<s>
A	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
,	O
storage	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
,	O
or	O
secondary	B-Architecture
cell	I-Architecture
(	O
formally	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
energy	O
accumulator	O
)	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
electrical	O
battery	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
charged	O
,	O
discharged	O
into	O
a	O
load	O
,	O
and	O
recharged	O
many	O
times	O
,	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
a	O
disposable	O
or	O
primary	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
is	O
supplied	O
fully	O
charged	O
and	O
discarded	O
after	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rechargeable	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
are	O
produced	O
in	O
many	O
different	O
shapes	O
and	O
sizes	B-Library
,	O
ranging	O
from	O
button	O
cells	O
to	O
megawatt	O
systems	O
connected	O
to	O
stabilize	O
an	O
electrical	O
distribution	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
different	O
combinations	O
of	O
electrode	O
materials	O
and	O
electrolytes	O
are	O
used	O
,	O
including	O
lead	B-Device
–	I-Device
acid	I-Device
,	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
air	I-Algorithm
,	O
nickel	O
–	O
cadmium	O
(	O
NiCd	O
)	O
,	O
nickel	B-Device
–	I-Device
metal	I-Device
hydride	I-Device
(	O
NiMH	B-Device
)	O
,	O
lithium-ion	O
(	O
Li-ion	O
)	O
,	O
lithium	O
iron	O
phosphate	O
(	O
LiFePO4	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
lithium-ion	O
polymer	O
(	O
Li-ion	O
polymer	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rechargeable	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
typically	O
initially	O
cost	O
more	O
than	O
disposable	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
but	O
have	O
a	O
much	O
lower	O
total	O
cost	O
of	O
ownership	O
and	O
environmental	O
impact	O
,	O
as	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
recharged	O
inexpensively	O
many	O
times	O
before	O
they	O
need	O
replacing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
types	O
are	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
sizes	B-Library
and	O
voltages	O
as	O
disposable	O
types	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
interchangeably	O
with	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
characteristics	O
of	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
are	O
given	O
below	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
,	O
energy	O
is	O
induced	O
by	O
applying	O
an	O
external	O
source	O
to	O
the	O
chemical	O
substances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
have	O
a	O
high	O
self-discharge	B-Algorithm
rate	O
comparatively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Devices	O
which	O
use	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
include	O
automobile	B-Algorithm
starters	I-Algorithm
,	O
portable	O
consumer	O
devices	O
,	O
light	O
vehicles	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
motorized	O
wheelchairs	O
,	O
golf	O
carts	O
,	O
electric	O
bicycles	O
,	O
and	O
electric	O
forklifts	B-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
road	O
vehicles	O
(	O
cars	O
,	O
vans	O
,	O
trucks	O
,	O
motorbikes	O
)	O
,	O
trains	O
,	O
small	O
airplanes	O
,	O
tools	O
,	O
uninterruptible	O
power	O
supplies	O
,	O
and	O
battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
power	I-Algorithm
stations	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Older	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
self-discharge	B-Algorithm
relatively	O
rapidly	O
,	O
and	O
require	O
charging	O
before	O
first	O
use	O
;	O
some	O
newer	O
low	O
self-discharge	B-Algorithm
NiMH	B-Device
batteries	I-Device
hold	O
their	O
charge	O
for	O
many	O
months	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
typically	O
sold	O
factory-charged	O
to	O
about	O
70%	O
of	O
their	O
rated	O
capacity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Battery	B-Algorithm
storage	I-Algorithm
power	I-Algorithm
stations	I-Algorithm
use	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
for	O
load-leveling	O
(	O
storing	O
electric	O
energy	O
at	O
times	O
of	O
low	O
demand	O
for	O
use	O
during	O
peak	O
periods	O
)	O
and	O
for	O
renewable	O
energy	O
uses	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
storing	O
power	O
generated	O
from	O
photovoltaic	O
arrays	O
during	O
the	O
day	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
at	O
night	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
a	O
report	O
from	O
Research	O
and	O
Markets	O
,	O
the	O
analysts	O
forecast	O
the	O
global	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
market	O
to	O
grow	O
at	O
a	O
CAGR	O
of	O
8.32	O
%	O
during	O
the	O
period	O
2018	O
–	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Small	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
can	O
power	O
portable	O
electronic	O
devices	O
,	O
power	O
tools	O
,	O
appliances	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
