<s>
Radio-frequency	B-Application
identification	I-Application
(	O
RFID	B-Application
)	O
uses	O
electromagnetic	O
fields	O
to	O
automatically	O
identify	O
and	O
track	B-Operating_System
tags	O
attached	O
to	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
RFID	B-Application
system	O
consists	O
of	O
a	O
tiny	O
radio	O
transponder	B-Architecture
,	O
a	O
radio	O
receiver	O
and	O
transmitter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
triggered	O
by	O
an	O
electromagnetic	O
interrogation	O
pulse	O
from	O
a	O
nearby	O
RFID	B-Application
reader	O
device	O
,	O
the	O
tag	O
transmits	O
digital	O
data	O
,	O
usually	O
an	O
identifying	O
inventory	O
number	O
,	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
reader	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
number	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
track	B-Operating_System
inventory	O
goods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Passive	O
tags	O
are	O
powered	O
by	O
energy	O
from	O
the	O
RFID	B-Application
reader	O
's	O
interrogating	O
radio	O
waves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	O
tags	O
are	O
powered	O
by	O
a	O
battery	O
and	O
thus	O
can	O
be	O
read	O
at	O
a	O
greater	O
range	O
from	O
the	O
RFID	B-Application
reader	O
,	O
up	O
to	O
hundreds	O
of	O
meters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
is	O
one	O
method	O
of	O
automatic	B-General_Concept
identification	I-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
capture	I-General_Concept
(	O
AIDC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
are	O
used	O
in	O
many	O
industries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
an	O
RFID	B-Application
tag	I-Application
attached	O
to	O
an	O
automobile	O
during	O
production	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
track	B-Operating_System
its	O
progress	O
through	O
the	O
assembly	O
line	O
,	O
RFID-tagged	O
pharmaceuticals	O
can	O
be	O
tracked	O
through	O
warehouses	O
,	O
and	O
implanting	O
RFID	B-Application
microchips	O
in	O
livestock	O
and	O
pets	O
enables	O
positive	O
identification	O
of	O
animals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
can	O
be	O
attached	O
to	O
physical	O
money	O
,	O
clothing	O
,	O
and	O
possessions	O
,	O
or	O
implanted	O
in	O
animals	O
and	O
people	O
,	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
reading	O
personally-linked	O
information	O
without	O
consent	O
has	O
raised	O
serious	O
privacy	O
concerns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
world	O
RFID	B-Application
market	O
was	O
worth	O
US	O
$8.89	O
billion	O
,	O
up	O
from	O
US	O
$7.77	O
billion	O
in	O
2013	O
and	O
US	O
$6.96	O
billion	O
in	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
figure	O
includes	O
tags	O
,	O
readers	O
,	O
and	O
software/services	O
for	O
RFID	B-Application
cards	O
,	O
labels	O
,	O
fobs	O
,	O
and	O
all	O
other	O
form	O
factors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sound	O
waves	O
vibrated	O
a	O
diaphragm	B-Device
which	O
slightly	O
altered	O
the	O
shape	O
of	O
the	O
resonator	O
,	O
which	O
modulated	B-Application
the	O
reflected	O
radio	O
frequency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
though	O
this	O
device	O
was	O
a	O
covert	O
listening	O
device	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
an	O
identification	O
tag	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
predecessor	O
of	O
RFID	B-Application
because	O
it	O
was	O
passive	O
,	O
being	O
energised	O
and	O
activated	O
by	O
waves	O
from	O
an	O
outside	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
technology	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Identification	B-Device
friend	I-Device
or	I-Device
foe	I-Device
transponder	B-Architecture
,	O
was	O
routinely	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
Allies	O
and	O
Germany	O
in	O
World	O
War	O
II	O
to	O
identify	O
aircraft	O
as	O
friendly	O
or	O
hostile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transponders	B-Architecture
