<s>
ReactOS	B-Application
is	O
a	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
for	B-Language
amd64/i686	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
intended	O
to	O
be	O
binary-compatible	B-General_Concept
with	O
computer	B-Application
programs	I-Application
and	O
device	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
made	O
for	B-Language
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
and	O
later	O
versions	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Windows	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
ReactOS	B-Application
has	O
been	O
noted	O
as	O
a	O
potential	O
open-source	B-Application
drop-in	B-Architecture
replacement	I-Architecture
for	B-Language
Windows	O
and	O
for	B-Language
its	O
information	O
on	O
undocumented	B-General_Concept
Windows	B-Library
APIs	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
ReactOS	B-Application
has	O
been	O
in	O
development	O
since	O
1996	O
.	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
still	O
considered	O
feature-incomplete	O
alpha	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
therefore	O
recommended	O
by	O
the	O
developers	O
only	O
for	B-Language
evaluation	O
and	O
testing	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
many	O
Windows	B-Application
applications	I-Application
are	O
currently	O
working	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Adobe	B-Application
Reader	I-Application
9.3	O
,	O
GIMP	B-Application
2.6	O
,	O
and	O
LibreOffice	B-Application
5.4	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
ReactOS	B-Application
is	O
primarily	O
written	O
in	O
C	B-Language
,	O
with	O
some	O
elements	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
ReactOS	B-Application
File	B-Protocol
Explorer	I-Protocol
,	O
written	O
in	O
C++	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
partially	O
implements	O
Windows	B-Library
API	I-Library
functionality	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
ported	O
to	O
the	O
AMD64	B-Device
processor	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
ReactOS	B-Application
,	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
FOSS	B-License
ecosystem	O
,	O
re-uses	O
and	O
collaborates	O
with	O
many	O
other	O
FOSS	B-License
projects	O
,	O
most	O
notably	O
the	O
Wine	B-Application
project	I-Application
,	O
which	O
presents	O
a	O
Windows	O
compatibility	O
layer	O
for	B-Language
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
1996	O
,	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
developers	O
started	O
a	O
project	O
called	O
FreeWin95	B-Application
to	O
implement	O
a	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
FreeWin95	B-Application
had	O
started	O
out	O
with	O
high	O
expectations	O
,	O
there	O
still	O
had	O
not	O
been	O
any	O
builds	O
released	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
1997	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
revived	O
project	O
sought	O
to	O
duplicate	O
the	O
functionality	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
creating	O
the	O
new	O
project	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
name	O
,	O
ReactOS	B-Application
,	O
was	O
chosen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
began	O
development	O
in	O
February	O
1998	O
by	O
creating	O
the	O
basis	O
for	B-Language
a	O
new	O
NT	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
and	O
basic	O
drivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
ReactOS	B-Application
was	O
coined	O
during	O
an	O
IRC	O
chat	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
OS	O
"	O
stood	O
for	B-Language
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
react	O
"	O
referred	O
to	O
the	O
group	O
's	O
dissatisfaction	O
with	O
–	O
and	O
reaction	O
to	O
–	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
monopolistic	O
position	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2002	O
,	O
the	O
ReactOS	B-Application
Foundation	O
was	O
established	O
in	O
Moscow	O
with	O
Maxim	O
Osowski	O
and	O
Aleksey	O
Bragin	O
as	O
executive	O
officers	O
and	O
Vladimir	O
Bragin	O
,	O
Saveliy	O
Tretiakov	O
and	O
Alexey	O
Ivanov	O
on	O
the	O
board	O
of	O
directors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
avoid	O
copyright	O
prosecution	O
,	O
ReactOS	B-Application
had	O
to	O
be	O
expressly	O
completely	O
distinct	O
and	O
non-derivative	O
from	O
Windows	O
,	O
a	O
goal	O
that	O
needed	O
very	O
careful	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
claim	O
was	O
made	O
on	O
17	O
January	O
2006	O
by	O
developer	O
Hartmut	O
Birr	O
on	O
the	O
ReactOS	B-Application
developers	O
mailing	O
list	B-Operating_System
(	O
ros-dev	O
)	O
that	O
ReactOS	B-Application
contained	O
code	O
derived	O
from	O
disassembling	O
Microsoft	B-Operating_System
Windows	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Comparing	O
