<s>
Rclone	B-General_Concept
is	O
an	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
,	O
multi	B-Operating_System
threaded	I-Operating_System
,	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
computer	O
program	O
to	O
manage	O
or	O
migrate	O
content	O
on	O
cloud	O
and	O
other	O
high	O
latency	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
capabilities	O
include	O
sync	B-Application
,	O
transfer	B-Protocol
,	O
crypt	O
,	O
cache	B-General_Concept
,	O
union	B-Application
,	O
compress	B-General_Concept
and	O
mount	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
website	O
lists	O
supported	O
backends	O
including	O
S3	O
and	O
Google	B-Application
Drive	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Descriptions	O
of	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
often	O
carry	O
the	O
strapline	O
Rclone	B-General_Concept
syncs	O
your	O
files	O
to	O
cloud	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Those	O
prior	O
to	O
2020	O
include	O
the	O
alternative	O
Rsync	B-Application
for	O
Cloud	O
Storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rclone	B-General_Concept
is	O
well	O
known	O
for	O
its	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
sync	B-Application
and	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
mount	B-Application
commands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rclone	B-General_Concept
is	O
commonly	O
a	O
front-end	O
for	O
media	B-Application
servers	I-Application
such	O
as	O
Plex	B-Application
,	O
Emby	B-Operating_System
or	O
Jellyfin	B-Application
to	O
stream	O
content	O
direct	O
from	O
consumer	O
file	B-Application
storage	I-Application
services	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Official	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
,	O
Debian	O
,	O
Fedora	O
,	O
Gentoo	B-Application
,	O
Arch	O
,	O
Brew	B-Application
,	O
Chocolatey	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
include	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nick	O
Craig-Wood	O
was	O
inspired	O
by	O
rsync	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Concerns	O
about	O
the	O
noise	O
and	O
power	O
costs	O
arising	O
from	O
home	O
computer	O
servers	O
prompted	O
him	O
to	O
embrace	O
cloud	O
storage	O
and	O
he	O
began	O
developing	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
as	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
software	O
in	O
2012	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
swiftsync	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rclone	B-General_Concept
was	O
promoted	O
to	O
stable	O
version	O
1.00	O
in	O
July	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2017	O
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
barred	O
new	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
users	O
from	O
its	O
consumer	O
Amazon	B-General_Concept
Drive	I-General_Concept
file	O
storage	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amazon	B-General_Concept
Drive	I-General_Concept
had	O
been	O
advertised	O
as	O
offering	O
unlimited	O
storage	O
for	O
£55	O
per	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amazon	B-Application
blamed	O
security	O
concerns	O
and	O
also	O
banned	O
other	O
upload	O
utilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amazon	B-Application
's	O
AWS	B-General_Concept
S3	I-General_Concept
service	O
continues	O
to	O
support	O
new	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
logo	O
was	O
retired	O
to	O
be	O
replaced	O
with	O
the	O
present	O
one	O
in	O
September	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2020	O
,	O
Nick	O
Craig-Wood	O
resigned	O
from	O
Memset	O
Ltd	O
,	O
a	O
cloud	O
hosting	O
company	O
he	O
founded	O
,	O
to	O
focus	O
on	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amazon	B-Application
's	O
AWS	O
April	O
2020	O
public	O
sector	O
blog	O
explained	O
how	O
the	O
Fred	O
Hutch	O
Cancer	O
Research	O
Center	O
were	O
using	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
in	O
their	O
Motuz	O
tool	O
to	O
migrate	O
very	O
large	O
biomedical	O
research	O
datasets	O
in	O
and	O
out	O
of	O
AWS	B-General_Concept
S3	I-General_Concept
object	O
stores	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2020	O
,	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
was	O
updated	O
to	O
correct	O
a	O
weakness	O
in	O
the	O
way	O
it	O
generated	O
passwords	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Passwords	O
for	O
encrypted	O
remotes	O
can	O
be	O
generated	O
randomly	O
by	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
or	O
supplied	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
all	O
versions	O
of	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
from	O
1.49.0	O
to	O
1.53.2	O
the	O
seed	O
value	O
for	O
generated	O
passwords	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
