVI	B-Application
from	O
Harris	O
GeospatialSolutions	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
TNTmips	B-Application
from	O
MicroImages	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
IDRISI	B-Application
from	O
Clark	O
Labs	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
eCognition	B-Application
from	O
Trimble	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
and	O
RemoteView	B-Application
made	O
by	O
Overwatch	O
Textron	O
Systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dragon/ips	B-Application
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
oldest	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
packages	O
still	O
available	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
free	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	O
source	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
software	I-Application
includes	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Opticks	B-Algorithm
(	O
software	O
)	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
Others	O
mixing	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
and	O
GIS	B-Application
capabilities	O
are	O
:	O
GRASS	B-Application
GIS	I-Application
,	O
ILWIS	B-Language
,	O
QGIS	B-Application
,	O
and	O
TerraLook	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
an	O
NOAA	O
Sponsored	O
Research	O
by	O
Global	O
Marketing	O
Insights	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
the	O
most	O
used	O
applications	O
among	O
Asian	O
academic	O
groups	O
involved	O
in	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
are	O
as	O
follows	O
:	O
ERDAS	O
36%	O
(	O
ERDAS	B-Application
IMAGINE	I-Application
25%	O
&	O
ERMapper	O
11%	O
)	O
;	O
ESRI	O
30%	O
;	O
ITT	O
Visual	O
Information	O
Solutions	O
ENVI	B-Application
17%	O
;	O
MapInfo	B-Application
17%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
Western	O
Academic	O
respondents	O
as	O
follows	O
:	O
ESRI	O
39%	O
,	O
ERDAS	B-Application
IMAGINE	I-Application
27%	O
,	O
MapInfo	B-Application
9%	O
,	O
and	O
AutoDesk	O
7%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
education	O
,	O
those	O
that	O
want	O
to	O
go	O
beyond	O
simply	O
looking	O
at	O
satellite	B-Application
images	O
print-outs	O
either	O
use	O
general	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
software	I-Application
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
QGIS	B-Application
)	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Earth	I-Application
,	O
or	O
a	O
software/	O
web-app	O
developed	O
specifically	O
for	O
education	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
applications	O
of	O
gamma	O
rays	O
to	O
mineral	O
exploration	O
through	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1972	O
more	O
than	O
two	O
million	O
dollars	O
were	O
spent	O
on	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
applications	I-Application
with	O
gamma	O
rays	O
to	O
mineral	O
exploration	O
.	O
</s>
