<s>
A	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
(	O
short	O
for	O
red	O
light	O
running	O
camera	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
traffic	B-General_Concept
enforcement	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
that	O
photographs	O
a	O
vehicle	O
that	O
has	O
entered	O
an	O
intersection	O
after	O
the	O
traffic	O
signal	O
controlling	O
the	O
intersection	O
has	O
turned	O
red	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
than	O
75	O
countries	O
worldwide	O
use	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
debate	O
and	O
ongoing	O
research	O
about	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
have	O
been	O
concerns	O
that	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
scare	O
drivers	O
(	O
who	O
want	O
to	O
avoid	O
a	O
ticket	O
)	O
into	O
more	O
sudden	O
stops	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
increase	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
rear-end	O
collisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
studies	O
have	O
confirmed	O
more	O
rear-end	O
collisions	O
where	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
have	O
been	O
used	O
,	O
while	O
side	O
collisions	O
decreased	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
overall	O
collision	O
rate	O
has	O
been	O
mixed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
systematic	O
review	O
summarized	O
evidence	O
from	O
38	O
studies	O
and	O
found	O
that	O
overall	O
,	O
red-light	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
are	O
effective	O
at	O
reducing	O
right	O
angle	O
crashes	O
and	O
related	O
injuries	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
total	O
injuries	O
,	O
but	O
they	O
also	O
lead	O
to	O
an	O
increase	O
in	O
rear	O
end	O
crashes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
were	O
first	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
Netherlands	O
by	O
Gatso	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Worldwide	O
,	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
have	O
been	O
in	O
use	O
since	O
the	O
1960s	O
,	O
and	O
were	O
used	O
for	O
traffic	O
enforcement	O
in	O
Israel	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
1969	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
system	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
1965	O
,	O
using	O
tubes	O
stretched	O
across	O
the	O
road	O
to	O
detect	O
the	O
violation	O
and	O
subsequently	O
trigger	O
the	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
developers	O
of	O
these	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
systems	O
was	O
Gatsometer	O
BV	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
York	O
's	O
red-light	B-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
program	O
went	O
into	O
effect	O
in	O
1993	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
1980s	O
onward	O
,	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
usage	O
expanded	O
worldwide	O
,	O
and	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
early	O
camera	O
system	O
developers	O
,	O
Poltech	O
International	O
,	O
supplied	O
Australia	O
,	O
Britain	O
,	O
South	O
Africa	O
,	O
Taiwan	O
,	O
the	O
Netherlands	O
and	O
Hong	O
Kong	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
American	O
Traffic	O
Systems	O
(	O
subsequently	O
American	O
Traffic	O
Solutions	O
)	O
(	O
ATS	O
)	O
and	O
Redflex	O
Traffic	O
Systems	O
emerged	O
as	O
the	O
primary	O
suppliers	O
of	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
systems	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
,	O
while	O
Jenoptik	O
became	O
the	O
leading	O
provider	O
of	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
worldwide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
,	O
all	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
systems	O
used	O
film	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
delivered	O
to	O
local	O
law	O
enforcement	O
departments	O
for	O
review	O
and	O
approval	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
are	O
typically	O
installed	O
in	O
protective	O
metal	O
boxes	O
attached	O
to	O
poles	O
at	O
intersections	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
often	O
specifically	O
chosen	O
due	O
to	O
high	O
numbers	O
of	O
crashes	O
and/or	O
red-light-running	O
violations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
systems	O
typically	O
employ	O
a	O
sensor	O
that	O
detects	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