seconds	O
elapsed	O
in	O
the	O
day	O
,	O
and	O
therefore	O
not	O
truly	O
random	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CVE-2020-28924	O
recommended	O
users	O
upgrade	O
to	O
the	O
latest	O
version	O
of	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
and	O
check	O
the	O
passwords	O
protecting	O
their	O
encrypted	O
remotes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Release	O
1.55	O
of	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
in	O
March	O
2021	O
included	O
features	O
sponsored	O
by	O
CERN	O
and	O
their	O
CS3MESH4EOSC	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
work	O
was	O
EU	O
funded	O
to	O
promote	O
vendor-neutral	O
application	B-General_Concept
programming	I-General_Concept
interfaces	I-General_Concept
and	O
protocols	O
for	O
synchronisation	O
and	O
sharing	O
of	O
academic	O
data	O
on	O
cloud	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rclone	B-General_Concept
supports	O
the	O
following	O
services	O
as	O
backends	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
others	O
,	O
built	O
on	O
standard	O
protocols	O
such	O
as	O
WebDAV	B-Protocol
or	O
S3	O
,	O
that	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WebDAV	B-Protocol
backends	O
do	O
not	O
support	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
functionality	O
dependent	O
on	O
server	O
side	O
checksum	O
or	O
modtime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remotes	O
are	O
usually	O
defined	O
interactively	O
from	O
these	O
backends	O
,	O
local	O
disk	O
,	O
or	O
memory	O
(	O
as	O
S3	O
)	O
,	O
with	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
config	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rclone	B-General_Concept
can	O
further	O
wrap	O
those	O
remotes	O
with	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
of	O
alias	O
,	O
chunk	O
,	O
compress	B-General_Concept
,	O
crypt	O
or	O
union	B-Application
,	O
remotes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
defined	O
,	O
the	O
remotes	O
are	O
referenced	O
by	O
other	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
commands	O
interchangeably	O
with	O
the	O
local	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rclone	B-General_Concept
commands	O
directly	O
apply	O
to	O
remotes	O
,	O
or	O
mount	B-Application
them	O
for	O
file	O
access	O
or	O
streaming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
appropriate	O
cache	B-General_Concept
options	O
the	O
mount	B-Application
can	O
be	O
addressed	O
as	O
if	O
a	O
conventional	O
,	O
block	B-General_Concept
level	O
disk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commands	O
are	O
provided	O
to	O
serve	O
remotes	O
over	O
SFTP	B-Protocol
,	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
,	O
WebDAV	B-Protocol
,	O
FTP	B-Protocol
and	O
DLNA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Filters	O
determine	O
which	O
files	O
on	O
a	O
remote	O
that	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
commands	O
are	O
applied	O
to	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
rclone	B-General_Concept
rc	O
passes	O
commands	O
or	O
new	O
parameters	O
to	O
existing	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
sessions	O
and	O
has	O
an	O
experimental	O
web	O
browser	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rclone	B-General_Concept
's	O
crypt	O
implements	O
encryption	O
of	O
files	O
at	B-General_Concept
rest	I-General_Concept
in	O
cloud	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crypt	O
is	O
commonly	O
used	O
to	O
encrypt	O
/	O
decrypt	O
media	O
,	O
for	O
streaming	O
,	O
on	O
consumer	O
storage	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
Google	B-Application
Drive	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rclone	B-General_Concept
's	O
configuration	O
file	O
contains	O
the	O
crypt	O
password	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
password	O
can	O
be	O
lightly	O
obfuscated	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
whole	O
rclone.conf	O
file	O
can	O
be	O
encrypted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
latter	O
case	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
potential	O
clash	O
with	O
encryption	O
for	O
cloud	O
backends	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Microsoft	B-Application
OneDrive	I-Application
,	O
having	O
limited	O
path	O
lengths	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
encryption	O
mechanism	O
for	O
content	O
,	O
name	O
and	O
path	O
is	O
available	O
,	O
for	O
scrutiny	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Key	O
derivation	O
is	O
with	O
scrypt	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
default	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
checks	O
the	O
file	O
integrity	O
(	O
hash	O
)	O
after	O
copy	O