are	O
still	O
used	O
by	O
most	O
powered	O
aircraft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
early	O
work	O
exploring	O
RFID	B-Application
is	O
the	O
landmark	O
1948	O
paper	O
by	O
Harry	O
Stockman	O
,	O
who	O
predicted	O
that	O
"	O
Considerable	O
research	O
and	O
development	O
work	O
has	O
to	O
be	O
done	O
before	O
the	O
remaining	O
basic	O
problems	O
in	O
reflected-power	O
communication	O
are	O
solved	O
,	O
and	O
before	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
useful	O
applications	O
is	O
explored.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Mario	O
Cardullo	O
's	O
device	O
,	O
patented	O
on	O
January	O
23	O
,	O
1973	O
,	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
true	O
ancestor	O
of	O
modern	O
RFID	B-Application
,	O
as	O
it	O
was	O
a	O
passive	O
radio	O
transponder	B-Architecture
with	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
consisted	O
of	O
a	O
transponder	B-Architecture
with	O
16	O
bit	O
memory	O
for	O
use	O
as	O
a	O
toll	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1973	O
,	O
an	O
early	O
demonstration	O
of	O
reflected	O
power	O
(	O
modulated	B-Application
backscatter	B-Algorithm
)	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
,	O
both	O
passive	O
and	O
semi-passive	O
,	O
was	O
performed	O
by	O
Steven	O
Depp	O
,	O
Alfred	O
Koelle	O
and	O
Robert	O
Frayman	O
at	O
the	O
Los	O
Alamos	O
National	O
Laboratory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
technique	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
today	O
's	O
UHFID	O
and	O
microwave	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1983	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
patent	O
to	O
be	O
associated	O
with	O
the	O
abbreviation	O
RFID	B-Application
was	O
granted	O
–	O
–	O
–	O
–	O
to	O
Charles	O
Walton	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1996	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
patent	O
for	O
a	O
batteryless	O
RFID	B-Application
passive	O
tag	O
with	O
limited	O
interference	O
was	O
granted	O
to	O
David	O
Everett	O
,	O
John	O
Frech	O
,	O
Theodore	O
Wright	O
,	O
and	O
Kelly	O
Rodriguez	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
radio-frequency	B-Application
identification	I-Application
system	O
uses	O
tags	O
,	O
or	O
labels	O
attached	O
to	O
the	O
objects	O
to	O
be	O
identified	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
are	O
made	O
out	O
of	O
three	O
pieces	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
RFID	B-Application
tag	I-Application
includes	O
either	O
fixed	O
or	O
programmable	O
logic	O
for	O
processing	O
the	O
transmission	O
and	O
sensor	O
data	O
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
can	O
be	O
either	O
passive	O
,	O
active	O
or	O
battery-assisted	O
passive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
battery-assisted	O
passive	O
tag	O
has	O
a	O
small	O
battery	O
on	O
board	O
and	O
is	O
activated	O
when	O
in	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
an	O
RFID	B-Application
reader	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
RFID	B-Application
tag	I-Application
receives	O
the	O
message	O
and	O
then	O
responds	O
with	O
its	O
identification	O
and	O
other	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
tags	O
have	O
individual	O
serial	O
numbers	O
,	O
the	O
RFID	B-Application
system	O
design	O
can	O
discriminate	O
among	O
several	O
tags	O
that	O
might	O
be	O
within	O
the	O
range	O
of	O
the	O
RFID	B-Application
reader	O
and	O
read	O
them	O
simultaneously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
systems	O
can	O
be	O
classified	O
by	O
the	O
type	O
of	O
tag	O
and	O
reader	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
+	O
RFID	B-Application
frequency	O
bands	O
,	O
pp	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1-48	O
Band	O
Regulations	O
Range	O
Data	O
speed	O
ISO/IEC	O
18000section	O
Remarks	O
Approximate	O
tagcost	O
in	O
volume(2006 )	O
LF	O
:	O
120	O
–	O
150	O
kHz	O
Unregulated	O
Low	O
Part	O
