<s>
A	O
camera	B-Application
raw	I-Application
image	O
file	O
contains	O
unprocessed	O
or	O
minimally	O
processed	O
data	O
from	O
the	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
of	O
either	O
a	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
,	O
a	O
motion	O
picture	O
film	B-Device
scanner	I-Device
,	O
or	O
other	O
image	B-Application
scanner	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
are	O
named	O
so	O
because	O
they	O
are	O
not	O
yet	O
processed	O
and	O
therefore	O
are	O
not	O
ready	O
to	O
be	O
printed	O
,	O
viewed	O
or	O
edited	O
with	O
a	O
bitmap	B-Application
graphics	I-Application
editor	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Normally	O
,	O
the	O
image	O
is	O
processed	O
by	O
a	O
raw	O
converter	O
in	O
a	O
wide-gamut	O
internal	O
color	B-Algorithm
space	I-Algorithm
where	O
precise	O
adjustments	O
can	O
be	O
made	O
before	O
conversion	B-General_Concept
to	O
a	O
viewable	O
file	O
format	O
such	O
as	O
JPEG	O
or	O
PNG	O
for	O
storage	O
,	O
printing	O
,	O
or	O
further	O
manipulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
dozens	O
of	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
in	O
use	O
by	O
different	O
manufacturers	O
of	O
digital	O
image	O
capture	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Raw	B-Application
image	I-Application
files	I-Application
are	O
sometimes	O
incorrectly	O
described	O
as	O
"	O
digital	B-Application
negatives	I-Application
"	O
,	O
but	O
neither	O
are	O
they	O
negatives	O
nor	O
do	O
the	O
unprocessed	O
files	O
constitute	O
visible	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
physical	O
film	O
after	O
development	O
,	O
the	O
Raw	B-Application
file	I-Application
preserves	O
the	O
information	O
captured	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
exposure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
purpose	O
of	O
raw	B-Application
image	I-Application
formats	I-Application
is	O
to	O
save	O
,	O
with	O
minimum	O
loss	O
of	O
information	O
,	O
data	O
obtained	O
from	O
the	O
sensor	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Raw	B-Application
image	I-Application
formats	I-Application
are	O
intended	O
to	O
capture	O
the	O
radiometric	O
characteristics	O
of	O
the	O
scene	O
,	O
that	O
is	O
,	O
physical	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
light	O
intensity	O
and	O
color	O
of	O
the	O
scene	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
best	O
of	O
the	O
camera	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
's	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
raw	B-Application
image	I-Application
file	I-Application
formats	O
store	O
information	O
sensed	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
geometry	O
of	O
the	O
sensor	B-Algorithm
's	O
individual	O
photo-receptive	O
elements	O
(	O
sometimes	O
called	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
)	O
rather	O
than	O
points	O
in	O
the	O
expected	O
final	O
image	O
:	O
sensors	O
with	O
hexagonal	O
element	O
displacement	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
record	O
information	O
for	O
each	O
of	O
their	O
hexagonally-displaced	O
cells	O
,	O
which	O
a	O
decoding	O
software	O
will	O
eventually	O
transform	O
into	O
the	O
rectangular	O
geometry	O
during	O
"	O
digital	O
developing	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
contain	O
the	O
information	O
required	O
to	O
produce	O
a	O
viewable	O
image	O
from	O
the	O
camera	O
's	O
sensor	B-Algorithm
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
structure	O
of	O
raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
often	O
follows	O
a	O
common	O
pattern	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Image	O
metadata	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
useful	O
for	O
inclusion	O
in	O
any	O
CMS	B-Protocol
environment	O
or	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
contain	O
a	O
standardized	O
metadata	O
section	O
with	O
data	O
in	O
Exif	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
contain	O
a	O
full	O
size	O
JPEG	O
conversion	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
image	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
preview	O
the	O
file	O
on	O
the	O
camera	O
's	O
LCD	O
panel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
motion	O
picture	O
film	O
scans	O
,	O
either	O
the	O
timecode	O
,	O
keycode	O
or	O
frame	O
number	O
in	O
the	O
file	B-General_Concept
sequence	I-General_Concept
which	O
represents	O
the	O
frame	B-General_Concept
sequence	I-General_Concept
in	O
a	O
scanned	O
reel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
item	O
allows	O
the	O
file	O
to	O
be	O
ordered	O
in	O
a	O
frame	B-General_Concept
sequence	I-General_Concept
(	O
without	O
relying	O
on	O
its	O
filename	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
raw	B-Application
file	I-Application
formats	I-Application
,	O
including	O
IIQ	O
(	O
Phase	O
One	O
)	O
,	O
3FR	O
(	O
Hasselblad	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
DCR	O
,	O
K25	O
,	O
KDC	O
(	O
Kodak	O
)	O
,	O
CRW	O
CR2	O
CR3	O
(	O
Canon	O
)	O
,	O
ERF	O
(	O
Epson	O
)	O
,	O
MEF	O
(	O
Mamiya	O
)	O
,	O
MOS	O
(	O
Leaf	O
)	O
,	O
NEF	O
NRW	O
(	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
ORF	O
(	O
Olympus	O
)	O
,	O
PEF	O
(	O
Pentax	B-Application
)	O
,	O
RW2	O
(	O
Panasonic	O
)	O
and	O
ARW	O
,	O
SRF	O
,	O
SR2	O
(	O
Sony	O
)	O
,	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
TIFF	O
,	O
the	O
Tagged	O
Image	O
File	O
Format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Panasonic	O
's	O
raw	O
converter	O
corrects	O
geometric	O
distortion	O
and	O
chromatic	O
aberration	O
on	O
such	O
cameras	O
as	O
the	O
LX3	B-Device
,	O
with	O
necessary	O
correction	O
information	O
presumably	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