;	O
can	O
retry	O
each	O
file	O
up	O
to	O
three	O
times	O
if	O
the	O
operation	O
is	O
interrupted	O
;	O
uses	O
up	O
to	O
four	O
parallel	O
transfer	B-Protocol
threads	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
does	O
not	O
apply	O
bandwidth	O
throttling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Running	O
the	O
above	O
command	O
again	O
copies	O
any	O
new	O
or	O
changed	O
files	O
at	O
the	O
remote	O
to	O
the	O
local	O
folder	O
but	O
,	O
like	O
default	O
rsync	B-Application
behaviour	O
,	O
will	O
not	O
delete	O
from	O
the	O
local	O
directory	O
,	O
files	O
which	O
have	O
been	O
removed	O
from	O
the	O
remote	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Default	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
syntax	O
can	O
be	O
modified	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alternative	O
transfer	B-Protocol
,	O
filter	O
,	O
conflict	O
and	O
backend	O
specific	O
flags	O
are	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Performance	O
choices	O
include	O
number	O
of	O
concurrent	O
transfer	B-Protocol
threads	B-Operating_System
;	O
chunk	O
size	O
;	O
bandwidth	O
limit	O
profiling	O
,	O
and	O
cache	B-General_Concept
aggression	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
default	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
checks	O
the	O
file	O
integrity	O
(	O
hash	O
)	O
after	O
copy	O
;	O
can	O
retry	O
each	O
file	O
up	O
to	O
three	O
times	O
if	O
the	O
operation	O
is	O
interrupted	O
;	O
uses	O
up	O
to	O
four	O
parallel	O
transfer	B-Protocol
threads	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
does	O
not	O
apply	O
bandwidth	O
throttling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Default	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
syntax	O
can	O
be	O
modified	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alternative	O
transfer	B-Protocol
,	O
filter	O
,	O
conflict	O
and	O
backend	O
specific	O
options	O
are	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Performance	O
choices	O
include	O
number	O
of	O
concurrent	O
transfer	B-Protocol
threads	B-Operating_System
;	O
chunk	O
size	O
;	O
bandwidth	O
limit	O
profiling	O
,	O
and	O
cache	B-General_Concept
aggression	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
University	O
of	O
Kentucky	O
researchers	O
published	O
a	O
conference	O
paper	O
comparing	O
use	O
of	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
and	O
other	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
,	O
cloud	O
data	O
transfer	B-Protocol
agents	O
for	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
that	O
year	O
,	O
University	O
of	O
Utah	O
's	O
Center	O
for	O
High	O
Performance	O
Computing	O
examined	O
the	O
impact	O
of	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
options	O
on	O
data	O
transfer	B-Protocol
rates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
May	O
2020	O
reports	O
stated	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
had	O
been	O
used	O
by	O
hackers	B-Application
to	O
exploit	O
Diebold	O
Nixdorf	O
ATMs	O
with	O
ProLock	O
ransomware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
established	O
the	O
hackers	B-Application
spent	O
about	O
a	O
month	O
exploring	O
the	O
breached	O
networks	O
,	O
using	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
to	O
archive	O
stolen	O
data	O
to	O
cloud	O
storage	O
,	O
before	O
encrypting	O
the	O
target	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FBI	O
warned	O
January	O
2021	O
,	O
in	O
Private	O
Industry	O
Notification	O
20210106	O
–	O
001	O
,	O
of	O
extortion	O
activity	O
using	O
Egregor	O
ransomware	O
and	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
cases	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
had	O
been	O
disguised	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
svchost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
April	O
2021	O
,	O
cybersecurity	O
investigation	O
into	O
SonicWall	O
VPN	O
zero-day	O
vulnerability	O
SNWLID-2021-0001	O
by	O
FireEye	O
's	O
Mandiant	O
team	O
established	O
attackers	O
UNC2447	O
used	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
for	O
reconnaissance	O
and	O
exfiltration	O
of	O
victims	O
 '	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cybersecurity	O
and	O
Infrastructure	O
Security	O
Agency	O
Analysis	O
Report	O
AR21-126A	O
confirmed	O
this	O
use	O
of	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
in	O
FiveHands	O
ransomware	O
attacks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
June	O
2021	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
Security	O
Intelligence	O
Twitter	B-Application
post	O
identified	O
use	O
of	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
in	O
BazaCall	O
cyber	O
attacks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
call	O
centre	O