a	O
vehicle	O
past	O
the	O
stop	O
bar	O
,	O
and	O
,	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
measures	O
the	O
speed	O
of	O
a	O
vehicle	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
it	O
ran	O
the	O
red	O
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
few	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
systems	O
allow	O
a	O
grace	O
period	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
half	O
a	O
second	O
for	O
drivers	O
who	O
pass	O
through	O
the	O
intersection	O
just	O
as	O
the	O
light	O
turns	O
red	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ohio	O
and	O
Georgia	O
introduced	O
a	O
statute	O
requiring	O
that	O
one	O
second	O
be	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
standard	O
yellow	O
time	O
of	O
any	O
intersection	O
that	O
has	O
a	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
has	O
led	O
to	O
an	O
80%	O
reduction	O
in	O
tickets	O
since	O
its	O
introduction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
Jersey	O
has	O
the	O
strictest	O
yellow	O
timing	O
provisions	O
in	O
the	O
country	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
concerns	O
that	O
cameras	O
would	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
generate	O
revenue	O
;	O
they	O
have	O
a	O
statute	O
specifying	O
that	O
the	O
yellow	O
time	O
for	O
an	O
intersection	O
that	O
has	O
a	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
must	O
be	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
speed	O
at	O
which	O
85%	O
of	O
the	O
road	O
's	O
traffic	O
moves	O
rather	O
than	O
be	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
road	O
's	O
actual	O
speed	B-Application
limit	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
usage	O
is	O
widespread	O
in	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
countries	O
worldwide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Netherlands-based	O
Gatso	O
presented	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
to	O
the	O
market	O
in	O
1965	O
,	O
and	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
were	O
used	O
for	O
traffic	O
enforcement	O
in	O
Israel	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
1969	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
1970s	O
,	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
were	O
used	O
for	O
traffic	O
enforcement	O
in	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
jurisdiction	O
in	O
Europe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
expansion	O
of	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
usage	O
in	O
Australia	O
is	O
ongoing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
areas	O
of	O
Australia	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
are	O
used	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
an	O
online	O
system	O
to	O
check	O
the	O
photograph	O
taken	O
of	O
your	O
vehicle	O
if	O
you	O
receive	O
a	O
ticket	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Singapore	O
also	O
began	O
use	O
of	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
and	O
installed	O
the	O
first	O
camera	O
systems	O
during	O
five	O
years	O
,	O
starting	O
in	O
August	O
1986	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Canada	O
,	O
by	O
1998	O
,	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
were	O
in	O
use	O
in	O
British	O
Columbia	O
and	O
due	O
to	O
be	O
implemented	O
in	O
Manitoba	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Alberta	O
,	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
were	O
installed	O
in	O
1999	O
in	O
Edmonton	O
and	O
in	O
2001	O
in	O
Calgary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
usage	O
is	O
extensive	O
in	O
mainland	O
China	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
China	O
also	O
has	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
with	O
facial	O
recognition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hong	O
Kong	O
introduced	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
in	O
1993	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Hong	O
Kong	O
,	O
where	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
are	O
installed	O
,	O
signs	O
are	O
erected	O
to	O
warn	O
drivers	O
that	O
cameras	O
are	O
present	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
aim	O
of	O
educating	O
drivers	O
to	O
stop	O
for	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
number	O
of	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