raw	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Phase	O
One	O
's	O
raw	O
converter	O
Capture	B-Operating_System
One	I-Operating_System
also	O
offers	O
corrections	O
for	O
geometrical	O
distortion	O
,	O
chromatic	O
aberration	O
,	O
purple	O
fringing	O
and	O
keystone	O
correction	O
emulating	O
the	O
shift	O
capability	O
of	O
tilt-shift	O
in	O
software	O
and	O
specially	O
designed	O
hardware	O
,	O
on	O
most	O
raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
from	O
over	O
100	O
different	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
same	O
holds	O
for	O
Canon	O
's	O
DPP	O
application	O
,	O
at	O
least	O
for	O
all	O
more	O
expensive	O
cameras	O
like	O
all	O
EOS	B-Algorithm
DSLRs	I-Algorithm
and	O
the	O
G	B-Device
series	I-Device
of	O
compact	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DNG	B-Application
,	O
the	O
Adobe	O
digital	B-Application
negative	I-Application
format	O
,	O
is	O
an	O
extension	O
of	O
the	O
TIFF	O
6.0	O
format	O
and	O
is	O
compatible	O
with	O
TIFF/EP	O
,	O
and	O
uses	O
various	O
open	O
formats	O
and/or	O
standards	O
,	O
including	O
Exif	O
metadata	O
,	O
XMP	O
metadata	O
,	O
IPTC	O
metadata	O
,	O
CIE	O
XYZ	O
coordinates	O
,	O
ICC	O
profiles	O
,	O
and	O
JPEG	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
,	O
the	O
raw	B-Application
file	I-Application
plays	O
the	O
role	O
that	O
photographic	O
film	O
plays	O
in	O
film	B-Algorithm
photography	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
thus	O
contain	O
the	O
full	O
dynamic	O
range	O
(	O
typically	O
12	O
-	O
or	O
14-bit	O
)	O
data	O
as	O
read	O
out	O
from	O
each	O
of	O
the	O
camera	O
's	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
camera	O
's	O
sensor	B-Algorithm
is	O
almost	O
invariably	O
overlaid	O
with	O
a	O
color	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
array	I-Algorithm
(	O
CFA	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
usually	O
a	O
Bayer	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
,	O
consisting	O
of	O
a	O
mosaic	O
of	O
a	O
2x2	O
matrix	O
of	O
red	O
,	O
green	O
,	O
blue	O
and	O
(	O
second	O
)	O
green	O
filters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
sensors	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Foveon	B-Algorithm
X3	I-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
,	O
capture	O
information	O
directly	O
in	O
RGB	O
form	O
(	O
using	O
three	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
sensors	O
in	O
each	O
location	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
RGB	O
raw	O
data	O
still	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
processed	O
to	O
make	O
an	O
image	O
file	O
,	O
because	O
the	O
raw	O
RGB	O
values	O
correspond	O
to	O
the	O
responses	O
of	O
the	O
sensors	O
,	O
not	O
to	O
a	O
standard	O
color	B-Algorithm
space	I-Algorithm
like	O
sRGB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
color	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
array	I-Algorithm
,	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
need	O
for	O
demosaicing	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flatbed	B-Application
and	O
film	B-Device
scanner	I-Device
sensors	O
are	O
typically	O
straight	O
narrow	O
RGB	O
or	O
RGBI	O
(	O
where	O
"	O
I	O
"	O
stands	O
for	O
the	O
additional	O
infrared	O
channel	O
for	O
automatic	O
dust	O
removal	O
)	O
strips	O
that	O
are	O
swept	O
across	O
an	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
remainder	O
of	O
the	O
discussion	O
about	O
raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
applies	O
to	O
them	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
obtain	O
an	O
image	O
from	O
a	O
raw	B-Application
file	I-Application
,	O
this	O
mosaic	O
of	O
data	O
must	O
be	O
converted	O
into	O
standard	O
RGB	O
form	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
converting	O
from	O
the	O
four-sensor	O
2x2	O
Bayer-matrix	O
raw	O
form	O
into	O
RGB	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
green	O
pair	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
control	O
the	O
luminance	O
detail	O
of	O
the	O
processed	O
output	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
,	O
while	O
the	O
red	O
and	O
blue	O
,	O
which	O
each	O
have	O
half	O
as	O
many	O
samples	O
,	O
are	O
used	O
mostly	O
for	O
the	O
more	O
slowly-varying	O
chroma	O
component	O
of	O
the	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
raw	B-Application
format	I-Application
data	O
is	O
available	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
high-dynamic-range	O
imaging	O
conversion	B-General_Concept
,	O
as	O
a	O
simpler	O
alternative	O
to	O
the	O
multi-exposure	O
HDI	O
approach	O
of	O
capturing	O
three	O
separate	O
images	O
,	O
one	O
underexposed	O
,	O
one	O
correct	O
and	O
one	O
overexposed	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
overlaying	O
"	O
one	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Providing	O
a	O
detailed	O
and	O
concise	O
description	O
of	O
the	O
content	O
of	O
raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
is	O
highly	O
problematic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
no	O
single	O
raw	B-Application
format	I-Application
;	O
formats	O
can	O
be	O
similar	O
or	O
radically	O
different	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Different	O
manufacturers	O
use	O
their	O
own	O
proprietary	B-Application
and	O
typically	O
undocumented	O
formats	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
collectively	O
known	O
as	O
raw	B-Application
format	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
major	O
camera	O
manufacturers	O
,	O
including	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
,	O
Canon	O
and	O
Sony	O
,	O
encrypt	O
portions	O
of	O
the	O
file	O
in	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
prevent	O
third-party	O
tools	O