team	O
then	O
instructed	O
victims	O
to	O
download	O
a	O
hostile	O
file	O
that	O
installed	O
malware	O
on	O
the	O
target	O
network	O
,	O
ultimately	O
allowing	O
use	O
of	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
for	O
covert	O
extraction	O
of	O
potentially	O
sensitive	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
2021	O
,	O
Star	O
Wars	O
Day	O
blog	O
article	O
,	O
Managed	O
Security	O
Service	O
Provider	O
Red	O
Canary	O
announced	O
Rclone	B-General_Concept
Wars	O
,	O
an	O
allusion	O
to	O
Clone	O
Wars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
post	O
notes	O
illicit	O
use	O
of	O
other	O
legitimate	O
file	B-Protocol
transfer	I-Protocol
utilities	O
in	O
exfiltrate	O
and	O
extort	O
schemes	O
but	O
focuses	O
on	O
MEGAsync	O
,	O
MEGAcmd	O
and	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
identify	O
use	O
of	O
renamed	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
executables	O
on	O
compromised	O
devices	O
the	O
authors	O
suggest	O
monitoring	O
for	O
distinctive	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
top	O
level	O
commands	O
and	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
flag	O
strings	O
such	O
as	O
remote	O
:	O
and	O
\\	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rsync	B-Application
transfers	O
files	O
with	O
other	O
computers	O
that	O
have	O
rsync	B-Application
installed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
operates	O
at	O
the	O
block	B-General_Concept
,	O
rather	O
than	O
file	O
,	O
level	O
and	O
has	O
a	O
delta	O
algorithm	O
so	O
that	O
it	O
only	O
needs	O
to	O
transfer	B-Protocol
changes	O
in	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rsync	B-Application
preserves	O
file	O
attributes	O
and	O
permissions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rclone	B-General_Concept
has	O
a	O
wider	O
range	O
of	O
content	O
management	O
capabilities	O
,	O
and	O
types	O
of	O
backend	O
it	O
can	O
address	O
,	O
but	O
only	O
works	O
at	O
a	O
whole	O
file	O
/	O
object	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rclone	B-General_Concept
is	O
designed	O
to	O
have	O
some	O
tolerance	O
of	O
intermittent	O
and	O
unreliable	O
connections	O
or	O
remote	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rclone	B-General_Concept
decides	O
which	O
of	O
those	O
whole	O
files	O
/	O
objects	O
to	O
transfer	B-Protocol
after	O
obtaining	O
checksums	O
,	O
to	O
compare	O
,	O
from	O
the	O
remote	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Where	O
checksums	O
are	O
not	O
available	O
,	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
can	O
use	O
object	O
size	O
and	O
timestamp	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rsync	B-Application
is	O
single	B-Operating_System
threaded	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rclone	B-General_Concept
is	O
multi	B-Operating_System
threaded	I-Operating_System
with	O
a	O
user	O
definable	O
number	O
of	O
simultaneous	O
transfers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rclone	B-General_Concept
can	O
pipe	O
data	O
between	O
two	O
completely	O
remote	O
locations	O
,	O
sometimes	O
without	O
local	O
download	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
an	O
rsync	B-Application
transfer	B-Protocol
,	O
one	O
side	O
must	O
be	O
a	O
local	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rclone	B-General_Concept
ignores	O
trailing	O
slashes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rsync	B-Application
requires	O
their	O
correct	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rclone	B-General_Concept
filters	O
require	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
**	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
the	O
contents	O
of	O
a	O
directory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rsync	B-Application
does	O
not	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eponymous	O
cloud	B-Application
storage	I-Application
service	I-Application
rsync.net	O
provides	O
remote	O
unix	B-Application
filesystems	I-Application
so	O
that	O
customers	O
can	O
run	O
rsync	B-Application
and	O
other	O
standard	O
Unix	B-Application
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
also	O
offer	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
only	O
accounts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
a	O
poster	O
on	O
Hacker	B-Application
News	I-Application
summarised	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
's	O
relationship	O
to	O
rsync	B-Application
as	O
:	O
-	O
(	O
rclone	B-General_Concept
)	O
exists	O
to	O
give	O
you	O
rsync	B-Application
to	O
things	O
that	O
are	O
n't	O
rsync	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
you	O
want	O
to	O
rsync	B-Application
to	O
things	O
that	O
are	O
rsync	B-Application
,	O
use	O
rsync	B-Application
.	O
</s>
