<s>
Rechargeable	B-Algorithm
lithium	I-Algorithm
metal	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
are	O
secondary	O
lithium	B-Device
metal	I-Device
batteries	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
have	O
metallic	O
lithium	B-Language
as	O
a	O
negative	O
electrode	O
,	O
sometimes	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
the	O
battery	O
anode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
high	O
specific	O
capacity	O
of	O
lithium	B-Language
metal	O
(	O
3,860	O
mAh	O
g−1	O
)	O
,	O
very	O
low	O
redox	O
potential	O
( −	O
3.040	O
V	O
versus	O
standard	O
hydrogen	O
electrode	O
)	O
and	O
low	O
density	O
(	O
0.59	O
g	O
cm−3	O
)	O
make	O
it	O
the	O
ideal	O
anode	O
material	O
for	O
high	O
energy	O
density	O
battery	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rechargeable	B-Algorithm
lithium	I-Algorithm
metal	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
can	O
have	O
a	O
long	O
run	O
time	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
high	O
charge	O
density	O
of	O
lithium	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
companies	O
and	O
many	O
academic	O
research	O
groups	O
are	O
currently	O
researching	O
and	O
developing	O
rechargeable	B-Algorithm
lithium	I-Algorithm
metal	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
as	O
they	O
are	O
considered	O
a	O
leading	O
pathway	O
for	O
development	O
beyond	O
lithium-ion	O
batteries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
rechargeable	B-Algorithm
lithium	I-Algorithm
metal	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
employ	O
a	O
liquid	O
electrolyte	O
and	O
some	O
employ	O
a	O
solid-state	B-Algorithm
electrolyte	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
rechargeable	B-Algorithm
lithium	I-Algorithm
metal	I-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
was	O
commercialized	O
by	O
Moli	O
Energy	O
(	O
now	O
known	O
as	O
E-One	O
Moli	O
Energy	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
but	O
after	O
several	O
cells	O
caught	O
fire	O
,	O
devices	O
using	O
Moli	O
batteries	O
were	O
recalled	O
and	O
the	O
company	O
went	O
into	O
receivership	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
challenges	O
in	O
developing	O
practical	O
rechargeable	B-Algorithm
lithium	I-Algorithm
metal	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
are	O
low	O
cell	O
life	O
due	O
to	O
low	O
Coulombic	O
efficiency	O
,	O
and	O
poor	O
reliability	O
due	O
to	O
dendrite	O
formation	O
causing	O
a	O
short-circuit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Efforts	O
to	O
improve	O
performance	O
center	O
around	O
the	O
choice	O
of	O
electrolyte	O
,	O
since	O
the	O
electrolyte	O
reaction	O
with	O
lithium	B-Language
dictates	O
Coulombic	O
efficiency	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
separator	O
electrolyte	O
must	O
withstand	O
dendrite	O
formation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
directions	O
include	O
high	O
salt	O
systems	O
,	O
additives	O
or	O
fluorine-containing	O
electrolytes	O
that	O
form	O
solid-electrolyte	O
interface	O
(	O
SEI	O
)	O
layers	O
on	O
lithium	B-Language
,	O
and	O
encapsulating	O
lithium	B-Language
inside	O
protective	O
shells	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Solid	O
polymer	B-Language
electrolytes	O
such	O
as	O
poly-ethylene	O
oxide	O
(	O
PEO	O
)	O
have	O
been	O
researched	O
for	O
decades	O
but	O
require	O
high	O
temperature	O
,	O
low	O
voltage	O
cathodes	O
,	O
and	O
low	O
current	O
densities	O
to	O
reach	O
reasonable	O
cycle	O
life	O
and	O
reliability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inorganic-polymer	O
composites	O
have	O
been	O
studied	O
to	O
find	O
a	O
processable	O
,	O
flexible	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
inorganic	O
materials	O
families	O
have	O
been	O
studied	O
,	O
including	O
LiPON	O
,	O
lithium	B-Language
borohydride	O
,	O
glassy	O
,	O
semi-crystalline	O
,	O
and	O
crystalline	O
sulfides	O
,	O
NASICON	O
structured	O
phosphates	O
,	O
perovskites	O
,	O
anti-perovskites	O
,	O
and	O
garnets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rechargeable	B-Algorithm
lithium	I-Algorithm
metal	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
have	O
been	O
commercialized	O
by	O
Bolloré	O
in	O
the	O
Bluecar	O
program	O
,	O
and	O
thin	O
film	O
batteries	O
with	O
low	O
energy	O
content	O
were	O
sold	O
by	O
Cymbet	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
companies	O
are	O
developing	O
rechargeable	B-Algorithm
lithium	I-Algorithm
metal	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
for	O
applications	O
in	O
consumer	O
electronics	O
devices	O
and	O
electric	O
vehicles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
+	O
Lithium	B-Language
metal	O
anode	O
cell	O
cycling	O
data	O
summary	O
Organization	O
Cell	O
size	O
Current	O
density	O
Cycles	O
Pressure	O
Mass	O
loading	O
Temperature	O
Source	O
Ion	O
storage	O
systems	O
1	O
layer	O
coin	O
cell	O
0.2	O
mA/cm2	O
25	O
?	O
</s>