this	O
function	O
to	O
disassembled	O
binaries	O
from	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
,	O
Birr	O
argued	O
that	O
the	O
BadStack	O
function	O
was	O
simply	O
copy-pasted	B-General_Concept
from	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
,	O
given	O
that	O
they	O
were	O
identical	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alex	O
Ionescu	O
,	O
the	O
author	O
of	O
the	O
code	O
,	O
asserted	O
that	O
while	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
binary	O
in	O
question	O
was	O
indeed	O
disassembled	O
and	O
studied	O
,	O
the	O
code	O
was	O
not	O
merely	O
copy-pasted	B-General_Concept
,	O
but	O
reimplemented	O
;	O
the	O
reason	O
why	O
the	O
functions	O
were	O
identical	O
,	O
Ionescu	O
claimed	O
,	O
was	O
because	O
there	O
was	O
only	O
one	O
possible	O
way	O
to	O
implement	O
the	O
function	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
27	O
January	O
2006	O
,	O
the	O
developers	O
responsible	O
for	B-Language
maintaining	O
the	O
ReactOS	B-Application
code	O
repository	O
disabled	O
access	O
after	O
a	O
meeting	O
was	O
held	O
to	O
discuss	O
the	O
allegations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
ReactOS	B-Application
is	O
a	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
development	O
project	O
,	O
the	O
claim	O
triggered	O
a	O
negative	O
reaction	O
from	O
the	O
free	O
software	O
community	O
;	O
in	O
particular	O
,	O
Wine	B-Application
barred	O
several	O
inactive	O
developers	O
from	O
providing	O
contributions	O
and	O
formal	O
high	O
level	O
cooperation	O
between	O
the	O
two	O
projects	O
remained	O
difficult	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contributions	O
from	O
several	O
active	O
ReactOS	B-Application
developers	O
have	O
been	O
accepted	O
post-audit	O
,	O
and	O
low	O
level	O
cooperation	O
for	B-Language
bug	O
fixes	O
has	O
been	O
still	O
occurring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
statement	O
on	O
its	O
website	O
,	O
ReactOS	B-Application
cited	O
differing	O
legal	O
definitions	O
of	O
what	O
constitutes	O
clean-room	O
reverse	O
engineering	O
as	O
a	O
cause	O
for	B-Language
the	O
conflict	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ReactOS	B-Application
clarified	O
its	O
Intellectual	O
Property	O
Policy	O
Statement	O
requirements	O
on	O
clean	O
room	O
reverse	O
engineering	O
to	O
avoid	O
potential	O
infringement	O
of	O
United	O
States	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2007	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
audit	O
nearing	O
completion	O
,	O
the	O
audit	O
status	O
was	O
removed	O
from	O
the	O
ReactOS	B-Application
homepage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Much	O
of	O
the	O
assembly	B-Language
code	I-Language
that	O
was	O
allegedly	O
copied	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
replaced	O
as	O
a	O
natural	O
progression	O
in	O
ReactOS	B-Application
development	O
,	O
by	O
the	O
developers	O
having	O
reimplemented	O
the	O
functionality	O
in	O
C	B-Language
for	B-Language
portability	O
reasons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
the	O
2004	O
leaked	O
Windows	O
source	O
code	O
was	O
not	O
seen	O
as	O
legal	O
risk	O
for	B-Language
ReactOS	B-Application
,	O
as	O
the	O
trade	O
secret	O
was	O
considered	O
indefensible	O
in	O
court	O
due	O
to	O
broad	O
spread	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Axel	O
Rietschin	O
,	O
who	O
is	O
a	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
engineer	O
at	B-Device
Microsoft	O
,	O
claimed	O
that	O
he	O
recognized	O
some	O
specific	O
bits	O
in	O
the	O
ReactOS	B-Application
kernel	B-Operating_System
that	O
are	O
unlikely	O
to	O
result	O
from	O
a	O
clean	O
room	O
reimplementation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
suggests	O
that	O
the	O
project	O
took	O
source	O
code	O
from	O
the	O
Windows	O
Research	O
Kernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
was	O
licensed	O
to	O
universities	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
leaked	O
multiple	O
times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internal	O
data	O
structures	O
and	O
variable	O
names	O
have	O
the	O
exact	O
same	O
name	O
in	O
both	O
ReactOS	B-Application
and	O
the	O
research	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
in	O
2006	O
,	O
the	O
ReactOS	B-Application
project	O
participated	O
in	O
several	O
Google	B-Application
Summers	I-Application
of	I-Application
Code	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	B-Language
example	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
GSoC	B-Application
2011	O
,	O
ReactOS	B-Application
mentored	O
a	O
student	O
project	O
which	O
integrated	O
lwIP	B-Application
into	O
the	O
network	O
stack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ReactOS	B-Application
has	O
to	O
date	O
participated	O
seven	O
times	O
in	O