2	O
Animal	B-General_Concept
identification	I-General_Concept
,	O
factory	O
data	O
collection	O
US$1	O
HF	B-Algorithm
:	O
13.56	O
MHz	O
ISM	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
worldwide	O
Low	O
to	O
moderate	O
Part	B-Algorithm
3	I-Algorithm
Smart	O
cards	O
(	O
ISO/IEC	O
15693	O
,	O
ISO/IEC	O
14443	O
A	O
,	O
B	O
)	O
,	O
ISO-non-compliant	O
memory	O
cards	O
(	O
Mifare	O
Classic	O
,	O
iCLASS	O
,	O
Legic	O
,	O
FeliCa	O
...	O
)	O
,	O
ISO-compatible	O
microprocessor	O
cards	O
(	O
Desfire	O
EV1	O
,	O
Seos	O
)	O
US	O
$0.05	O
to	O
US$5	O
UHF	O
:	O
433	O
MHz	O
Short	O
range	O
devices	O
Moderate	O
Part	O
7	O
Defense	O
applications	O
,	O
Underground	O
Miner	O
Tracking	O
with	O
active	O
tags	O
US$5	O
UHF	O
:	O
865	O
–	O
868	O
MHz	O
(	O
Europe	O
)	O
902	O
–	O
928	O
MHz	O
(	O
North	O
America	O
)	O
ISM	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
Moderate	O
to	O
high	O
Part	O
6	O
EAN	O
,	O
various	O
standards	O
;	O
used	O
by	O
railroads	O
US	O
$0.04	O
to	O
US$1.00(passive tags )	O
microwave	O
:	O
2450	O
–	O
5800	O
MHz	O
ISM	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
High	O
Part	O
4	O
802.11	O
WLAN	O
,	O
Bluetooth	O
standards	O
US$25	O
(	O
active	O
tags	O
)	O
microwave	O
:	O
3.1	O
–	O
10	O
GHz	O
Ultra	O
wide	O
band	O
up	O
to	O
High	O
Not	O
defined	O
Requires	O
semi-active	O
or	O
active	O
tags	O
US$5	O
projected	O
mm-wave	O
:	O
24.125	O
GHz	O
ISM	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
worldwide	O
High	O
Not	O
defined	O
Requires	O
semi-passive	O
tags	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tags	O
operating	O
on	O
LF	O
and	O
HF	B-Algorithm
bands	O
are	O
,	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
radio	O
wavelength	O
,	O
very	O
close	O
to	O
the	O
reader	O
antenna	O
because	O
they	O
are	O
only	O
a	O
small	O
percentage	O
of	O
a	O
wavelength	O
away	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
near	B-Algorithm
field	I-Algorithm
region	O
,	O
the	O
tag	O
is	O
closely	O
coupled	O
electrically	O
with	O
the	O
transmitter	O
in	O
the	O
reader	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
tag	O
can	O
backscatter	B-Algorithm
a	O
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
written	O
into	O
the	O
tag	O
by	O
an	O
RFID	B-Application
printer	O
,	O
the	O
tag	O
contains	O
a	O
96-bit	O
string	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
protocols	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
"	B-Device
singulate	I-Device
"	I-Device
a	O
particular	O
tag	O
,	O
allowing	O
its	O
data	O
to	O
be	O
read	O
in	O
the	O
midst	O
of	O
many	O
similar	O
tags	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
slotted	O
Aloha	O
system	O
,	O
the	O
reader	O
broadcasts	B-Operating_System
an	O
initialization	O
command	O
and	O
a	O
parameter	O
that	O
the	O
tags	O
individually	O
use	O
to	O
pseudo-randomly	O
delay	O
their	O
responses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Bulk	B-Application
reading	I-Application
"	O
is	O
a	O
strategy	O
for	O
interrogating	O
multiple	O
tags	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
but	O
lacks	O
sufficient	O
precision	O
for	O
inventory	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
group	O
of	O
objects	O
,	O
all	O
of	O
them	O
RFID	B-Application
tagged	O
,	O
are	O
read	O
completely	O
from	O
one	O
single	O
reader	O
position	O
at	O
one	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
as	O
tags	O
respond	O
strictly	O
sequentially	O
,	O
the	O
time	O
needed	O
for	O
bulk	B-Application
reading	I-Application
grows	O
linearly	O
with	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
labels	O
to	O
be	O
read	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
response	O
conditions	O
for	O
inductively	O
coupled	O
HF	B-Algorithm
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
and	O
coil	O
antennas	O
in	O
magnetic	O
fields	O
appear	O
better	O
than	O
for	O
UHF	O
or	O
SHF	O
dipole	O
fields	O
,	O
but	O
then	O
distance	O
limits	O
apply	O
and	O
may	O
prevent	O