charging	O
,	O
the	O
positive	O
active	O
material	O
is	O
oxidized	O
,	O
producing	O
electrons	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
negative	O
material	O
is	O
reduced	B-Operating_System
,	O
consuming	O
electrons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
electrolyte	O
may	O
serve	O
as	O
a	O
simple	O
buffer	O
for	O
internal	O
ion	O
flow	O
between	O
the	O
electrodes	O
,	O
as	O
in	O
lithium-ion	O
and	O
nickel-cadmium	O
cells	O
,	O
or	O
it	O
may	O
be	O
an	O
active	O
participant	O
in	O
the	O
electrochemical	O
reaction	O
,	O
as	O
in	O
lead	B-Device
–	I-Device
acid	I-Device
cells	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
energy	O
used	O
to	O
charge	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
usually	O
comes	O
from	O
a	O
battery	B-Application
charger	I-Application
using	O
AC	O
mains	O
electricity	O
,	O
although	O
some	O
are	O
equipped	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
vehicle	O
's	O
12-volt	O
DC	O
power	O
outlet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Battery	B-Algorithm
packs	I-Algorithm
intended	O
for	O
rapid	O
charging	O
may	O
include	O
a	O
temperature	O
sensor	O
that	O
the	O
charger	O
uses	O
to	O
protect	O
the	O
pack	O
;	O
the	O
sensor	O
will	O
have	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
additional	O
electrical	O
contacts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
some	O
battery	B-Algorithm
types	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
safely	O
recharged	O
from	O
a	O
constant	O
voltage	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Battery	B-Application
charging	I-Application
and	O
discharging	O
rates	O
are	O
often	O
discussed	O
by	O
referencing	O
a	O
"	O
C	O
"	O
rate	O
of	O
current	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
trickle	B-Algorithm
charging	I-Algorithm
might	O
be	O
performed	O
at	O
C/20	O
(	O
or	O
a	O
"	O
20-hour	O
"	O
rate	O
)	O
,	O
while	O
typical	O
charging	O
and	O
discharging	O
may	O
occur	O
at	O
C/2	O
(	O
two	O
hours	O
for	O
full	O
capacity	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
lead-acid	B-Device
cells	I-Device
,	O
the	O
relationship	O
between	O
time	O
and	O
discharge	O
rate	O
is	O
described	O
by	O
Peukert	B-Algorithm
's	I-Algorithm
law	I-Algorithm
;	O
a	O
lead-acid	B-Device
cell	I-Device
that	O
can	O
no	O
longer	O
sustain	O
a	O
usable	O
terminal	O
voltage	O
at	O
a	O
high	O
current	O
may	O
still	O
have	O
usable	O
capacity	O
,	O
if	O
discharged	O
at	O
a	O
much	O
lower	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
sheets	O
for	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
cells	I-Architecture
often	O
list	O
the	O
discharge	O
capacity	O
on	O
8-hour	O
or	O
20-hour	O
or	O
other	O
stated	O
time	O
;	O
cells	O
for	O
uninterruptible	O
power	O
supply	O
systems	O
may	O
be	O
rated	O
at	O
15-minute	O
discharge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Non-rechargeable	O
alkaline	O
and	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
carbon	I-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
output	O
1.5V	O
when	O
new	O
,	O
but	O
this	O
voltage	O
drops	O
with	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
NiMH	B-Device
AA	B-Algorithm
and	O
AAA	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
are	O
rated	O
at	O
1.2	O
V	O
,	O
but	O
have	O
a	O
flatter	O
discharge	O
curve	O
than	O
alkalines	O
and	O
can	O
usually	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
equipment	O
designed	O
to	O
use	O
alkaline	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
to	O
charge	O
a	O
12	O
V	O
lead-acid	B-Device
battery	I-Device
(	O
containing	O
6	O
cells	O
of	O
2	O
V	O
each	O
)	O
at	O
2.3	O
VPC	O
requires	O
a	O
voltage	O
of	O
13.8	O
V	O
across	O
the	O
battery	O
's	O
terminals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
smart	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
has	O
voltage	O
monitoring	O
circuitry	O
built	O
inside	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
this	O
is	O
the	O
sulfation	O
that	O
occurs	O
in	O
lead-acid	B-Device
batteries	I-Device
that	O
are	O
left	O
sitting	O
on	O
a	O
shelf	O
for	O
long	O
periods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
variations	O
during	O
manufacture	O
and	O
aging	O
,	O
the	O
DOD	O
for	O
complete	O
discharge	O
can	O
change	O
over	O
time	O
or	O
number	O
of	O
charge	B-Algorithm
cycles	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generally	O
a	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
system	O
will	O
tolerate	O
more	O
charge/discharge	B-Algorithm
cycles	I-Algorithm
if	O
the	O
DOD	O
is	O
lower	O
on	O
each	O
cycle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lead-acid	B-Device
batteries	I-Device
can	O
discharge	O
to	O
about	O
50	O
–	O
60%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
flow	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
can	O
discharge	O
100%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
batteries	O
are	O
used	O
repeatedly	O
even	O
without	O