GSoC	B-Application
:	O
2006	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
and	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
2007	O
and	O
2015	O
,	O
Russian	O
ReactOS	B-Application
contributors	O
representing	O
the	O
ReactOS	B-Application
Foundation	O
made	O
efforts	O
at	B-Device
lobbying	O
the	O
Russian	O
federal	O
government	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
these	O
efforts	O
have	O
not	O
yielded	O
government	O
support	O
for	B-Language
ReactOS	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
Russia-based	O
ReactOS	B-Application
Foundation	O
has	O
been	O
dissolved	O
since	O
November	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
,	O
then	O
State	O
Duma	O
member	O
and	O
chairman	O
of	O
Russian	O
Center	O
of	O
Free	O
Technologies	O
,	O
Viktor	O
Alksnis	O
met	O
with	O
project	O
coordinator	O
Aleksey	O
Bragin	O
,	O
who	O
gave	O
a	O
presentation	O
and	O
demonstration	O
of	O
the	O
project	O
,	O
showing	O
ReactOS	B-Application
running	O
with	O
Total	B-Language
Commander	I-Language
and	O
Mozilla	B-Application
Firefox	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
1	O
April	O
2015	O
,	O
Bragin	O
attended	O
an	O
expert	O
meeting	O
of	O
the	O
Russian	O
Ministry	O
of	O
Communications	O
on	O
reducing	O
Russia	O
's	O
dependency	O
from	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
imports	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
minutes	O
name	O
the	O
"	O
creation	O
of	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
based	O
on	O
ReactOS	B-Application
for	B-Language
PCs	B-Device
,	O
laptops	O
and	O
other	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
"	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
creation	O
of	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
for	B-Language
servers	O
based	O
on	O
ReactOS	B-Application
"	O
,	O
placing	O
it	O
second	O
among	O
three	O
named	O
proposals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	B-Device
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
year	O
,	O
approximately	O
50%	O
of	O
the	O
funding	O
goal	O
was	O
achieved	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
decided	O
to	O
continue	O
the	O
funding	O
campaign	O
without	O
deadlines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
money	O
went	O
to	O
ReactOS	B-Application
Deutschland	O
e	O
.	O
V	O
..	O
As	O
the	O
tax	O
law	O
in	O
Germany	O
for	B-Language
this	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
registered	O
voluntary	O
association	O
(	O
Eingetragener	O
Verein	O
)	O
makes	O
it	O
problematic	O
to	O
pay	O
developers	O
directly	O
;	O
indirect	O
possibilities	O
like	O
stipends	O
were	O
evaluated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
ReactOS	B-Application
was	O
awarded	O
as	O
Project	O
of	O
the	O
Month	O
on	O
SourceForge	B-Application
on	O
June	O
2013	O
,	O
a	O
crowdfunding	O
campaign	O
on	O
Kickstarter	O
was	O
announced	O
in	O
an	O
interview	O
with	O
the	O
project	O
's	O
coordinator	O
,	O
Aleksey	O
Bragin	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Thorium	O
Core	O
Cloud	O
Desktop	O
dubbed	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
service	O
would	O
use	O
ReactOS	B-Application
as	O
core	O
and	O
could	O
allow	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Windows	O
compatible	B-General_Concept
applications	O
from	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
(	O
like	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
tablets	B-Device
)	O
,	O
workstations	B-Device
,	O
or	O
any	O
other	O
connected	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
ReactOS	B-Application
project	O
announced	O
an	O
Indiegogo	O
campaign	O
to	O
launch	O
ReactOS	B-Application
Community	O
Edition	O
,	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
ReactOS	B-Application
based	O
on	O
the	O
0.4	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Development	O
of	O
ReactOS	B-Application
Community	O
Edition	O
would	O
be	O
community-centric	O
,	O
with	O
ReactOS	B-Application
users	O
voting	O
and	O
funding	O
to	O
decide	O
which	O
software	O
and	O
hardware	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
the	O
project	O
will	O
aim	O
to	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
1	O
June	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
flexible	O
crowdfunding	O
campaign	O
on	O
Indiegogo	O
ended	O
,	O
raising	O
$	O
25,141	O
for	B-Language
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
community	O
edition	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
voting	O
process	O
to	O
support	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	O
was	O
started	O
shortly	O
thereafter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ReactOS	B-Application
project	O
organized	O
a	O
hackfest	O
from	O
7	O
to	O
12	O
August	O
2015	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