success	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
operational	O
conditions	O
,	O
bulk	B-Application
reading	I-Application
is	O
not	O
reliable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bulk	B-Application
reading	I-Application
can	O
be	O
a	O
rough	O
guide	O
for	O
logistics	O
decisions	O
,	O
but	O
due	O
to	O
a	O
high	O
proportion	O
of	O
reading	O
failures	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
(	O
yet	O
)	O
suitable	O
for	O
inventory	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
when	O
a	O
single	O
RFID	B-Application
tag	I-Application
might	O
be	O
seen	O
as	O
not	O
guaranteeing	O
a	O
proper	O
read	O
,	O
multiple	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
,	O
where	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
will	O
respond	O
,	O
may	O
be	O
a	O
safer	O
approach	O
for	O
detecting	O
a	O
known	O
grouping	O
of	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
respect	O
,	O
bulk	B-Application
reading	I-Application
is	O
a	O
fuzzy	B-General_Concept
method	O
for	O
process	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
perspective	O
of	O
cost	O
and	O
effect	O
,	O
bulk	B-Application
reading	I-Application
is	O
not	O
reported	O
as	O
an	O
economical	O
approach	O
to	O
secure	O
process	O
control	O
in	O
logistics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
are	O
easy	O
to	O
conceal	O
or	O
incorporate	O
in	O
other	O
items	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
in	O
2009	O
researchers	O
at	O
Bristol	O
University	O
successfully	O
glued	O
RFID	B-Application
micro-transponders	O
to	O
live	O
ants	B-Application
in	O
order	O
to	O
study	O
their	O
behavior	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
trend	O
towards	O
increasingly	O
miniaturized	O
RFIDs	B-Application
is	O
likely	O
to	O
continue	O
as	O
technology	O
advances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hitachi	O
holds	O
the	O
record	O
for	O
the	O
smallest	O
RFID	B-Application
chip	I-Application
,	O
at	O
0.05mm	O
×	O
0.05mm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Manufacture	O
is	O
enabled	O
by	O
using	O
the	O
silicon-on-insulator	B-Algorithm
(	O
SOI	O
)	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
dust-sized	O
chips	O
can	O
store	O
38-digit	O
numbers	O
using	O
128-bit	O
Read	B-Device
Only	I-Device
Memory	I-Device
(	O
ROM	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
devices	O
are	O
essentially	O
a	O
piece	O
of	O
silicon	O
that	O
are	O
inexpensive	O
,	O
small	O
,	O
and	O
function	O
like	O
larger	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
the	O
small	O
size	O
,	O
manufacturers	O
could	O
tag	O
any	O
product	O
and	O
track	B-Operating_System
logistics	O
information	O
for	O
minimal	O
cost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
RFID	B-Application
tag	I-Application
can	O
be	O
affixed	O
to	O
an	O
object	O
and	O
used	O
to	O
track	B-Operating_System
tools	O
,	O
equipment	O
,	O
inventory	O
,	O
assets	O
,	O
people	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
offers	O
advantages	O
over	O
manual	O
systems	O
or	O
use	O
of	O
barcodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
tag	O
can	O
be	O
read	O
inside	O
a	O
case	O
,	O
carton	O
,	O
box	O
or	O
other	O
container	O
,	O
and	O
unlike	O
barcodes	O
,	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
can	O
be	O
read	O
hundreds	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
;	O
barcodes	O
can	O
only	O
be	O
read	O
one	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
using	O
current	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
battery-assisted	O
passive	O
tags	O
,	O
are	O
also	O
able	O
to	O
monitor	O
temperature	O
and	O
humidity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
applications	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
three	O
factors	O
drove	O
a	O
significant	O
increase	O
in	O
RFID	B-Application
usage	O
:	O
decreased	O
cost	O
of	O
equipment	O
and	O
tags	O
,	O
increased	O
performance	O
to	O
a	O
reliability	O
of	O
99.9	O