in	O
Hong	O
Kong	O
doubled	O
in	O
May	O
2004	O
,	O
and	O
digital	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
were	O
introduced	O
at	O
intersections	O
identified	O
by	O
the	O
police	O
and	O
transport	O
department	O
as	O
having	O
the	O
most	O
violations	O
and	O
greatest	O
risk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2006	O
,	O
Hong	O
Kong	O
had	O
96	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
in	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Hong-Kong	O
,	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
helped	O
reduce	O
violation	O
jumping	O
by	O
43	O
to	O
55%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
France	O
,	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
started	O
use	O
in	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
multipurpose	O
camera	O
might	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Mesta	O
Fusion	O
2	O
have	O
several	O
simultaneous	O
capacity	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
device	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
,	O
Level	O
crossing	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
and	O
speed	B-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
south	O
east	O
quarter	O
of	O
,	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
(	O
MESTA	O
3000	O
)	O
are	O
provided	O
by	O
Safran	O
;	O
their	O
availability	O
rate	O
is	O
95%	O
,	O
taking	O
into	O
account	O
road	O
works	O
and	O
acts	O
of	O
vandalism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
in	O
Germany	O
was	O
operated	O
on	O
November	O
1960	O
the	O
15th	O
in	O
Frankfurt	O
am	O
Main	O
with	O
black	O
and	O
white	O
photos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
the	O
authorities	O
often	O
refer	O
to	O
red-light	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
,	O
along	O
with	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
,	O
as	O
safety	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
report	O
,	O
published	O
in	O
December	O
2005	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
612	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
in	O
England	O
alone	O
,	O
of	O
which	O
225	O
were	O
in	O
London	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
have	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
in	O
26	O
U.S.	O
states	O
and	O
the	O
District	O
of	O
Columbia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
in	O
New	O
York	O
State	O
,	O
the	O
Vehicle	O
and	O
Traffic	O
Law	O
permits	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
only	O
within	O
cities	O
with	O
a	O
population	O
above	O
1	O
million	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Florida	O
,	O
a	O
state	O
law	O
went	O
into	O
effect	O
on	O
1July	O
2010	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
all	O
municipalities	O
in	O
the	O
state	O
to	O
use	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
on	O
all	O
state-owned	O
rights-of-way	O
and	O
fine	O
drivers	O
who	O
run	O
red	O
lights	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
aim	O
of	O
enforcing	O
safe	O
driving	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
then-Governor	O
Charlie	O
Crist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Major	O
cities	O
throughout	O
the	O
US	O
that	O
use	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
include	O
Atlanta	O
,	O
Austin	O
,	O
Baltimore	O
,	O
Baton	O
Rouge	O
,	O
Chicago	O
,	O
Dallas	O
,	O
Denver	O
,	O
Los	O
Angeles	O
,	O
Memphis	O
,	O
New	O
Orleans	O
,	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
,	O
Newark	O
,	O
Philadelphia	O
,	O
Phoenix	O
,	O
Raleigh	O
,	O
San	O
Francisco	O
,	O
Seattle	O
,	O
Toledo	O
,	O
and	O
Washington	O
,	O
D.C.	O
Albuquerque	O
has	O
cameras	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
October	O
2011	O
local	O
voters	O
approved	O
a	O
ballot	O
measure	O
advising	O
the	O
city	O
council	O
to	O
cease	O
authorizing	O
the	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2017	O
,	O
the	O
city	O
of	O
Chicago	O
changed	O
the	O
period	O
of	O
time	O
between	O
when	O
the	O
light	O
turns	O
red	O
and	O
when	O
the	O
red-light	B-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
is	O
triggered	O
(	O
and	O
a	O
ticket	O
issued	O
)	O
from	O
0.1	O
seconds	O
to	O
0.3	O
seconds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Suppliers	O
of	O
red-light	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
US	O
include	O
:	O
Affiliated	O
Computer	O
Services	O
(	O
ACS	O
)	O