German	O
city	O
of	O
Aachen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Hackfest	O
resulted	O
in	O
many	O
features	O
being	O
added	O
to	O
ReactOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
hackfest	O
was	O
organized	O
by	O
the	O
ReactOS	B-Application
project	O
from	O
14	O
to	O
18	O
August	O
2017	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
German	O
city	O
of	O
Cologne	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
third	O
and	O
fourth	O
hackfests	O
were	O
organized	O
by	O
the	O
ReactOS	B-Application
project	O
from	O
16	O
to	O
21	O
August	O
2018	O
and	O
from	O
15	O
to	O
20	O
August	O
2019	O
in	O
Berlin	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
System	O
version	O
Release	O
date	O
Release	O
information	O
2004-01-25	O
First	O
release	O
with	O
working	O
GUI	B-Application
2004-03-03	O
Bug	O
fixes	O
only	O
2004-04-27	O
Bug	O
fixes	O
only	O
2004-06-26	O
New	O
LiveCD	O
image	O
,	O
improved	O
stability	O
in	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
and	O
win32k	O
,	O
networking	O
improvements	O
and	O
improved	O
shell	B-Operating_System
,	O
command	B-Device
prompt	I-Device
and	O
hardware	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
2004-09-13	O
Code	O
synced	O
with	O
Wine	B-Application
,	O
compiler	O
fixes	O
and	O
cleaned	O
up	O
file	O
headers	O
2005-01-02	O
Imported	O
Notepad	B-Application
from	O
WINE	B-Application
,	O
added	O
Date/Time	O
application	O
2005-04-09	O
NVIDIA	O
OpenGL	B-Application
hardware	O
acceleration	O
works	O
,	O
NCITool	O
created	O
for	B-Language
generating	O
system	O
call	O
database	O
files	O
2005-08-21	O
New	O
Command	B-Device
Prompt	I-Device
,	O
My	O
Computer	O
and	O
ReactOS	B-Application
logo	O
icons	O
,	O
improved	O
first-stage	O
installer	O
appearance	O
2005-10-29	O
VMware	O
detection	O
,	O
CSRSS	O
rewrite	O
2005-12-22	O
Bug	O
fixes	O
only	O
2006-08-27	O
First	O
version	O
to	O
officially	O
support	O
networking	O
2007-03-10	O
Program	O
manager	O
included	O
,	O
start	O
of	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
rewrite	O
skipped	O
Branch	O
created	O
but	O
never	O
released	O
2007-09-12	O
Kernel	B-Operating_System
and	O
win32k	O
improvements	O
2008-01-22	O
Registry	O
support	O
rewrite	O
,	O
remote	O
desktop	O
client	O
and	O
Plug	B-Device
and	I-Device
Play	I-Device
2008-06-30	O
Bug	O
fixes	O
only	O
2008-08-06	O
RTL	O
support	O
2008-11-04	O
Improved	O
x86-64	B-Device
;	O
MSVC	B-Application
,	O
new	O
stacks	O
2009-02-04	O
Introduced	O
PSEH	O
and	O
multi-partition	O
HDD	O
support	O
in	O
LiveCD	O
2009-04-26	O
24	O
MB	O
minimum	O
RAM	O
,	O
faster	O
hyperspace	O
mapping	O
,	O
initial	O
sound	O
support	O
2009-07-05	O
Initial	O
SATA	O
support	O
,	O
USB	B-Protocol
keyboard/mouse	O
support	O
,	O
Paint	B-Application
clone	B-General_Concept
,	O
initial	O
MSVC	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
2009-12-16	O
Kdcom	O
rewrite	O
;	O
Chinese/Korean	O
fonts	O
;	O
compatibility	O
updates	O
;	O
sound	O
system	O
improvements	O
2010-10-20	O
Trap	O
handler	O
rewrite	O
;	O
timer	O
and	O
message	O
handling	O
rewrite	O
;	O
NMI	B-General_Concept
support	O
;	O
SxS	O
support	O
;	O
partial	O
EMS	O
support	O
2011-03-22	O
Heap	O
manager	O
rewrite	O
,	O
improved	O
SATA	O
support	O
,	O
fixed	O
graphics	O
issues	O
2012-02-07ACPI	O
enabled	O
by	O
default	O
,	O
WiFi	O
support	O
(	O
unencrypted	O
and	O
WEP	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
theme	O
support	O
,	O
new	O
TCP/IP	O
driver	O
(	O
LwIP	B-Application
)	O
,	O
MSVC	B-Application
compatibility	O
,	O
Scatter/Gather	B-General_Concept
DMA	B-General_Concept
operations	O
supported	O
,	O
shell32	O
rewrite	O
2013-05-30USB	O
support	O
for	B-Language
mice	O
,	O
keyboard	O
,	O
and	O
storage	O
devices	O
;	O
rewritten	O
session	O
management	O
;	O
AHCI	O
support	O
with	O
updated	O
UniATA	O
driver	O
;	O
alternate	O
ReactOS	B-Application
Memory	O
Management	O
Module	O
has	O
taken	O
over	O
all	O
memory	O
management	O
responsibilities	O
except	O
for	B-Language
sections	O
;	O
preliminary	O
support	O
for	B-Language
debugging	O
ReactOS	B-Application
components	O
using	O
WinDbg	B-Application
;	O
improvements	O
based	O
on	O
results	O
from	O
the	O
AutoHotkey	B-Language
application	O
functionality	O
test	O
suite	O
;	O
Bugfixes	O
based	O
on	O
running	O
Driver	O
Verifier	O
on	O
several	O
bundled	O
drivers	O
ReactOS	B-Application
review	O
|	O
LinuxBSDos.com	O
2014-02-06CSRSS	O
rewrite	O
;	O
theme	O
support	O
improved	O
;	O
network	O
card	O
driver	O
for	B-Language
the	O
RTL8139	O
,	O
allowing	O
ReactOS	B-Application
to	O
support	O
newer	O
versions	O
of	O
QEMU	B-Application
out	O
of	O
the	O
box	O
DistroWatch	O
Weekly	O
,	O
Issue	O
593	O
,	O
19	O
January	O
2015	O
2014-11-05	O
Inclusion	O
of	O
an	O
NTVDM	O
;	O
font	O
improvements	O
;	O
bug	O
fixes	O
DistroWatch	O
Weekly	O
,	O
Issue	O
652	O
,	O
14	O
March	O
2016	O