mistreatment	O
,	O
they	O
lose	O
capacity	O
as	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
charge	B-Algorithm
cycles	I-Algorithm
increases	O
,	O
until	O
they	O
are	O
eventually	O
considered	O
to	O
have	O
reached	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
their	O
useful	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
in	O
lead-acid	B-Device
batteries	I-Device
,	O
not	O
all	O
the	O
active	O
material	O
is	O
restored	O
to	O
the	O
plates	O
on	O
each	O
charge/discharge	B-Algorithm
cycle	I-Algorithm
;	O
eventually	O
enough	O
material	O
is	O
lost	O
that	O
the	O
battery	O
capacity	O
is	O
reduced	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recharging	O
time	O
is	O
an	O
important	O
parameter	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
of	O
a	O
product	O
powered	O
by	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
if	O
the	O
charging	O
power	O
supply	O
provides	O
enough	O
power	O
to	O
operate	O
the	O
device	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
recharge	B-Architecture
the	O
battery	O
,	O
the	O
device	O
is	O
attached	O
to	O
an	O
external	O
power	O
supply	O
during	O
the	O
charging	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
cannot	O
be	O
recharged	O
at	O
an	O
arbitrarily	O
high	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
battery	B-Application
charger	I-Application
system	O
will	O
include	O
more	O
complex	O
control-circuit	O
-	O
and	O
charging	O
strategies	O
for	O
fast	O
charging	O
,	O
than	O
for	O
a	O
charger	O
designed	O
for	O
slower	O
recharging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
active	O
components	O
in	O
a	O
secondary	B-Architecture
cell	I-Architecture
are	O
the	O
chemicals	O
that	O
make	O
up	O
the	O
positive	O
and	O
negative	O
active	O
materials	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
electrolyte	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
positive	O
and	O
negative	O
electrodes	O
are	O
made	O
up	O
of	O
different	O
materials	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
positive	O
exhibiting	O
a	O
reduction	B-Operating_System
potential	O
and	O
the	O
negative	O
having	O
an	O
oxidation	O
potential	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
primary	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
the	O
positive	O
and	O
negative	O
electrodes	O
are	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
cathode	O
and	O
anode	O
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
this	O
convention	O
is	O
sometimes	O
carried	O
through	O
to	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
systems	O
—	O
especially	O
with	O
lithium-ion	O
cells	O
,	O
because	O
of	O
their	O
origins	O
in	O
primary	O
lithium	O
cells	O
—	O
this	O
practice	O
can	O
lead	O
to	O
confusion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
cells	I-Architecture
the	O
positive	O
electrode	O
is	O
the	O
cathode	O
on	O
discharge	O
and	O
the	O
anode	O
on	O
charge	O
,	O
and	O
vice	O
versa	O
for	O
the	O
negative	O
electrode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
lead	B-Device
–	I-Device
acid	I-Device
battery	I-Device
,	O
invented	O
in	O
1859	O
by	O
French	O
physicist	O
Gaston	O
Planté	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
oldest	O
type	O
of	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nickel	O
–	O
cadmium	O
batteries	O
have	O
been	O
almost	O
completely	O
superseded	O
by	O
nickel	B-Device
–	I-Device
metal	I-Device
hydride	I-Device
(	O
NiMH	B-Device
)	O
batteries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
nickel	B-Device
–	I-Device
metal	I-Device
hydride	I-Device
battery	I-Device
(	O
NiMH	B-Device
)	O
became	O
available	O
in	O
1989	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
battery	O
has	O
a	O
hydrogen-absorbing	O
alloy	B-Application
for	O
the	O
negative	O
electrode	O
instead	O
of	O
cadmium	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
lithium-ion	O
battery	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
the	O
market	O
in	O
1991	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
choice	O
in	O
most	O
consumer	O
electronics	O
,	O
having	O
the	O
best	O
energy	O
density	O
and	O
a	O
very	O
slow	O
loss	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
charge	I-Algorithm
when	O
not	O
in	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
350	O
~	O
1400Research	O
News	O
:	O
A	O
longer	O
life	O
for	O
lithium	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
sulfur	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
,	O
Fraunhofer.de	O
website	O
,	O
April	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sodium-ion	B-Algorithm
3.6	O
30	O
3.3	O
5000+	O
Testing	O
Thin-film	O
lithium	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
lithium	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
sulfur	I-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
was	O
developed	O
by	O
Sion	O
Power	O
in	O
1994	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
developers	O
claim	O
a	O
large	O
increase	O
in	O