from	O
accessing	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
industry-wide	O
situation	O
of	O
inconsistent	O
formatting	O
has	O
concerned	O
many	O
photographers	O
who	O
worry	O
that	O
their	O
valuable	O
raw	O
photos	B-Application
may	O
someday	O
become	O
inaccessible	O
,	O
as	O
computer	O
operating	O
systems	O
and	O
software	B-Application
programs	I-Application
become	O
obsolete	O
and	O
abandoned	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
are	O
dropped	O
from	O
new	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
availability	O
of	O
high-quality	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
which	O
decodes	O
raw	B-Application
image	I-Application
formats	I-Application
,	O
particularly	O
dcraw	B-Algorithm
,	O
has	O
helped	O
to	O
alleviate	O
these	O
concerns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Planning	O
for	O
 [ US ] 	O
Library	O
of	O
Congress	O
Collections	O
"	O
identifies	O
raw-file	O
formats	O
as	O
"	O
less	O
desirable	O
file	O
formats	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
identifies	O
DNG	B-Application
as	O
a	O
suggested	O
alternative	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DNG	B-Application
is	O
the	O
only	O
raw	B-Application
image	I-Application
format	I-Application
for	O
which	O
industry-wide	O
buy-in	O
is	O
being	O
sought	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
based	O
upon	O
,	O
and	O
compatible	O
with	O
,	O
the	O
ISO	O
standard	O
raw	B-Application
image	I-Application
format	I-Application
ISO	O
12234-2	O
,	O
TIFF/EP	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
being	O
used	O
by	O
ISO	O
in	O
their	O
revision	O
of	O
that	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ISO	O
standard	O
raw	B-Application
image	I-Application
format	I-Application
is	O
ISO	O
12234-2	O
,	O
better	O
known	O
as	O
TIFF/EP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TIFF/EP	O
provided	O
a	O
basis	O
for	O
the	O
raw	B-Application
image	I-Application
formats	I-Application
of	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
's	O
NEF	O
raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
are	O
based	O
on	O
TIFF/EP	O
,	O
and	O
include	O
a	O
tag	O
which	O
identifies	O
the	O
version	O
of	O
TIFF/EP	O
they	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adobe	O
's	O
DNG	B-Application
raw	B-Application
file	I-Application
format	I-Application
was	O
based	O
on	O
TIFF/EP	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
DNG	B-Application
specification	O
states	O
"	O
DNG	B-Application
...	O
is	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
TIFF-EP	O
standard	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
cameras	O
use	O
DNG	B-Application
as	O
their	O
raw	B-Application
image	I-Application
format	I-Application
,	O
so	O
in	O
that	O
limited	O
sense	O
they	O
use	O
TIFF/EP	O
too	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adobe	O
Systems	O
launched	O
this	O
DNG	B-Application
raw	B-Application
image	I-Application
format	I-Application
in	O
September	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
September	O
2006	O
,	O
several	O
camera	O
manufacturers	O
had	O
started	O
to	O
announce	O
support	O
for	O
DNG	B-Application
in	O
newer	O
camera	O
models	O
,	O
including	O
Leica	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
,	O
Ricoh	O
,	O
Pentax	B-Application
,	O
Hasselblad	B-Algorithm
(	O
native	O
camera	O
support	O
)	O
;	O
and	O
,	O
Better	O
Light	O
(	O
export	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Leica	O
Digital-Modul-R	O
(	O
DMR	O
)	O
was	O
first	O
to	O
use	O
DNG	B-Application
as	O
its	O
native	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2009	O
Adobe	O
stated	O
that	O
there	O
were	O
no	O
known	O
intellectual	O
property	O
encumbrances	O
or	O
license	O
requirements	O
for	O
DNG	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
a	O
"	O
Digital	B-Application
Negative	I-Application
(	O
DNG	B-Application
)	O
Specification	O
Patent	O
License	O
"	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
actually	O
state	O
that	O
there	O
are	O
any	O
patents	O
held	O
on	O
DNG	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
September	O
2009	O
statement	O
was	O
made	O
at	O
least	O
4	O
years	O
after	O
this	O
license	O
was	O
published	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adobe	O
offered	O
the	O
DNG	B-Application
specification	O
to	O
ISO	O
to	O
be	O
part	O
of	O
ISO	O
's	O
revised	O
TIFF/EP	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
progress	O
report	O
in	O
October	O
2008	O
from	O
ISO	O
about	O
the	O
revision	O
of	O
TIFF/EP	O
stated	O
that	O
the	O
revision	O
"	O
currently	O
...	O
includes	O
two	O
"	O
interoperability-profiles	O
,	O
"	O
"	O
IP	O
1	O
"	O
for	O
processed	O
image	O
data	O
,	O
using	O
"	O
.TIF	O
"	O
extension	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
IP	O
2	O
"	O
for	O
"	O
raw	O
"	O
image	O
data	O
,	O
"	O
.DNG	B-Application
"	O
extension	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
progress	O
report	O
in	O
September	O
2009	O
states	O
that	O
"	O
This	O
format	O
will	O
be	O
similar	O
to	O
DNG	B-Application
1.3	O
,	O
which	O
serves	O
as	O
the	O
starting	O
point	O
for	O
development.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
DNG	B-Application
has	O
been	O
used	O
by	O
open-source	B-Application
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Use	O
by	O
camera	O
makers	O
varies	O
:	O
the	O
largest	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
Canon	O
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
,	O
Sony	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
others	O
,	O
do	O
not	O
use	O
DNG	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smaller	O
companies	O
and	O
makers	O
of	O
"	O
niche	O
"	O
cameras	O
who	O
might	O
otherwise	O
have	O