2016-02-16	O
Improved	O
USB	B-Protocol
support	O
,	O
new	O
file	B-Protocol
explorer	I-Protocol
shell	B-Operating_System
and	O
theming	O
,	O
improved	O
VirtualBox	B-Operating_System
and	O
Virtual	B-Application
PC	I-Application
support	O
,	O
ext2	B-Application
read/write	O
support	O
,	O
NTFS	B-Application
read	O
support	O
and	O
improved	O
networking	O
support	O
ReactOS	B-Application
0.4.1	O
review	O
—	O
Cold	O
fusion	O
,	O
Dedoimedo	O
2016-05-17	O
Improved	O
Activation	O
Context	O
,	O
Btrfs	B-Operating_System
support	O
,	O
improved	O
Shell	B-Operating_System
,	O
USB	B-Protocol
bug	O
fixes	O
,	O
support	O
for	B-Language
Virtual	O
Machine	O
Shared	O
Folders	O
2016-08-16	O
Improved	O
Btrfs	B-Operating_System
and	O
extended	B-Application
file	I-Application
system	I-Application
support	O
,	O
ReiserFS	B-Application
and	O
UFS/FFS	B-Operating_System
,	O
introduced	O
.NET	B-Application
Framework	I-Application
2.0	O
and	O
4.0	O
support	O
,	O
Shell	B-Operating_System
fixes	O
and	O
improvements	O
2016-11-16	O
New	O
Winsock	B-Application
library	B-Library
,	O
initial	O
sections	O
support	O
,	O
usual	O
bug	O
fixes	O
2017-02-16	O
Initial	O
print	O
stack	O
support	O
,	O
minor	O
font	O
fixes	O
,	O
usual	O
improvements	O
and	O
bug	O
fixes	O
2017-05-18	O
Improved	O
rendering	O
of	O
fonts	O
and	O
font	O
metrics	O
,	O
major	O
fixes	O
in	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
and	O
drivers	O
,	O
Microsoft	B-Operating_System
Office	I-Operating_System
2010	I-Operating_System
tested	O
as	O
functioning	O
2017-09-01	O
Several	O
fixes	O
for	B-Language
dual-boot	B-Operating_System
issues	O
,	O
improved	O
theming	O
support	O
,	O
NFS	B-Protocol
driver	O
added	O
,	O
several	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
and	O
filesystem	O
fixes	O
2017-12-06	O
Improved	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
applications	O
manager	O
RAPPS	O
,	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
Quick-Launch	O
"	O
toolbar	O
in	O
the	O
explorer	O
;	O
various	O
bug	O
fixes	O
in	O
the	O
filesystem	O
drivers	O
,	O
improvements	O
in	O
the	O
RDBSS/RXCE	O
and	O
NFS	B-Protocol
support.2018-04-14	O
Balloon	O
notifications	O
,	O
notification	O
tray	O
,	O
shell	B-Operating_System
autocompletion	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
NTFS	B-Application
driver	O
,	O
crash	O
dump	O
reporting	O
and	O
experimental	O
support	O
for	B-Language
NT6+	O
software.2018-07-23	O
ReactOS	B-Application
is	O
(	O
again	O
)	O
self-hosting.2018-11-06	O
Supports	O
BTRFS	B-Operating_System
booting.2019-03-04	O
Drivers	O
for	B-Language
battery	O
management	O
(	O
its	O
icon	O
is	O
located	O
in	O
the	O
taskbar	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
bottom	O
right	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
,	O
next	O
to	O
the	O
clock	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	B-Language
updating	O
an	O
existing	O
ReactOS	B-Application
installation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Improved	O
SATA	O
support.2019-09-23	O
Kernel	B-Operating_System
improvements	O
,	O
window-snapping	O
feature	O
,	O
font	O
improvements	O
,	O
Intel	O
e1000	O
NIC	O
driver	O
,	O
user-mode	O
DLLs	O
,	O
new	O
themes.2020-04-09New	O
USB	B-Protocol
stack	O
,	O
FAT	B-Application
driver	O
from	O
FreeLoader	O
optimized	O
,	O
new	O
software	O
introduced	O
:	O
Accessibility	O
Utility	O
Manager.2021-12-16	O
“	O
Send	O
To	O
”	O
feature	O
and	O
Shell	B-Operating_System
improvements	O
,	O
NEC	B-Operating_System
PC-9800	I-Operating_System
boot	O
support	O
,	O
ICMP	B-Protocol
improvements	O
,	O
Kernel	B-Operating_System
improvements	O
,	O
NetKVM	O
VirtIO	B-Application
bringup	O
,	O
miscellaneous	O
changes	O
&	O
improvements	O
NTFS	B-Application
reading	O
and	O
writing	O
support	O
file	O
system	O
NTFS	B-Application
,	O
support	O
for	B-Language
driver	B-Application
WDM	I-Application
(	O
video	O
card	O
included	O
)	O
,	O
improvements	O
regarding	O
printing	O
and	O
the	O
DirectX	B-Application
Core	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
is	O
a	O
non-exhaustive	O
list	B-Operating_System
of	O
commands	B-Application
that	O
are	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
ReactOS	B-Application
Command	B-Device
Prompt	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
ReactOS	B-Application
is	O
primarily	O
written	O
in	O
C	B-Language
,	O
with	O
some	O
elements	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
ReactOS	B-Application
Explorer	O
and	O
the	O
sound	O
stack	O
,	O
written	O
in	O
C++	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
compiles	O
using	O
both	O
MinGW	B-Application
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Visual	I-Application
Studio	I-Application
,	O
and	O
contributes	O
to	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
build	O
systems	O
used	O
through	O
the	O
submission	O