%	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
stable	O
international	O
standard	O
around	O
HF	B-Algorithm
and	O
UHF	O
passive	B-Application
RFID	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
EPCglobal	O
Network	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
Auto-ID	B-Application
Center	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
provides	O
a	O
way	O
for	O
organizations	O
to	O
identify	O
and	O
manage	O
stock	O
,	O
tools	O
and	O
equipment	O
(	O
asset	O
tracking	O
)	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Automatic	B-General_Concept
identification	I-General_Concept
with	O
RFID	B-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
inventory	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
organisations	O
require	O
that	O
their	O
vendors	O
place	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
on	O
all	O
shipments	O
to	O
improve	O
supply	O
chain	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
is	O
used	O
for	O
item	O
level	O
tagging	O
in	O
retail	O
stores	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
leaving	O
the	O
shop	O
,	O
customers	O
have	O
to	O
pass	O
near	O
an	O
RFID	B-Application
detector	O
;	O
if	O
they	O
have	O
items	O
with	O
active	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
,	O
an	O
alarm	O
sounds	O
,	O
both	O
indicating	O
an	O
unpaid-for	O
item	O
,	O
and	O
identifying	O
what	O
it	O
is	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Casinos	O
can	O
use	O
RFID	B-Application
to	O
authenticate	O
poker	O
chips	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
selectively	O
invalidate	O
any	O
chips	O
known	O
to	O
be	O
stolen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
are	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
identification	O
badges	O
,	O
replacing	O
earlier	O
magnetic	O
stripe	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
Vail	O
Resorts	O
began	O
using	O
UHF	O
Passive	B-Application
RFID	I-Application
tags	O
in	O
ski	O
passes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Facebook	O
is	O
using	O
RFID	B-Application
cards	O
at	O
most	O
of	O
their	O
live	O
events	O
to	O
allow	O
guests	O
to	O
automatically	O
capture	O
and	O
post	O
photos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Automotive	O
brands	O
have	O
adopted	O
RFID	B-Application
for	O
social	O
media	O
product	O
placement	O
more	O
quickly	O
than	O
other	O
industries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mercedes	O
was	O
an	O
early	O
adopter	O
in	O
2011	O
at	O
the	O
PGA	O
Golf	O
Championships	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
the	O
2013	O
Geneva	O
Motor	O
Show	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
larger	O
brands	O
were	O
using	O
RFID	B-Application
for	O
social	O
media	O
marketing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
prevent	O
retailers	O
diverting	O
products	O
,	O
manufacturers	O
are	O
exploring	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
on	O
promoted	O
merchandise	O
so	O
that	O
they	O
can	O
track	B-Operating_System
exactly	O
which	O
product	O
has	O
sold	O
through	O
the	O
supply	O
chain	O
at	O
fully	O
discounted	O
prices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yard	O
management	O
,	O
shipping	O
and	O
freight	O
and	O
distribution	O
centers	O
use	O
RFID	B-Application
tracking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
railroad	O
industry	O
,	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
mounted	O
on	O
locomotives	O
and	O
rolling	O
stock	O
identify	O
the	O
owner	O
,	O
identification	O
number	O
and	O
type	O
of	O
equipment	O
and	O
its	O
characteristics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
commercial	O
aviation	O
,	O
RFID	B-Application
is	O
used	O
to	O
support	O
maintenance	O
on	O
commercial	O
aircraft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
are	O
used	O
to	O
identify	O
baggage	O
and	O
cargo	O
at	O
several	O
airports	O
and	O
airlines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
countries	O