difficulty	O
getting	O
support	O
from	O
software	O
companies	O
frequently	O
use	O
DNG	B-Application
as	O
their	O
native	O
raw	B-Application
image	I-Application
format	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pentax	B-Application
uses	O
DNG	B-Application
as	O
an	O
optional	O
alternative	O
to	O
their	O
own	O
raw	B-Application
image	I-Application
format	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
most	O
Canon	O
point	O
&	O
shoot	O
cameras	O
can	O
support	O
DNG	B-Application
by	O
using	O
CHDK	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Canon	O
Raw	O
v2	O
(	O
CR2	O
)	O
is	O
mostly	O
based	O
on	O
TIFF	O
and	O
lossless	B-Algorithm
Jpeg	O
ITU-T81	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sony	B-Algorithm
Alpha	I-Algorithm
RAW	O
(	O
ARW	O
)	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
TIFF	O
file	O
format	O
,	O
proprietary	B-Application
Makernote	O
fields	O
and	O
compressions	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
be	O
viewed	O
or	O
printed	O
,	O
the	O
output	O
from	O
a	O
camera	O
's	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
has	O
to	O
be	O
processed	O
,	O
that	O
is	O
,	O
converted	O
to	O
a	O
photographic	O
rendering	O
of	O
the	O
scene	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
standard	O
raster	B-Algorithm
graphics	I-Algorithm
format	O
such	O
as	O
JPEG	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
decoding	O
–	O
image	O
data	O
of	O
raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
are	O
typically	O
encoded	O
for	O
compression	B-Algorithm
purpose	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
often	O
for	O
obfuscation	O
purpose	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
from	O
Canon	O
or	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
cameras	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
demosaicing	B-Algorithm
–	O
interpolating	O
the	O
partial	O
raw	O
data	O
received	O
from	O
the	O
color-filtered	B-Algorithm
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
into	O
a	O
matrix	O
of	O
colored	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
tone	O
reproduction	O
–	O
the	O
scene	O
luminance	O
captured	O
by	O
the	O
camera	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
and	O
stored	O
in	O
the	O
raw	B-Application
file	I-Application
(	O
with	O
a	O
dynamic	O
range	O
of	O
typically	O
10	O
or	O
more	O
bits	O
)	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
rendered	O
for	O
pleasing	O
effect	O
and	O
correct	O
viewing	O
on	O
low-dynamic-range	O
monitors	O
or	O
prints	O
;	O
the	O
tone-reproduction	O
rendering	O
often	O
includes	O
separate	O
tone	B-Language
mapping	I-Language
and	O
gamma	O
compression	B-Algorithm
steps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Demosaicing	B-Algorithm
is	O
only	O
performed	O
for	O
CFA	B-Algorithm
sensors	O
;	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
required	O
for	O
3CCD	B-Algorithm
or	O
Foveon	B-Algorithm
X3	I-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
camera	O
saves	O
a	O
raw	B-Application
file	I-Application
it	O
defers	O
most	O
of	O
this	O
processing	O
;	O
typically	O
the	O
only	O
processing	O
performed	O
is	O
the	O
removal	O
of	O
defective	B-General_Concept
pixels	I-General_Concept
(	O
the	O
DNG	B-Application
specification	O
requires	O
that	O
defective	B-General_Concept
pixels	I-General_Concept
be	O
removed	O
before	O
creating	O
the	O
file	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
camera	O
manufacturers	O
do	O
additional	O
processing	O
before	O
saving	O
raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
;	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
criticized	O
by	O
astrophotographers	O
for	O
applying	O
noise	O
reduction	O
before	O
saving	O
the	O
raw	B-Application
file	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
also	O
allow	O
nonlinear	B-Algorithm
quantization	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
nonlinearity	O
allows	O
the	O
compression	B-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
raw	O
data	O
without	O
visible	O
degradation	O
of	O
the	O
image	O
by	O
removing	O
invisible	O
and	O
irrelevant	O
information	O
from	O
the	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nearly	O
all	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
can	O
process	O
the	O
image	O
from	O
the	O
sensor	B-Algorithm
into	O
a	O
JPEG	O
file	O
using	O
settings	O
for	O
white	B-Algorithm
balance	I-Algorithm
,	O
color	O
saturation	O
,	O
contrast	O
,	O
and	O
sharpness	B-Algorithm
that	O
are	O
either	O
selected	O
automatically	O
or	O
entered	O
by	O
the	O
photographer	O
before	O
taking	O
the	O
picture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cameras	O
that	O
produce	O
raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
save	O
these	O
settings	O
in	O
the	O
file	O
,	O
but	O
defer	O
the	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
more	O
shades	O
of	O
colors	O
compared	O
to	O
JPEG	O
files	O
-	O
raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
have	O
12	O
or	O
14	O
bits	O
of	O
intensity	O
information	O
per	O
channel	O
(	O
4096-16384	O
shades	O
)	O
,	O
compared	O
to	O
JPEG	O
's	O
gamma-compressed	O
8	O
bits	O
(	O
256	O
shades	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
all	O
the	O
calculations	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
applying	O
gamma	O
correction	O
,	O
demosaicing	B-Algorithm
,	O
white	B-Algorithm
balance	I-Algorithm
,	O
brightness	O
,	O
contrast	O
,	O
etc	O
...	O
)	O
used	O
to	O
generate	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
values	O
(	O
in	O
RGB	O
format	O
for	O
most	O
images	O
)	O
are	O
performed	O
in	O
one	O
step	O
on	O
the	O
base	O
data	O
,	O
the	O
resultant	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
values	O
will	O
be	O
more	O