State	O
and	O
Local	O
Solutions	O
,	O
a	O
Xerox	O
company	O
,	O
of	O
Dallas	O
,	O
Texas	O
;	O
American	O
Traffic	O
Solutions	O
of	O
Scottsdale	O
,	O
Arizona	O
,	O
1/3	O
owned	O
by	O
Goldman	O
Sachs	O
;	O
Brekford	O
International	O
Corp.	O
,	O
of	O
Hanover	O
,	O
Maryland	O
;	O
CMA	O
Consulting	O
Services	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
of	O
Latham	O
,	O
New	O
York	O
;	O
Gatso	O
USA	O
of	O
Beverly	O
,	O
Massachusetts	O
;	O
iTraffic	O
Safety	O
LLC	O
of	O
Ridgeland	O
,	O
South	O
Carolina	O
;	O
NovoaGlobal	O
Inc.	O
,	O
of	O
Orlando	O
,	O
Florida	O
;	O
Optotraffic	O
,	O
of	O
Lanham	O
,	O
Maryland	O
;	O
Redflex	O
Traffic	O
Systems	O
of	O
Phoenix	O
,	O
Arizona	O
,	O
with	O
its	O
parent	O
company	O
in	O
Australia	O
;	O
RedSpeed-Illinois	O
LLC	O
,	O
of	O
Lombard	O
,	O
Illinois	O
,	O
whose	O
parent	O
company	O
is	O
in	O
Worcestershire	O
,	O
England	O
;	O
and	O
SafeSpeed	O
LLC	O
,	O
of	O
Chicago	O
,	O
Illinois	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
states	O
have	O
chosen	O
to	O
prohibit	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2012	O
,	O
the	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
ordinance	O
in	O
the	O
city	O
of	O
St.	O
Louis	O
was	O
officially	O
declared	O
void	O
by	O
St.	O
Louis	O
Circuit	O
Court	O
Judge	O
Mark	O
Neill	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2013	O
,	O
the	O
San	O
Diego	O
mayor	O
helped	O
remove	O
a	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
to	O
keep	O
the	O
campaign	O
promise	O
he	O
made	O
during	O
the	O
November	O
2012	O
election	O
to	O
eliminate	O
these	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
Jersey	O
had	O
to	O
renew	O
the	O
Red	O
Light	O
law	O
by	O
the	O
state	O
legislature	O
in	O
early	O
2015	O
and	O
did	O
not	O
do	O
this	O
,	O
making	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
illegal	O
in	O
the	O
state	O
afterwards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
decreased	O
from	O
533	O
in	O
2012	O
to	O
421	O
in	O
2018	O
,	O
people	O
killed	O
in	O
red-light	O
crashes	O
increased	O
from	O
696	O
in	O
2012	O
to	O
811	O
in	O
2016	O
,	O
reflecting	O
a	O
17%	O
increase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
reasons	O
for	O
the	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
discontinuation	O
were	O
reduction	O
in	O
camera	O
citations	O
,	O
difficulty	O
sustaining	O
the	O
financial	O
viability	O
of	O
the	O
program	O
and	O
intense	O
community	O
opposition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
USA	O
,	O
surveys	O
indicate	O
the	O
public	O
support	O
for	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
enforcement	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
the	O
support	O
is	O
decreasing	O
if	O
programs	O
are	O
not	O
adequate	O
,	O
or	O
if	O
perception	O
is	O
focused	O
on	O
revenue	O
rather	O
than	O
on	O
saving	O
lives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
be	O
successful	O
,	O
a	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
should	O
focus	O
on	O
safety	O
and	O
transparency	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
be	O
located	O
in	O
a	O
problematic	O
intersection	O
which	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
assessed	O
by	O
communities	O
(	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
for	O
road	O
design	O
and	O
signal	O
timing	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
Singapore	O
started	O
to	O
use	O
German	O
Jenoptik	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
,	O
with	O
an	O
11-megapixel	O
resolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
240	O
streets	O
have	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
in	O
Singapore	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
New	O
South	O
Wales	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
were	O
introduced	O
in	O
April	O
1982	O
followed	O
by	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
in	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
report	O
in	O
2003	O
by	O
the	O
National	O
Cooperative	O
Highway	O
Research	O
Program	O
examined	O
studies	O
from	O
the	O
previous	O
30	O
years	O
in	O
Australia	O
,	O
the	O
UK	O
,	O
Singapore	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
US	O
,	O
and	O
concluded	O
that	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
"	O
improve	O
the	O
overall	O
safety	O
of	O
intersections	O
where	O
they	O
are	O
used.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
findings	O