are	O
using	O
RFID	B-Application
for	O
vehicle	O
registration	O
and	O
enforcement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
can	O
help	O
detect	O
and	O
retrieve	O
stolen	O
cars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
is	O
used	O
in	O
intelligent	O
transportation	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
,	O
RFID	B-Application
readers	O
are	O
deployed	O
at	O
intersections	O
to	O
track	B-Operating_System
E-ZPass	O
tags	O
as	O
a	O
means	O
for	O
monitoring	O
the	O
traffic	O
flow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Where	O
ship	O
,	O
rail	O
,	O
or	O
highway	O
tanks	O
are	O
being	O
loaded	O
,	O
a	O
fixed	O
RFID	B-Application
antenna	O
contained	O
in	O
a	O
transfer	O
hose	O
can	O
read	O
an	O
RFID	B-Application
tag	I-Application
affixed	O
to	O
the	O
tank	O
,	O
positively	O
identifying	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
least	O
one	O
company	O
has	O
introduced	O
RFID	B-Application
to	O
identify	O
and	O
locate	O
underground	O
infrastructure	O
assets	O
such	O
as	O
gas	O
pipelines	O
,	O
sewer	O
lines	O
,	O
electrical	O
cables	O
,	O
communication	O
cables	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
RFID	B-Application
passports	O
(	O
"	O
E-passport	O
"	O
)	O
were	O
issued	O
by	O
Malaysia	O
in	O
1998	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
countries	O
that	O
insert	O
RFID	B-Application
in	O
passports	O
include	O
Norway	O
(	O
2005	O
)	O
,	O
Japan	O
(	O
March	O
1	O
,	O
2006	O
)	O
,	O
most	O
EU	O
countries	O
(	O
around	O
2006	O
)	O
,	O
Australia	O
,	O
Hong	O
Kong	O
,	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
(	O
2007	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
and	O
Northern	O
Ireland	O
(	O
2006	O
)	O
,	O
India	O
(	O
June	O
2008	O
)	O
,	O
Serbia	O
(	O
July	O
2008	O
)	O
,	O
Republic	O
of	O
Korea	O
(	O
August	O
2008	O
)	O
,	O
Taiwan	O
(	O
December	O
2008	O
)	O
,	O
Albania	O
(	O
January	O
2009	O
)	O
,	O
The	O
Philippines	O
(	O
August	O
2009	O
)	O
,	O
Republic	O
of	O
Macedonia	O
(	O
2010	O
)	O
,	O
Argentina	O
(	O
2012	O
)	O
,	O
Canada	O
(	O
2013	O
)	O
,	O
Uruguay	O
(	O
2015	O
)	O
and	O
Israel	O
(	O
2017	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Standards	O
for	O
RFID	B-Application
passports	O
are	O
determined	O
by	O
the	O
International	B-General_Concept
Civil	I-General_Concept
Aviation	I-General_Concept
Organization	I-General_Concept
(	O
ICAO	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
contained	O
in	O
ICAO	O
Document	O
9303	O
,	O
Part	O
1	O
,	O
Volumes	O
1	O
and	O
2	O
(	O
6th	O
edition	O
,	O
2006	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ICAO	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
ISO/IEC	O
14443	O
RFID	B-Application
chips	I-Application
in	O
e-passports	O
as	O
"	O
contactless	O
integrated	O
circuits	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2006	O
,	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
included	O
in	O
new	O
United	O
States	O
passports	O
store	O
the	O
same	O
information	O
that	O
is	O
printed	O
within	O
the	O
passport	O
,	O
and	O
include	O
a	O
digital	O
picture	O
of	O
the	O
owner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
a	O
passport	O
's	O
tag	O
can	O
be	O
read	O
,	O
this	O
PIN	O
must	O
be	O
entered	O
into	O
an	O
RFID	B-Application
reader	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
many	O
countries	O
,	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
pay	O
for	O
mass	O
transit	O
fares	O
on	O
bus	O
,	O
trains	O
,	O
or	O
subways	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
collect	O
tolls	O
on	O
highways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
bike	O
lockers	O
are	O
operated	O
with	O
RFID	B-Application
cards	O
assigned	O
to	O
individual	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
prepaid	O
card	O
is	O
required	O
to	O
open	O
or	O
enter	O
a	O
facility	O
or	O
locker	O
and	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
track	B-Operating_System
and	O
charge	O
based	O
on	O
how	O
long	O
