<s>
rasdaman	B-Application
(	O
"	O
raster	O
data	O
manager	O
"	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
Array	B-General_Concept
DBMS	I-General_Concept
,	O
that	O
is	O
:	O
a	O
Database	B-Application
Management	I-Application
System	I-Application
which	O
adds	O
capabilities	O
for	O
storage	O
and	O
retrieval	O
of	O
massive	O
multi-dimensional	O
arrays	B-Data_Structure
,	O
such	O
as	O
sensor	O
,	O
image	O
,	O
simulation	O
,	O
and	O
statistics	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
frequently	O
used	O
synonym	O
to	O
arrays	B-Data_Structure
is	O
raster	O
data	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
2-D	O
raster	B-Algorithm
graphics	I-Algorithm
;	O
this	O
actually	O
has	O
motivated	O
the	O
name	O
rasdaman	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
rasdaman	B-Application
has	O
no	O
limitation	O
in	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
dimensions	O
-	O
it	O
can	O
serve	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
1-D	O
measurement	O
data	O
,	O
2-D	O
satellite	O
imagery	O
,	O
3-D	O
x/y/t	O
image	O
time	O
series	O
and	O
x/y/z	O
exploration	O
data	O
,	O
4-D	O
ocean	O
and	O
climate	O
data	O
,	O
and	O
even	O
beyond	O
spatio-temporal	O
dimensions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
an	O
in-depth	O
investigation	O
on	O
raster	O
data	O
formalizations	O
in	O
imaging	O
,	O
in	O
particular	O
the	O
AFATL	O
Image	O
Algebra	O
,	O
he	O
established	O
a	O
database	O
model	O
for	O
multi-dimensional	O
arrays	B-Data_Structure
,	O
including	O
a	O
data	O
model	O
and	O
declarative	O
query	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
pioneering	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
Array	B-General_Concept
Databases	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
,	O
multi-dimensional	O
arrays	B-Data_Structure
are	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
Data	B-Algorithm
Cubes	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
TU	O
Munich	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
EU	O
funded	O
basic	O
research	O
project	O
RasDaMan	B-Application
,	O
a	O
first	O
prototype	O
was	O
established	O
,	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
O2	O
object-oriented	B-Application
DBMS	I-Application
,	O
and	O
tested	O
in	O
Earth	O
and	O
Life	O
science	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
dedicated	O
research	O
spin-off	O
,	O
rasdaman	B-Application
GmbH	O
,	O
was	O
established	O
to	O
give	O
commercial	O
support	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
research	O
which	O
subsequently	O
has	O
been	O
continued	O
at	O
Jacobs	O
University	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
then	O
,	O
both	O
entities	O
collaborate	O
on	O
the	O
further	O
development	O
and	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
rasdaman	B-Application
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
an	O
array	O
algebra	O
specifically	O
developed	O
for	O
database	O
purposes	O
,	O
rasdaman	B-Application
adds	O
a	O
new	O
attribute	O
type	O
,	O
array	O
,	O
to	O
the	O
relational	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
this	O
array	O
definition	O
is	O
parametrized	O
it	O
constitutes	O
a	O
second-order	O
construct	O
or	O
template	B-Application
;	O
this	O
fact	O
is	O
reflected	O
by	O
the	O
second-order	O
functionals	O
in	O
the	O
algebra	O
and	O
query	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
historical	O
reasons	O
,	O
tables	B-Application
are	O
called	O
collections	O
,	O
as	O
initial	O
design	O
emphasized	O
an	O
embedding	O
into	O
the	O
object-oriented	B-Application
database	I-Application
standard	O
,	O
ODMG	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Anticipating	O
a	O
full	O
integration	O
with	O
SQL	O
,	O
rasdaman	B-Application
collections	O
represent	O
a	O
binary	O
relation	O
with	O
the	O
first	O
attribute	O
being	O
an	O
object	O
identifier	O
and	O
the	O
second	O
being	O
the	O
array	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
the	O
establishment	O
of	O
foreign	B-Application
key	I-Application
references	I-Application
between	O
arrays	B-Data_Structure
and	O
regular	O
relational	B-Application
tuples	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rasdaman	B-Application
query	O
language	O
,	O
rasql	O
,	O
embeds	O
itself	O
into	O
standard	O
SQL	O
and	O
its	O
set-oriented	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
new	O
attribute	O
type	O
,	O
multi-dimensional	O
arrays	B-Data_Structure
,	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
extra	O
operations	O
is	O
provided	O
which	O
all	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
minimal	O
set	O
of	O
algebraically	O
defined	O
core	O
operators	O
,	O
an	O
array	O
constructor	O
(	O
which	O
establishes	O
a	O
new	O
array	O
and	O
fills	O
it	O
with	O
values	O
)	O
and	O
an	O
array	O
condenser	O
(	O
which	O
,	O
similarly	O
to	O
SQL	O
aggregates	O
,	O
derives	O
scalar	O
summary	O
information	O
from	O
an	O
array	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
From	O
all	O
4-D	O
x/y/z/t	O
climate	O
simulation	O
data	B-Algorithm
cubes	I-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
cutout	O
which	O
contains	O
all	O
in	O
x	O
,	O
a	O
y	O
extract	O
between	O
100	O
and	O
200	O
,	O
all	O
available	O
along	O
z	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
slice	O
at	O
position	O
42	O
(	O
effectively	O
resulting	O
in	O
a	O
3-D	O
x/y/z	O
cube	O
)	O
"	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
A	O
2-D	O
x/y	O
slice	O
from	O
all	O
4-D	O
climate	O
simulation	O
data	B-Algorithm
cubes	I-Algorithm
,	O
each	O
one	O
encoded	O
in	O
PNG	O
format	O