are	O
similar	O
to	O
a	O
2005	O
meta	O
analysis	O
,	O
which	O
compared	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
10	O
controlled	O
before-after	O
studies	O
of	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
US	O
,	O
Australia	O
,	O
and	O
Singapore	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Studies	O
of	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
worldwide	O
show	O
a	O
reduction	O
of	O
crashes	O
involving	O
injury	O
by	O
about	O
25%	O
to	O
30%	O
,	O
taking	O
into	O
account	O
increases	O
in	O
rear-end	O
crashes	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
testimony	O
from	O
a	O
meeting	O
of	O
the	O
Virginia	O
House	O
of	O
Delegates	O
Militia	O
,	O
Police	O
,	O
and	O
Public	O
Safety	O
Committee	O
in	O
2003	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
findings	O
are	O
supported	O
by	O
a	O
review	O
of	O
more	O
than	O
45	O
international	O
studies	O
carried	O
out	O
in	O
2010	O
,	O
which	O
found	O
that	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
reduce	O
red	O
light	O
violation	O
rates	O
,	O
crashes	O
resulting	O
from	O
red	O
light	O
running	O
,	O
and	O
usually	O
reduce	O
right-angle	O
collisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amongst	O
the	O
many	O
researched	O
safety	O
benefits	O
of	O
installing	O
RLCs	O
,	O
few	O
studies	O
have	O
examined	O
drivers	O
 '	O
behavior	O
change	O
in	O
relation	O
to	O
red-light	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
showing	O
that	O
at	O
these	O
intersections	O
drivers	O
tended	O
to	O
react	O
quicker	O
to	O
a	O
yellow	O
light	O
change	O
when	O
stopping	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
terms	O
of	O
location-specific	O
studies	O
,	O
in	O
Singapore	O
a	O
study	O
from	O
2003	O
found	O
that	O
there	O
was	O
"	O
a	O
substantial	O
drop	O
"	O
in	O
red	O
light	O
violations	O
at	O
intersections	O
with	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
the	O
study	O
found	O
that	O
drivers	O
were	O
encouraged	O
to	O
stop	O
more	O
readily	O
in	O
areas	O
with	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
in	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
report	O
from	O
civic	O
administrators	O
in	O
Saskatchewan	O
in	O
2001	O
,	O
when	O
considering	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
use	O
,	O
referred	O
to	O
studies	O
in	O
the	O
Netherlands	O
and	O
Australia	O
that	O
found	O
a	O
40%	O
decrease	O
in	O
red	O
light	O
violations	O
and	O
32%	O
decrease	O
in	O
right-angle	O
crashes	O
where	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
were	O
installed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
in	O
Western	O
Australia	O
,	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
serious	O
right-angle	O
crashes	O
decreased	O
by	O
40%	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
an	O
article	O
from	O
the	O
Canberra	O
Times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
article	O
from	O
the	O
Xinhua	O
General	O
News	O
Service	O
,	O
the	O
Hong	O
Kong	O
transport	O
department	O
reported	O
that	O
in	O
2006	O
the	O
monthly	O
average	O
number	O
of	O
crashes	O
due	O
to	O
red	O
light	O
violations	O
fell	O
25%	O
and	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
people	O
injured	O
in	O
these	O
crashes	O
decreased	O
by	O
30%	O
,	O
following	O
an	O
increase	O
in	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
in	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
U.S.	O
and	O
Canada	O
,	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
studies	O
have	O
examined	O
whether	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
produce	O
a	O
safety	O
benefit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2005	O
study	O
by	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Federal	O
Highway	O
Administration	O
(	O
FHWA	O
)	O
suggests	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
reduce	O
dangerous	O
right-angle	O
crashes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FHWA	O
study	O
has	O
been	O
criticized	O
as	O
containing	O
critical	O
methodological	O
and	O
analytical	O
flaws	O
and	O
failing	O
to	O
explain	O
an	O
increase	O
in	O
fatalities	O
associated	O
with	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
use	O
:	O
(	O
...	O
)	O
the	O
authors	O
spotlight	O
the	O
statistical	O
difficulties	O
of	O
including	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
fatalities	O
,	O
while	O
ignoring	O
the	O
practical	O
implications	O
of	O
such	O
events	O