recharge	B-Architecture
cycles	O
to	O
around	O
40,000	O
and	O
higher	O
charge	O
and	O
discharge	O
rates	O
,	O
at	O
least	O
5	O
C	O
charge	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UltraBattery	O
,	O
a	O
hybrid	O
lead	B-Device
–	I-Device
acid	I-Device
battery	I-Device
and	O
ultracapacitor	O
invented	O
by	O
Australia	O
's	O
national	O
science	O
organisation	O
CSIRO	O
,	O
exhibits	O
tens	O
of	O
thousands	O
of	O
partial	O
state	O
of	O
charge	B-Algorithm
cycles	I-Algorithm
and	O
has	O
outperformed	O
traditional	O
lead-acid	B-Device
,	O
lithium	O
,	O
and	O
NiMH-based	O
cells	O
when	O
compared	O
in	O
testing	O
in	O
this	O
mode	O
against	O
variability	O
management	O
power	O
profiles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technology	O
is	O
claimed	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
lifetime	O
of	O
7	O
to	O
10	O
times	O
that	O
of	O
conventional	O
lead-acid	B-Device
batteries	I-Device
in	O
high	O
rate	O
partial	O
state-of-charge	O
use	O
,	O
with	O
safety	O
and	O
environmental	O
benefits	O
claimed	O
over	O
competitors	O
like	O
lithium-ion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
potassium-ion	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
delivers	O
around	O
a	O
million	O
cycles	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
extraordinary	O
electrochemical	O
stability	O
of	O
potassium	O
insertion/extraction	O
materials	O
such	O
as	O
Prussian	O
blue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
sodium-ion	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
is	O
meant	O
for	O
stationary	O
storage	O
and	O
competes	O
with	O
lead	B-Device
–	I-Device
acid	I-Device
batteries	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
energy	O
density	O
is	O
rather	O
low	O
,	O
somewhat	O
lower	O
than	O
lead	B-Device
–	I-Device
acid	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
is	O
only	O
one	O
of	O
several	O
types	O
of	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
energy	I-Architecture
storage	I-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
alternatives	O
to	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
exist	O
or	O
are	O
under	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
uses	O
such	O
as	O
portable	O
radios	O
,	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
may	O
be	O
replaced	O
by	O
clockwork	O
mechanisms	O
which	O
are	O
wound	O
up	O
by	O
hand	O
,	O
driving	O
dynamos	O
,	O
although	O
this	O
system	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
charge	O
a	O
battery	O
rather	O
than	O
to	O
operate	O
the	O
radio	O
directly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ultracapacitors	O
capacitors	O
of	O
extremely	O
high	O
value	O
are	O
also	O
used	O
;	O
an	O
electric	O
screwdriver	O
which	O
charges	O
in	O
90	O
seconds	O
and	O
will	O
drive	O
about	O
half	O
as	O
many	O
screws	O
as	O
a	O
device	O
using	O
a	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
2007	O
,	O
and	O
similar	O
flashlights	O
have	O
been	O
produced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
keeping	O
with	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
ultracapacitors	O
,	O
betavoltaic	B-Algorithm
batteries	O
may	O
be	O
utilized	O
as	O
a	O
method	O
of	O
providing	O
a	O
trickle-charge	O
to	O
a	O
secondary	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
,	O
greatly	O
extending	O
the	O
life	O
and	O
energy	O
capacity	O
of	O
the	O
battery	O
system	O
being	O
employed	O
;	O
this	O
type	O
of	O
arrangement	O
is	O
often	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
hybrid	O
betavoltaic	B-Algorithm
power	O
source	O
"	O
by	O
those	O
in	O
the	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ultracapacitors	O
are	O
being	O
developed	O
for	O
transportation	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
large	O
capacitor	O
to	O
store	O
energy	O
instead	O
of	O
the	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
banks	O
used	O
in	O
hybrid	O
vehicles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
potential	O
benefits	O
in	O
cycle	O
efficiency	O
,	O
lifetime	O
,	O
and	O
weight	O
compared	O
with	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
China	O
started	O
using	O
ultracapacitors	O
on	O
two	O
commercial	O
bus	O
routes	O
in	O
2006	O
;	O
one	O
of	O
them	O
is	O
route	O
11	O
in	O
Shanghai	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flow	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
,	O
used	O
for	O
specialized	O
applications	O
,	O
are	O
recharged	O
by	O
replacing	O
the	O
electrolyte	O
liquid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
flow	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
fuel	O
cell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rechargeable	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
research	O
includes	O
development	O
of	O
new	O
electrochemical	O
systems	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
improving	O
the	O
life	O
span	O
and	O
capacity	O
of	O
current	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