of	O
patches	O
to	O
its	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
developers	O
aim	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
and	O
usermode	O
application	B-Application
programming	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
API	B-Application
)	O
more	B-Device
compatible	B-General_Concept
with	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
version	O
5.2	O
(	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
)	O
and	O
to	O
add	O
support	O
for	B-Language
more	B-Device
applications	O
and	O
hardware	O
,	O
with	O
plans	O
to	O
target	O
newer	O
versions	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Windows	I-Operating_System
as	O
development	O
matures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DirectX	B-Application
support	O
is	O
undertaken	O
through	O
ReactX	B-Application
,	O
an	O
in-house	O
implementation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2D	O
and	O
OpenGL	B-Application
3D	O
hardware-accelerated	O
rendering	O
is	O
done	O
natively	O
,	O
while	O
other	O
drawing	O
functionality	O
such	O
as	O
Direct3D	B-Application
is	O
redirected	O
to	O
OpenGL	B-Application
as	O
a	O
stopgap	O
solution	O
,	O
mostly	O
using	O
Wine	B-Application
's	O
code	O
such	O
as	O
WineD3D	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
an	O
estimate	O
of	O
the	O
effort	O
required	O
to	O
implement	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
,	O
Microsoft	O
employed	O
1,000	O
or	O
so	O
developers	O
,	O
organized	O
into	O
25	O
teams	O
,	O
with	O
each	O
team	O
averaging	O
40	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
in	O
the	O
ReactOS	B-Application
entry	O
in	O
Ohloh	B-Application
,	O
the	O
page	O
followed	O
through	O
the	O
"	O
Very	O
large	O
,	O
active	O
development	O
team	O
"	O
link	O
lists	O
33	O
developers	O
who	O
have	O
contributed	O
over	O
a	O
12-month	O
period	O
and	O
a	O
cumulative	O
total	O
of	O
104	O
present	O
and	O
former	O
users	O
who	O
have	O
contributed	O
code	O
to	O
the	O
project	O
via	O
Apache	B-Application
Subversion	I-Application
since	O
its	O
inception	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
his	O
presentation	O
at	B-Device
Hackmeeting	O
2009	O
in	O
Milan	O
,	O
ReactOS	B-Application
developer	O
Michele	O
C	B-Language
.	O
noted	O
that	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
developers	O
learn	O
about	O
Windows	O
architecture	O
while	O
working	O
on	O
ReactOS	B-Application
and	O
have	O
no	O
prior	O
knowledge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
ReactOS	B-Application
targets	O
currently	O
mainly	O
the	O
x86/AMD64	O
PC	B-Device
platform	O
,	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
port	O
to	O
the	O
ARM	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
was	O
at	B-Device
one	O
point	O
"	O
under	O
way	O
"	O
,	O
while	O
it	O
did	O
not	O
produce	O
much	O
functionality	O
and	O
was	O
abandoned	O
along	O
with	O
a	O
port	O
to	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
,	O
that	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
actively	O
maintained	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	B-Language
the	O
Xbox	B-Application
and	O
the	O
NEC	B-Operating_System
PC-9800	I-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
variant	O
IA-32	B-Device
architecture	O
,	O
was	O
added	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
an	O
architecture-specific	O
HAL	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Improved	O
64-bit	O
support	O
for	B-Language
ReactOS	B-Application
is	O
"	O
being	O
worked	O
on	O
"	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
development	O
seems	O
to	O
be	O
going	O
slowly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
ReactOS	B-Application
has	O
the	O
aim	O
to	O
build	O
a	O
Windows-compatible	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
as	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
surrounding	O
required	O
functionality	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
complete	O
OS	O
is	O
already	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
greater	O
open-source	B-Application
ecosystem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
available	O
and	O
possible	O
,	O
ReactOS	B-Application
therefore	O
builds	O
on	O
and	O
collaborates	O
with	O
already	O
existing	O
open-source	B-Application
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conversely	O
,	O
projects	O
like	O
Wine	B-Application
,	O
and	O
formerly	O
Captive	B-Application
NTFS	I-Application
and	O
Longene	B-Application
re-use	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
ReactOS	B-Application
code-base	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
hardware	B-Application
driver	I-Application
side	O
,	O
for	B-Language
instance	O
the	O
UniATA	O
project	O
provides	O
Serial	O
ATA	O
drivers	O
for	B-Language
ReactOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
has	O
also	O
experimented	O
with	O
using	O
the	O
FullFAT	O
library	B-Library
in	O
its	O
rewrite	O
of	O
its	O
FAT	B-Application
Installable	B-Application
File	I-Application
System	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
ReactOS	B-Application
makes	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
USB	B-Protocol
stack	O
from	O
Haiku	B-Language
both	O
as	O
a	O
reference	O
and	O
as	O
a	O
foundation	O
for	B-Language
its	O
USB	B-Protocol
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mesa	B-Application
3D	I-Application
provides	O
OpenGL	B-Application
rendering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ReactOS	B-Application
's	O
network	O
stack	O
is	O
built	O
on	O
the	O
TCP	B-Protocol
portion	O
of	O
OSKit	O
's	O
port	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
stack	O
in	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
,	O
along	O
with	O
an	O
internally	O
developed	O
implementation	O
for	B-Language
packet-oriented	O
protocols	O
like	O
IP	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
lwIP	B-Application
was	O
integrated	O
into	O
the	O
ReactOS	B-Application
network	O
stack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
network	O
services	O
like	O
LSASS	O
,	O
SAM	O
,	O
NETLOGON	O
,	O
and	O
print	B-Device
spooling	I-Device
are	O
already	O
available	O
as	O
open-source	B-Application
alternative	O
by	O
the	O
Samba/Samba	O
TNG	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
fork	O
of	O
rdesktop	B-Protocol
is	O
used	O
as	O
an	O
implementation	O
of	O
a	O
client	O
software	O
for	B-Language
Microsoft	O
's	O
proprietary	B-Application
Remote	B-Protocol
Desktop	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ReactOS	B-Application
and	O
the	O
Wine	B-Application
projects	I-Application
share	O
the	O
goal	O
to	O
run	O
binary	O
Windows	O
software	O
natively	O
and	O
can	O
therefore	O
share	O
many	O
dependencies	O
and	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ReactOS	B-Application
uses	O
portions	O
of	O
the	O
Wine	B-Application
project	I-Application
so	O
that	O
it	O
can	O
benefit	O
from	O
Wine	B-Application
's	O
progress	O
in	O
implementing	O
the	O
Win32	B-Library
API	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Wine	B-Application
's	O
NTDLL	B-Application
,	O
USER32	O
,	O
KERNEL32	O
,	O
GDI32	O
,	O
and	O
ADVAPI32	O
components	O
cannot	O
be	O
used	O
directly	O
by	O
ReactOS	B-Application
due	O
to	O
architectural	O
differences	O
,	O
code	B-Application
snippets	I-Application
of	O
them	O
and	O
other	O
parts	O
can	O
be	O
shared	O
between	O
both	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
is	O
developed	O
by	O
ReactOS	B-Application
separately	O
as	O
Wine	B-Application
relies	O
here	O
on	O
existing	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
kernels	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Separately	O
,	O
the	O
experimental	O
Arwinss	B-Application
branch	O
was	O
created	O
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
means	O
to	O
improve	O
USER32	O
and	O
GDI32	O
support	O
through	O
an	O
alternative	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
Win32	B-Library
API	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whereas	O
ReactOS	B-Application
's	O
original	O
Win32	B-Library
subsystem	O
was	O
closely	O
modeled	O
after	O
its	O
equivalent	O
in	O
Windows	O
,	O
Arwinss	B-Application
combines	O
the	O
architecture	O
of	O
that	O
subsystem	O
with	O
the	O
corresponding	O
implementation	O
in	O
Wine	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
this	O
end	O
,	O
Arwinss	B-Application
uses	O
Wine	B-Application
's	O
GDI32	O
and	O
USER32	O
libraries	O
with	O
few	O
changes	O
to	O
take	O
fuller	O
advantage	O
of	O
Wine	B-Application
's	O
existing	O
software	O
compatibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Arwinss	B-Application
also	O
allows	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
optionally	O
use	O
a	O
remote	O
X	B-Operating_System
server	I-Operating_System
instead	O
of	O
a	O
local	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Tango	B-Language
Desktop	I-Language
Project	I-Language
initiative	O
provides	O
open-source	B-Application
design	O
guidelines	O
and	O
resources	O
(	O
as	O
icons	O
)	O
for	B-Language
applications	O
on	O
desktop	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FreeType	B-Application
is	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
development	O
library	B-Library
,	O
used	O
to	O
render	O
text	O
on	O
to	O
bitmaps	O
and	O
provides	O
support	O
for	B-Language
other	O
font-related	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
KernelEx	O
project	O
is	O
a	O
Windows-API	O
extension	O
and	O
compatibility	O
layer	O
project	O
,	O
which	O
provides	O
open-source	B-Application
implementations	O
of	O
some	O
Windows-APIs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