accurate	O
and	O
exhibit	O
less	O
posterization	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
JPEG	O
images	O
are	O
typically	O
saved	O
using	O
a	O
lossy	B-Algorithm
compression	I-Algorithm
format	O
(	O
though	O
a	O
lossless	B-Algorithm
JPEG	O
compression	B-Algorithm
is	O
now	O
available	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
typically	O
use	O
lossless	B-Algorithm
compression	I-Algorithm
or	O
high-quality	O
lossy	B-Algorithm
compression	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Raw	O
conversion	B-General_Concept
software	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
manipulate	O
more	O
parameters	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
lightness	O
,	O
white	B-Algorithm
balance	I-Algorithm
,	O
hue	B-Language
,	O
saturation	O
,	O
etc	O
...	O
)	O
and	O
do	O
so	O
with	O
greater	O
variability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
color	B-Algorithm
space	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
set	O
to	O
whatever	O
is	O
desired	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Different	O
demosaicing	B-Algorithm
algorithms	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
,	O
not	O
just	O
the	O
one	O
coded	O
into	O
the	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
contents	O
of	O
raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
include	O
more	O
information	O
,	O
and	O
potentially	O
higher	O
quality	O
,	O
than	O
the	O
converted	O
results	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
rendering	O
parameters	O
are	O
fixed	O
,	O
the	O
color	O
gamut	O
is	O
clipped	O
,	O
and	O
there	O
may	O
be	O
quantization	B-Algorithm
and	O
compression	B-Algorithm
artifacts	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Large	O
transformations	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
increasing	O
the	O
exposure	O
of	O
a	O
dramatically	O
under-exposed	O
photo	O
,	O
result	O
in	O
fewer	O
visible	O
artifacts	B-Algorithm
when	O
done	O
from	O
raw	O
data	O
than	O
when	O
done	O
from	O
already	O
rendered	O
image	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Raw	O
data	O
leave	O
more	O
scope	O
for	O
both	O
corrections	O
and	O
artistic	O
manipulations	O
,	O
without	O
resulting	O
in	O
images	O
with	O
visible	O
flaws	O
such	O
as	O
posterization	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
the	O
changes	O
made	O
on	O
a	O
raw	B-Application
image	I-Application
file	I-Application
are	O
non-destructive	O
;	O
that	O
is	O
,	O
only	O
the	O
metadata	O
that	O
controls	O
the	O
rendering	O
is	O
changed	O
to	O
make	O
different	O
output	O
versions	O
,	O
leaving	O
the	O
original	O
data	O
unchanged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Camera	B-Application
raw	I-Application
file	O
size	O
is	O
typically	O
2	O
–	O
6	O
times	O
larger	O
than	O
JPEG	O
file	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
use	O
of	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
avoids	O
the	O
compression	B-Algorithm
artifacts	I-Algorithm
inherent	O
in	O
JPEG	O
,	O
fewer	O
images	O
can	O
fit	O
on	O
a	O
given	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
large	O
sizes	O
and	O
low	O
prices	O
of	O
modern	O
memory	B-Device
cards	I-Device
mitigate	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
implement	O
lossless	B-Algorithm
data	I-Algorithm
compression	I-Algorithm
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
files	O
without	O
affecting	O
image	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
some	O
others	O
use	O
lossy	B-Algorithm
data	I-Algorithm
compression	I-Algorithm
where	O
quantization	B-Algorithm
and	O
filtering	O
is	O
performed	O
on	O
the	O
image	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sony	O
's	O
lossy	B-Algorithm
11+7	O
bit	O
delta	O
compression	B-Algorithm
of	O
raw	O
data	O
causes	O
posterization	B-Algorithm
under	O
certain	O
conditions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
cameras	O
let	O
photographers	O
choose	O
between	O
no	O
compression	B-Algorithm
,	O
lossless	B-Algorithm
compression	I-Algorithm
or	O
lossy	B-Algorithm
compression	I-Algorithm
for	O
their	O
raw	B-Application
images	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Red	O
Digital	O
Cinema	O
Camera	O
Company	O
introduced	O
.r3d	B-Application
Redcode	O
Raw	O
with	O
compression	B-Algorithm
ratio	O
from	O
3:1	O
to	O
18:1	O
which	O
depends	O
on	O
resolution	O
and	O
frame	O
rates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
standard	O
raw	B-Application
image	I-Application
format	I-Application
(	O
ISO	O
12234-2	O
,	O
TIFF/EP	O
)	O
is	O
not	O
widely	O
accepted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DNG	B-Application
,	O
the	O
potential	O
candidate	O
for	O
a	O
new	O
standard	O
format	O
,	O
has	O
not	O
been	O
adopted	O
by	O
many	O
major	O
camera	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Numerous	O
different	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
are	O
currently	O
in	O
use	O
and	O
new	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
keep	O
appearing	O
,	O
while	O
others	O
are	O
abandoned	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
widespread	O
adoption	O
of	O
a	O
standard	O
raw	B-Application
format	I-Application
,	O
more	O
specialized	O
software	O
may	O
be	O
required	O
to	O
open	O
raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
than	O
for	O
standardized	O
formats	O
like	O
JPEG	O
or	O
TIFF	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
modern	O
photo	O
editing	O
software	O
the	O
additional	O
time	O
needed	O
to	O
process	O
raw	B-Application
images	I-Application
has	O
been	O
greatly	O
reduced	O
but	O
it	O
still	O
requires	O
an	O
extra	O
step	O
in	O
workflow	O
in	O
comparison	O
with	O
using	O
out-of-camera	O
JPEGs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cameras	O