"	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Tiles	O
and	O
tile	O
index	O
are	O
stored	O
as	O
BLOBs	B-General_Concept
in	O
a	O
relational	O
database	O
which	O
also	O
holds	O
the	O
data	O
dictionary	O
needed	O
by	O
rasdaman	B-Application
's	O
dynamic	O
type	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adapters	O
are	O
available	O
for	O
several	O
relational	O
systems	O
,	O
among	O
them	O
open-source	B-Application
PostgreSQL	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
arrays	B-Data_Structure
larger	O
than	O
disk	O
space	O
,	O
hierarchical	O
storage	O
management	O
(	O
HSM	O
)	O
support	O
has	O
been	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Queries	O
are	O
parsed	O
,	O
optimised	O
,	O
and	O
executed	O
in	O
the	O
rasdaman	B-Application
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
,	O
rasdaman	B-Application
offers	O
inter-query	O
parallelism	O
:	O
A	O
dispatcher	O
schedules	O
requests	O
into	O
a	O
pool	O
of	O
server	O
processes	O
on	O
a	O
per-transaction	O
basis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
interface	O
to	O
rasdaman	B-Application
is	O
the	O
query	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Embeddings	O
into	O
C++	B-Language
and	O
Java	B-Language
APIs	O
allow	O
invocation	O
of	O
queries	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
client-side	O
convenience	O
functions	O
for	O
array	O
handling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Arrays	B-Data_Structure
per	O
se	O
are	O
delivered	O
in	O
the	O
main	O
memory	O
format	O
of	O
the	O
client	O
language	O
and	O
processor	O
architecture	O
,	O
ready	O
for	O
further	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
format	O
codecs	O
allow	O
to	O
retrieve	O
arrays	B-Data_Structure
in	O
common	O
raster	B-Algorithm
formats	I-Algorithm
,	O
such	O
as	O
CSV	O
,	O
PNG	O
,	O
and	O
NetCDF	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Java	B-Language
servlet	O
,	O
petascope	O
,	O
running	O
as	O
a	O
rasdaman	B-Application
client	O
offers	O
Web	O
service	O
interfaces	O
specifically	O
for	O
geo	O
data	O
access	O
,	O
processing	O
and	O
filtering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
OGC	O
standards	O
are	O
supported	O
:	O
WMS	B-Application
,	O
WCS	B-Application
,	O
WCPS	B-Application
,	O
and	O
WPS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
WCS	B-Application
and	O
WCPS	B-Application
,	O
rasdaman	B-Application
is	O
the	O
reference	O
implementation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
,	O
rasdaman	B-Application
is	O
a	O
fully-fledged	O
implementation	O
offering	O
select	O
/	O
insert	O
/	O
update	O
/	O
delete	O
array	O
query	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
collaboration	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
code	O
owner	O
,	O
rasdaman	B-Application
GmbH	O
and	O
Jacobs	O
University	O
,	O
a	O
code	O
split	O
was	O
performed	O
in	O
2008	O
-	O
2009	O
resulting	O
in	O
rasdaman	B-Application
community	O
,	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
branch	O
,	O
and	O
rasdaman	B-Application
enterprise	O
,	O
the	O
commercial	O
branch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
then	O
,	O
rasdaman	B-Application
community	O
is	O
being	O
maintained	O
by	O
Jacobs	O
University	O
whereas	O
rasdaman	B-Application
enterprise	O
remains	O
proprietary	B-Application
to	O
rasdaman	B-Application
GmbH	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
difference	O
between	O
both	O
variants	O
mainly	O
consists	O
of	O
performance	O
boosters	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
specific	O
optimization	O
techniques	O
)	O
intended	O
to	O
support	O
particularly	O
large	O
databases	B-Application
,	O
user	O
numbers	O
,	O
and	O
complex	O
queries	O
;	O
Details	O
are	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
rasdaman	B-Application
community	O
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rasdaman	B-Application
community	O
license	O
releases	O
the	O
server	O
in	O
GPL	B-License
and	O
all	O
client	O
parts	O
in	O
LGPL	B-Application
,	O
thereby	O
allowing	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
in	O
any	O
kind	O
of	O
license	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Being	O
the	O
first	O
Array	B-General_Concept
DBMS	I-General_Concept
shipped	O
(	O
first	O
prototype	O
available	O
in	O
1996	O
)	O
,	O
rasdaman	B-Application
has	O
shaped	O
this	O
recent	O
database	O
research	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
,	O
the	O
Open	O
Geospatial	O
Consortium	O
released	O
the	O
Web	B-Application
Coverage	I-Application
Processing	I-Application
Service	I-Application
standard	O
which	O
defines	O
a	O
raster	O
query	O
language	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
a	O
coverage	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Operator	O
semantics	O
is	O
influenced	O
by	O
the	O
rasdaman	B-Application
array	O
algebra	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EarthLook	O
is	O
a	O
showcase	O
for	O
OGC	O
coverage	B-General_Concept
standards	O
in	O
action	O
,	O
offering	O
1-D	O
through	O
4-D	O
use	O
cases	O
of	O
raster	O
data	O
access	O
and	O
ad-hoc	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EarthLook	O
is	O
built	O
on	O
rasdaman	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
sample	O
large	O
project	O
in	O
which	O
rasdaman	B-Application
is	O
being	O
used	O
for	O
large-scale	O
services	O
in	O
all	O
Earth	O
sciences	O
is	O
EarthServer	O
,	O
six	O
services	O
with	O
a	O
volume	O
of	O
at	O
least	O
100	O
terabytes	O
each	O
have	O
been	O
set	O
up	O
for	O
integrated	O
data	O
/	O
metadata	O
retrieval	O
and	O
distributed	O
query	B-Application
processing	I-Application
.	O
</s>