contributing	O
projects	O
are	O
MinGW	B-Application
,	O
SYSLINUX	B-Application
,	O
adns	B-Application
,	O
ICU	B-Application
,	O
GraphApp	O
,	O
Ext2	B-Application
,	O
GNU	O
FreeFont	O
,	O
DejaVu	O
fonts	O
,	O
and	O
Liberation	O
fonts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Forks	O
based	O
on	O
ReactOS	B-Application
are	O
occasionally	O
created	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
people	O
have	O
acknowledged	O
ReactOS	B-Application
and	O
the	O
implications	O
of	O
having	O
a	O
viable	O
open-source	B-Application
drop-in	B-Architecture
replacement	I-Architecture
for	B-Language
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2004	O
article	O
and	O
interview	O
of	O
the	O
German	O
weekly	O
magazine	O
Der	O
Spiegel	O
describes	O
ReactOS	B-Application
as	O
directed	O
at	B-Device
Windows	O
users	O
who	O
want	O
to	O
renounce	O
use	O
of	O
proprietary	B-Application
commercial	O
software	O
without	O
having	O
to	O
switch	O
to	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
DistroWatch	O
,	O
a	O
Linux	B-Application
distribution	I-Application
's	O
monitoring	O
Web	O
site	O
,	O
also	O
lists	O
ReactOS	B-Application
and	O
describes	O
it	O
as	O
"	O
a	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
based	O
on	O
the	O
best	O
design	O
principles	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
architecture.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
his	O
column	O
for	B-Language
Free	B-Application
Software	I-Application
Magazine	I-Application
,	O
David	O
Sugar	O
noted	O
in	O
2006	O
that	O
ReactOS	B-Application
would	O
allow	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
applications	O
depending	O
on	O
older	O
versions	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Windows	I-Operating_System
whose	O
APIs	B-Application
have	O
been	O
deprecated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
also	O
recognized	O
its	O
potential	O
to	O
expand	O
the	O
total	O
deployed	O
base	O
of	O
free	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
as	O
a	O
resource	O
for	B-Language
developers	O
wanting	O
to	O
know	O
undocumented	B-General_Concept
Windows	B-Library
APIs	I-Library
in	O
the	O
course	O
of	O
writing	O
portable	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PC	B-Device
Magazine	O
columnist	O
John	O
C	B-Language
.	O
Dvorak	O
remarked	O
in	O
2008	O
that	O
the	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
architecture	O
had	O
remained	O
largely	O
unchanged	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
an	O
ideal	O
candidate	O
for	B-Language
cloning	O
,	O
and	O
believed	O
that	O
ReactOS	B-Application
could	O
be	O
"	O
a	O
bigger	O
threat	O
than	O
Linux	B-Application
to	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
dominance	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Echoing	O
this	O
,	O
Thom	O
Holwerda	O
of	O
OSNews	O
in	O
2009	O
categorized	O
ReactOS	B-Application
under	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
hobby	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
maintained	O
only	O
by	O
small	O
groups	O
of	O
developers	O
working	O
in	O
their	O
spare	O
time	B-Device
,	O
lacking	O
the	O
financial	O
support	O
of	O
more	B-Device
mainstream	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
legacy	O
of	O
formerly	O
mainstream	O
ones	O
such	O
as	O
RISC	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2015	O
,	O
a	O
Network	O
World	O
review	O
of	O
ReactOS	B-Application
v0.3.17	O
noted	O
"	O
It	O
's	O
just	O
like	O
running	O
Windows	O
2000	O
"	O
and	O
praised	O
the	O
application	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
,	O
a	O
feature	O
the	O
original	O
Windows	O
is	O
missing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jesse	O
Smith	O
from	O
DistroWatch	O
Weekly	O
reviewed	O
ReactOS	B-Application
v0.4.9	O
,	O
and	O
noted	O
that	O
ReactOS	B-Application
"	O
ultimately	O
had	O
a	O
similar	O
problem	O
:	O
limited	O
hardware	O
support	O
"	O
and	O
is	O
not	O
yet	O
a	O
stable	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ReactOS	B-Application
Project	O
won	O
on	O
the	O
annual	O
Seliger	O
Youth	O
Forum	O
"	O
The	O
Best	O
Presentation	O
"	O
award	O
with	O
100,000	O
Russian	O
rubles	O
( $2700	O
)	O
in	O
2011	O
,	O
attended	O
by	O
Alexander	O
Rechitskiy	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
development	O
team	O
members	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ReactOS	B-Application
was	O
a	O
featured	O
project	O
on	O
SourceForge	B-Application
for	B-Language
the	O
weeks	O
beginning	O
on	O
27	O
February	O
2012	O
,	O
25	O
April	O
2013	O
,	O
and	O
several	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
Project	O
of	O
the	O
Month	O
on	O
SourceForge	B-Application
for	B-Language
June	O
2013	O
and	O
February	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