the	O
bike	O
is	O
parked	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Zipcar	O
car-sharing	O
service	O
uses	O
RFID	B-Application
cards	O
for	O
locking	O
and	O
unlocking	O
cars	O
and	O
for	O
member	O
identification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Singapore	O
,	O
RFID	B-Application
replaces	O
paper	O
Season	O
Parking	O
Ticket	O
(	O
SPT	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
for	O
animals	O
represent	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
oldest	O
uses	O
of	O
RFID	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
meant	O
for	O
large	O
ranches	O
and	O
rough	O
terrain	O
,	O
since	O
the	O
outbreak	O
of	O
mad-cow	O
disease	O
,	O
RFID	B-Application
has	O
become	O
crucial	O
in	O
animal	B-General_Concept
identification	I-General_Concept
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
implantable	O
RFID	B-Application
tag	I-Application
or	O
transponder	B-Architecture
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
animal	B-General_Concept
identification	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
transponders	B-Architecture
are	O
better	O
known	O
as	O
PIT	O
(	O
Passive	B-Application
Integrated	I-Application
Transponder	I-Application
)	O
tags	O
,	O
passive	B-Application
RFID	I-Application
,	O
or	O
"	O
chips	O
"	O
on	O
animals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
began	O
using	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
as	O
a	O
replacement	O
for	O
barcode	O
tags	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
are	O
required	O
for	O
all	O
cattle	O
sold	O
in	O
Australia	O
and	O
in	O
some	O
states	O
,	O
sheep	O
and	O
goats	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Biocompatible	O
microchip	O
implants	O
that	O
use	O
RFID	B-Application
technology	O
are	O
being	O
routinely	O
implanted	O
in	O
humans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first-ever	O
human	O
to	O
receive	O
an	O
RFID	B-Application
microchip	O
implant	O
was	O
American	O
artist	O
Eduardo	O
Kac	O
in	O
1997	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
year	O
later	O
,	O
British	O
professor	O
of	O
cybernetics	O
Kevin	O
Warwick	O
had	O
an	O
RFID	B-Application
chip	I-Application
implanted	O
in	O
his	O
arm	O
by	O
his	O
general	O
practitioner	O
,	O
George	O
Boulos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
British	O
scientist	O
Mark	O
Gasson	O
had	O
an	O
advanced	O
glass	O
capsule	O
RFID	B-Application
device	O
surgically	O
implanted	O
into	O
his	O
left	O
hand	O
and	O
subsequently	O
demonstrated	O
how	O
a	O
computer	O
virus	O
could	O
wirelessly	O
infect	O
his	O
implant	O
and	O
then	O
be	O
transmitted	O
on	O
to	O
other	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Food	O
and	O
Drug	O
Administration	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
approved	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
RFID	B-Application
chips	I-Application
in	O
humans	O
in	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
controversy	O
regarding	O
human	O
applications	O
of	O
implantable	O
RFID	B-Application
technology	O
including	O
concerns	O
that	O
individuals	O
could	O
potentially	O
be	O
tracked	O
by	O
carrying	O
an	O
identifier	O
unique	O
to	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Privacy	O
advocates	O
have	O
protested	O
against	O
implantable	O
RFID	B-Application
chips	I-Application
,	O
warning	O
of	O
potential	O
abuse	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
are	O
concerned	O
this	O
could	O
lead	O
to	O
abuse	O
by	O
an	O
authoritarian	O
government	O
,	O
to	O
removal	O
of	O
freedoms	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
the	O
emergence	O
of	O
an	O
"	O
ultimate	O
panopticon	B-Application
"	O
,	O
a	O
society	O
where	O
all	O
citizens	O
behave	O
in	O
a	O
socially	O
accepted	O
manner	O
because	O
others	O
might	O
be	O
watching	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
22	O
,	O
2006	O
,	O
Reuters	O
reported	O
that	O
two	O
hackers	O
,	O
Newitz	O
and	O
Westhues	O