that	O
support	O
raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
typically	O
come	O
with	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
for	O
conversion	B-General_Concept
of	O
their	O
raw	B-Application
image	I-Application
data	O
into	O
standard	O
RGB	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
processing	O
and	O
conversion	B-General_Concept
programs	B-Application
and	O
plugins	B-Application
are	O
available	O
from	O
vendors	O
that	O
have	O
either	O
licensed	O
the	O
technology	O
from	O
the	O
camera	O
manufacturer	O
or	O
reverse-engineered	O
the	O
particular	O
raw	B-Application
format	I-Application
and	O
provided	O
their	O
own	O
processing	O
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2005	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
iPhoto	B-Operating_System
5	O
,	O
which	O
offered	O
basic	O
support	O
for	O
viewing	O
and	O
editing	O
many	O
raw	B-Application
file	I-Application
formats	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2005	O
,	O
Apple	O
's	O
OS	B-Application
X	I-Application
10.4	I-Application
brought	O
raw	O
support	O
to	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
's	O
ImageIO	O
framework	O
,	O
enabling	O
raw	O
support	O
automatically	O
in	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
macOS	O
applications	O
both	O
from	O
Apple	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
Preview	O
,	O
macOS	O
's	O
PDF	O
and	O
image	O
viewing	O
application	O
,	O
and	O
Aperture	B-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
photo	O
post-production	O
software	O
package	O
for	O
professionals	O
)	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
all	O
third	O
party	O
applications	O
which	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
ImageIO	O
frameworks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Semi-regular	O
updates	O
to	O
macOS	O
generally	O
include	O
updated	O
support	O
for	O
new	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
introduced	O
in	O
the	O
intervening	O
months	O
by	O
camera	O
manufacturers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
Apple	O
announced	O
that	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
would	O
allow	O
capturing	O
raw	B-Application
images	I-Application
on	O
selected	O
hardware	O
,	O
and	O
third	O
party	O
applications	O
will	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
edit	O
raw	B-Application
images	I-Application
through	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
's	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
framework	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
12	I-Operating_System
Pro	I-Operating_System
and	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
12	I-Operating_System
Pro	I-Operating_System
Max	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
ProRAW	O
photos	B-Application
are	O
12	O
bit	O
DNG	B-Application
files	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
supplies	O
the	O
free	O
Windows	O
Camera	O
Codec	O
Pack	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
and	O
later	O
versions	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
Windows	O
,	O
to	O
integrate	O
raw	B-Application
file	I-Application
viewing	O
and	O
printing	O
into	O
some	O
Microsoft	O
Windows	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
codecs	O
allow	O
native	O
viewing	O
of	O
raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
from	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
specific	O
cameras	O
in	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Explorer	I-Protocol
/	I-Protocol
File	I-Protocol
Explorer	I-Protocol
and	O
Windows	B-Device
Live	I-Device
Photo	I-Device
Gallery	I-Device
/	I-Device
Windows	I-Device
Photo	I-Device
Gallery	I-Device
,	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
and	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
October	O
2016	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
had	O
not	O
released	O
an	O
updated	O
version	O
since	O
April	O
2014	O
,	O
which	O
supported	O
some	O
specific	O
cameras	O
by	O
the	O
following	O
manufacturers	O
:	O
Canon	O
,	O
Casio	O
,	O
Epson	O
,	O
Fujifilm	O
,	O
Kodak	O
,	O
Konica	O
Minolta	O
,	O
Leica	O
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
,	O
Olympus	O
,	O
Panasonic	O
,	O
Pentax	B-Application
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Sony	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
this	O
was	O
essentially	O
replaced	O
in	O
2019	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
Raw	B-Application
Image	I-Application
Extension	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
as	O
of	O
2019	O
supplies	O
the	O
free	O
Raw	B-Application
Image	I-Application
Extension	O
for	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
and	O
later	O
versions	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
Windows	O
,	O
to	O
integrate	O
raw	B-Application
file	I-Application
viewing	O
and	O
printing	O
into	O
some	O
Microsoft	O
Windows	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Extension	O
allows	O
native	O
viewing	O
of	O
raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
from	O
many	O
mid	O
-	O
to	O
high-end	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
in	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Explorer	I-Protocol
/	I-Protocol
File	I-Protocol
Explorer	I-Protocol
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Photos	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
WIC	O
was	O
available	O
as	O
a	O
stand-alone	O
downloadable	O
program	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
Service	O
Pack	O
2	O
,	O
and	O
built	O
into	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
Service	O
Pack	O
3	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
,	O
and	O