(	O
...	O
)	O
assuming	O
that	O
each	O
angle	O
injury	O
crash	O
had	O
a	O
societal	O
cost	O
of	O
$64	O
,	O
468	O
,	O
when	O
in	O
fact	O
the	O
cost	O
was	O
$	O
82,816	O
before	O
camera	O
use	O
and	O
$	O
100,176	O
after	O
camera	O
use( 	O
...	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
Not	O
all	O
studies	O
have	O
been	O
favorable	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2004	O
study	O
of	O
17,271	O
crashes	O
from	O
North	O
Carolina	O
A	O
&	O
T	O
University	O
showed	O
that	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
increased	O
the	O
overall	O
number	O
of	O
crashes	O
by	O
40%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
,	O
the	O
department	O
issued	O
an	O
updated	O
report	O
which	O
showed	O
that	O
the	O
overall	O
number	O
of	O
crashes	O
at	O
intersections	O
with	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
increased	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
report	O
concluded	O
that	O
the	O
decision	O
to	O
install	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
should	O
be	O
made	O
on	O
an	O
intersection-by-intersection	O
basis	O
as	O
some	O
intersections	O
saw	O
decreases	O
in	O
crashes	O
and	O
injuries	O
that	O
justified	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
,	O
while	O
others	O
saw	O
increases	O
in	O
crashes	O
,	O
indicating	O
that	O
the	O
cameras	O
were	O
not	O
suitable	O
in	O
that	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aurora	O
,	O
Colorado	O
experienced	O
mixed	O
results	O
with	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
;	O
after	O
starting	O
camera	O
enforcement	O
at	O
4	O
intersections	O
,	O
crashes	O
decreased	O
by	O
60%	O
at	O
one	O
,	O
increased	O
100%	O
at	O
two	O
,	O
and	O
increased	O
175%	O
at	O
the	O
fourth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
locations	O
experience	O
a	O
decrease	O
in	O
rear-end	O
collisions	O
at	O
intersections	O
with	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
over	O
time	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
in	O
Los	O
Angeles	O
such	O
collisions	O
fell	O
4.7	O
%	O
from	O
2008	O
to	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
a	O
2010	O
analysis	O
by	O
the	O
Los	O
Angeles	O
City	O
Controller	O
found	O
L.A.	O
'	O
s	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
had	O
n't	O
demonstrated	O
an	O
improvement	O
in	O
safety	O
,	O
specifically	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
32	O
intersections	O
equipped	O
with	O
cameras	O
,	O
12	O
saw	O
more	O
crashes	O
than	O
before	O
the	O
cameras	O
were	O
installed	O
,	O
4	O
had	O
the	O
same	O
number	O
,	O
and	O
16	O
had	O
fewer	O
crashes	O
;	O
also	O
that	O
factors	O
other	O
than	O
the	O
cameras	O
may	O
have	O
been	O
responsible	O
for	O
the	O
reduced	O
crashes	O
at	O
the	O
16	O
intersections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
And	O
in	O
Winnipeg	O
,	O
Manitoba	O
,	O
crashes	O
were	O
found	O
to	O
have	O
significantly	O
increased	O
in	O
the	O
years	O
following	O
the	O
deployment	O
of	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
2005	O
study	O
of	O
the	O
Raleigh	O
,	O
North	O
Carolina	O
,	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
program	O
conducted	O
by	O
the	O
Institute	O
for	O
Transportation	O
Research	O
and	O
Education	O
at	O
North	O
Carolina	O
State	O
University	O
found	O
right-angle	O
crashes	O
dropped	O
by	O
42%	O
,	O
rear-end	O
crashes	O
dropped	O
by	O
25%	O
and	O
total	O
crashes	O
dropped	O
by	O
17%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
IIHS	O
looked	O
at	O
results	O
of	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
studies	O
and	O
found	O
that	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
reduce	O
total	O
collisions	O
and	O
particularly	O
reduce	O
the	O
type	O
of	O
crashes	O
that	O
are	O
especially	O
likely	O
to	O
cause	O
injuries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2009	O
Public	O
Opinion	O
Strategies	O
poll	O
which	O
asked	O
,	O
"	O
Do	O
you	O
support	O
or	O
oppose	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
red-light	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
to	O
detect	O
red-light	O
runners	O
and	O
enforce	O
traffic	O
laws	O
in	O
your	O
state	O
's	O
most	O
dangerous	O
intersections	O
?	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2012	O
telephone	O
survey	O
of	O
District	O
of	O
Columbia	O
residents	O
published	O
in	O
the	O
journal	O
Traffic	O
Injury	O
Prevention	O
found	O
that	O