later	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Protocol
Explorer	I-Protocol
/	I-Protocol
File	I-Protocol
Explorer	I-Protocol
,	O
and	O
Windows	B-Device
Live	I-Device
Photo	I-Device
Gallery	I-Device
/	I-Device
Windows	I-Device
Photo	I-Device
Gallery	I-Device
can	O
view	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
for	O
which	O
the	O
necessary	O
WIC	O
codecs	O
are	O
installed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Canon	O
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
,	O
Sony	O
,	O
Olympus	O
and	O
Pentax	B-Application
have	O
released	O
WIC	O
codecs	O
for	O
their	O
cameras	O
,	O
although	O
some	O
manufactures	O
only	O
provide	O
codec	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
32-bit	O
versions	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commercial	O
DNG	B-Application
WIC	O
codecs	O
are	O
also	O
available	O
from	O
Ardfry	O
Imaging	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
;	O
and	O
FastPictureViewer	B-Application
Professional	I-Application
installs	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
WIC-enabled	O
image	O
decoders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Android	B-Application
Lollipop	I-Application
5.0	O
,	O
introduced	O
in	O
late	O
2014	O
,	O
can	O
allow	O
smartphones	B-Application
to	O
take	O
raw	B-Application
images	I-Application
,	O
useful	O
in	O
low-light	O
situations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
darktable	B-Language
is	O
a	O
raw-workflow	O
tool	O
for	O
macOS	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
Windows	O
,	O
Linux	O
and	O
other	O
open	O
Unix-like	O
operating	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	O
features	O
native	O
32-bit	O
floating-point	O
processing	O
and	O
a	O
plugin	B-Application
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
dcraw	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
program	O
which	O
reads	O
most	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
and	O
can	O
be	O
made	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
operating	O
systems	O
not	O
supported	O
by	O
most	O
commercial	O
software	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
Unix	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LibRaw	B-Language
is	O
an	O
API	B-General_Concept
library	O
based	O
on	O
dcraw	B-Algorithm
,	O
offering	O
a	O
more	O
convenient	O
interface	O
for	O
reading	O
and	O
converting	O
raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
HDR	B-Algorithm
PhotoStudio	I-Algorithm
and	O
AZImage	O
are	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
commercial	O
applications	O
that	O
use	O
Libraw	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jrawio	O
is	O
another	O
API	B-General_Concept
library	O
,	O
written	O
in	O
pure	O
Java	B-Device
code	O
and	O
compliant	O
to	O
the	O
standard	O
Java	B-Device
Image	O
I/O	O
API	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
digiKam	B-Language
is	O
an	O
advanced	O
digital	B-Application
photo	I-Application
management	O
application	O
for	O
Linux	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
Windows	O
,	O
and	O
Mac	O
OS	O
X	O
that	O
supports	O
raw	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ExifTool	B-Language
supports	O
the	O
reading	O
,	O
writing	O
and	O
editing	O
of	O
metadata	O
in	O
raw	B-Application
image	I-Application
files	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
ExifTool	B-Language
supports	O
many	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
metadata	O
including	O
Exif	O
,	O
GPS	O
,	O
IPTC	O
,	O
XMP	O
,	O
JFIF	O
,	O
GeoTIFF	B-Application
,	O
ICC	O
Profile	O
,	O
Photoshop	B-Operating_System
IRB	O
,	O
FlashPix	O
,	O
AFCP	O
and	O
ID3	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
maker	O
notes	O
of	O
many	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
ImageMagick	B-Language
,	O
a	O
software	O
suite	O
for	O
image	O
manipulation	O
and	O
conversion	B-General_Concept
,	O
reads	O
many	O
different	O
raw	B-Application
file	I-Application
formats	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
ImageMagick	B-Language
is	O
available	O
for	O
Linux/Unix	O
,	O
Mac	O
OS	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
Windows	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LightZone	B-Language
is	O
a	O
photo	O
editing	O
program	O
providing	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
edit	O
many	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
natively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
tools	O
are	O
raw	O
converters	O
,	O
but	O
LightZone	B-Language
allows	O
a	O
user	O
to	O
edit	O
a	O
raw	B-Application
file	I-Application
as	O
if	O
it	O
were	O
TIFF	O
or	O
JPEG	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
was	O
discontinued	O
in	O
September	O
2011	O
and	O
reinstated	O
as	O
an	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
project	O
in	O
December	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rawstudio	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
raw	B-Application
format	I-Application
developer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RawTherapee	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
raw	O
developer	O
supporting	O
Linux	O
,	O
OS	O
X	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
Windows	O
operating	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shotwell	B-Language
is	O
an	O
image	O
organizer	O
available	O
for	O
all	O
major	O
operating	O
systems	O
with	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
view	O
and	O
edit	O
raw	B-Application
images	I-Application
and	O
has	O
built-in	O
social	O
networking	O
upload	O
capability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UFRaw	B-Language
is	O
a	O
frontend	B-Architecture
which	O
uses	O
dcraw	B-Algorithm
as	O
a	O
back	B-Architecture
end	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
GIMP	B-Application
plugin	B-Application
and	O
is	O
available	O
for	O
most	O
operating	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
those	O
listed	O
under	O
operating	O
system	O
support	O
,	O
above	O
,	O
the	O
commercial	O
software	O
described	O
below	O
support	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
products	O
were	O
launched	O
as	O
raw	O
processing	O
software	O
to	O
process	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
,	O
and	O
have	O
this	O
as	O
their	O
main	O
purpose	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Adobe	B-Application
Camera	I-Application
Raw	I-Application
-	O
used	O
internally	O
by	O
various	O
Adobe	O
Products	O
for	O
raw	O
processing	O
,	O
and	O
as	O
the	O
raw	O
engine	O
in	O
Lightroom	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
macOS	O
raw	O
processing	O
application	O
and	O
Photos	B-Application
extension	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ACDSee	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
is	O
photo	O
management	O
and	O
editing	O
software	O
that	O
supports	O
the	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
of	O
21	O
camera	O
manufacturers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Bridge	I-Operating_System
is	O
photo	O
management	O
software	O
that	O
supports	O
the	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
and	O
converting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Photoshop	I-Operating_System
supports	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
(	O
as	O
of	O
version	O
CS2	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Affinity	B-Operating_System
Photo	I-Operating_System
supports	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
DNG	B-Application
Viewer	O
is	O
a	O
free	O
(	O
32bit	O
)	O
viewer	O
for	O
Microsoft	O
Windows	O
based	O
on	O
dcraw	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
very	O
simple	O
viewer	O
is	O
installed	O
as	O
RAW	B-Application
Image	I-Application
Viewer	O
,	O
supports	O
some	O
lossless	B-Algorithm
operations	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
save	O
raw	B-Application
images	I-Application
as	O
BMP	B-Device
,	O
JPEG	O
,	O
PNG	O
,	O
or	O
TIFF	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FastRawViewer	O
is	O
a	O
dedicated	O
raw	O
viewer	O
that	O
runs	O
on	O
Mac	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
Windows	O
,	O
and	O
currently	O
claims	O
to	O
support	O
all	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
except	O
Foveon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Helicon	B-Algorithm
Filter	I-Algorithm
supports	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
IrfanView	B-Protocol
is	O
a	O
freeware/shareware	O
basic	O
editor	O
with	O
support	O
for	O
raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Konvertor	O
support	O
for	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
is	O
based	O
on	O
dcraw	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Paint	B-Application
Shop	I-Application
Pro	I-Application
contains	O
raw	O
support	O
,	O
although	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
most	O
editors	O
updates	O
to	O
the	O
program	O
may	O
be	O
necessary	O
to	O
attain	O
compatibility	O
with	O
newer	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
as	O
they	O
are	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PhotoLine	B-Operating_System
supports	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Picasa	B-Application
(	O
development	O
discontinued	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
free	O
editor	O
and	O
organizer	O
from	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
read	O
and	O
display	O
many	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
,	O
but	O
like	O
iPhoto	B-Operating_System
,	O
Picasa	B-Application
provides	O
only	O
limited	O
tools	O
for	O
processing	O
the	O
data	O
in	O
a	O
raw	B-Application
file	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Silver	O
B&W	O
Photo	O
Converter	O
offers	O
basic	O
support	O
for	O
editing	O
raw	B-Application
file	I-Application
formats	I-Application
supported	O
by	O
macOS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SilverFast	B-Operating_System
supports	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Utiful	O
Photo	O
Organizer	O
is	O
a	O
photo	O
organizing	O
app	O
for	O
iPhone	O
and	O
iPad	O
that	O
supports	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
it	O
can	O
store	O
and	O
display	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
but	O
also	O
export	O
them	O
in	O
the	O
original	O
raw	B-Application
format	I-Application
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wild	O
Media	O
Server	O
(	O
UPnP	O
,	O
DLNA	O
,	O
HTTP	O
)	O
support	O
for	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
is	O
based	O
on	O
libraw	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
XnView	B-Protocol
support	O
for	O
raw	B-Application
formats	I-Application
is	O
mostly	O
based	O
on	O
dcraw	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Less	O
commonly	O
,	O
raw	O
may	O
also	O
refer	O
to	O
a	O
generic	O
image	O
file	O
format	O
containing	O
only	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
color	O
values	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
"	O
Photoshop	B-Operating_System
Raw	O
"	O
files	O
(	O
.raw	O
)	O
contain	O
8-bits-per-channel	O
RGB	O
data	O
in	O
top-to-bottom	O
,	O
left-to-right	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
order	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
its	O
simplicity	O
,	O
this	O
format	O
is	O
very	O
open	O
and	O
compatible	O
,	O
though	O
limited	O
by	O
its	O
lack	O
of	O
metadata	O
and	O
run-length	B-Algorithm
encoding	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