87%	O
favored	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
National	O
Motorists	O
Association	O
opposes	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
on	O
the	O
grounds	O
that	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
these	O
devices	O
raises	O
legal	O
issues	O
and	O
violates	O
the	O
privacy	O
of	O
citizens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
also	O
argue	O
that	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
does	O
not	O
increase	O
safety	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
US	O
,	O
AAA	O
Auto	O
Club	O
South	O
argued	O
against	O
the	O
passage	O
of	O
a	O
Florida	O
state	O
law	O
to	O
allow	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
,	O
stating	O
that	O
use	O
of	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
was	O
primarily	O
for	O
raising	O
money	O
for	O
the	O
state	O
and	O
local	O
government	O
coffers	O
and	O
would	O
not	O
increase	O
road	O
safety	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Norway	O
,	O
Spain	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Netherlands	O
,	O
a	O
postal	O
survey	O
in	O
2003	O
showed	O
acceptance	O
of	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
for	O
traffic	O
enforcement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
some	O
groups	O
,	O
the	O
enforcement	O
of	O
traffic	O
laws	O
is	O
considered	O
the	O
main	O
reason	O
for	O
using	O
the	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Restrictions	O
or	O
conditions	O
exist	O
in	O
additional	O
states	O
;	O
the	O
New	O
Mexico	O
Department	O
of	O
Transportation	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
has	O
asserted	O
the	O
right	O
to	O
restrict	O
or	O
prohibit	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
on	O
state	O
highways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
may	O
not	O
be	O
prohibited	O
in	O
other	O
regions	O
,	O
they	O
may	O
have	O
some	O
restrictions	O
on	O
their	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
the	O
case	O
in	O
California	O
and	O
Colorado	O
where	O
the	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
are	O
set	O
up	O
to	O
take	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
photographs	O
,	O
including	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
driver	O
's	O
face	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Groups	O
opposing	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
have	O
argued	O
that	O
where	O
the	O
cameras	O
are	O
not	O
set	O
up	O
to	O
identify	O
the	O
vehicle	O
driver	O
,	O
owner	O
liability	O
issues	O
are	O
raised	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
argument	O
that	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
violate	O
the	O
privacy	O
of	O
citizens	O
,	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
addressed	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
courts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lawsuits	O
have	O
been	O
raised	O
challenging	O
private	O
companies	O
 '	O
rights	O
to	O
hand	O
out	O
citations	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
December	O
2008	O
lawsuit	O
challenging	O
the	O
city	O
of	O
Dallas	O
 '	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
program	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
dismissed	O
in	O
March	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
have	O
been	O
many	O
instances	O
where	O
cities	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
have	O
been	O
found	O
to	O
have	O
too-short	O
yellow-light	O
intervals	O
at	O
some	O
intersections	O
where	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
have	O
been	O
installed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
a	O
bill	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
House	O
of	O
Representatives	O
attempting	O
to	O
prohibit	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
on	O
federally	O
funded	O
highways	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
District	O
of	O
Columbia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
revealed	O
that	O
the	O
municipality	O
of	O
Segrate	O
,	O
Italy	O
,	O
two	O
nearby	O
traffic	O
lights	O
had	O
been	O
synchronized	O
such	O
that	O
drivers	O
were	O
coerced	O
to	O
either	O
break	O
the	O
speed	B-Application
limit	I-Application
or	O
pass	O
during	O
the	O
red	O
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
is	O
not	O
the	O
only	O
countermeasure	O
against	O
red-light	O
running	O
.	O
</s>