,	O
at	O
a	O
conference	O
in	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
demonstrated	O
that	O
they	O
could	O
clone	O
the	O
RFID	B-Application
signal	O
from	O
a	O
human	O
implanted	O
RFID	B-Application
chip	I-Application
,	O
indicating	O
that	O
the	O
device	O
was	O
not	O
as	O
secure	O
as	O
was	O
previously	O
claimed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adoption	O
of	O
RFID	B-Application
in	O
the	O
medical	O
industry	O
has	O
been	O
widespread	O
and	O
very	O
effective	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hospitals	O
are	O
among	O
the	O
first	O
users	O
to	O
combine	O
both	O
active	O
and	O
passive	B-Application
RFID	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	O
tags	O
track	B-Operating_System
high-value	O
,	O
or	O
frequently	O
moved	O
items	O
,	O
and	O
passive	O
tags	O
track	B-Operating_System
smaller	O
,	O
lower	O
cost	O
items	O
that	O
only	O
need	O
room-level	O
identification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Medical	O
facility	O
rooms	O
can	O
collect	O
data	O
from	O
transmissions	O
of	O
RFID	B-Application
badges	O
worn	O
by	O
patients	O
and	O
employees	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
from	O
tags	O
assigned	O
to	O
items	O
such	O
as	O
mobile	O
medical	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
U.S.	O
Department	O
of	O
Veterans	O
Affairs	O
(	O
VA	O
)	O
recently	O
announced	O
plans	O
to	O
deploy	O
RFID	B-Application
in	O
hospitals	O
across	O
America	O
to	O
improve	O
care	O
and	O
reduce	O
costs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2004	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
U.S.	O
hospitals	O
have	O
begun	O
implanting	O
patients	O
with	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
and	O
using	O
RFID	B-Application
systems	O
,	O
usually	O
for	O
workflow	O
and	O
inventory	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
RFID	B-Application
to	O
prevent	O
mix-ups	O
between	O
sperm	O
and	O
ova	O
in	O
IVF	O
clinics	O
is	O
also	O
being	O
considered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2004	O
,	O
the	O
FDA	O
approved	O
the	O
USA	O
's	O
first	O
RFID	B-Application
chips	I-Application
that	O
can	O
be	O
implanted	O
in	O
humans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
134kHz	O
RFID	B-Application
chips	I-Application
,	O
from	O
VeriChip	O
Corp	O
.	O
can	O
incorporate	O
personal	O
medical	O
information	O
and	O
could	O
save	O
lives	O
and	O
limit	O
injuries	O
from	O
errors	O
in	O
medical	O
treatments	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Anti-RFID	O
activists	O
Katherine	O
Albrecht	O
and	O
Liz	O
McIntyre	O
discovered	O
an	O
FDA	O
Warning	O
Letter	O
that	O
spelled	O
out	O
health	O
risks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
FDA	O
,	O
these	O
include	O
"	O
adverse	O
tissue	O
reaction	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
migration	O
of	O
the	O
implanted	O
transponder	B-Architecture
"	O
,	O
"	O
failure	O
of	O
implanted	O
transponder	B-Architecture
"	O
,	O
"	O
electrical	O
hazards	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
magnetic	O
resonance	O
imaging	O
 [ MRI ] 	O
incompatibility.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Libraries	O
have	O
used	O
RFID	B-Application
to	O
replace	O
the	O
barcodes	O
on	O
library	O
items	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
RFID	B-Application
system	O
may	O
replace	O
or	O
supplement	O
bar	O
codes	O
and	O
may	O
offer	O
another	O
method	O
of	O
inventory	O
management	O
and	O
self-service	O
checkout	O
by	O
patrons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
estimated	O
that	O
over	O
30	O
million	O
library	O
items	O
worldwide	O
now	O
contain	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
,	O
including	O
some	O
in	O
the	O
Vatican	O
Library	O
in	O
Rome	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
can	O
be	O
read	O
through	O
an	O
item	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
need	O
to	O
open	O
a	O
book	O
cover	O
or	O
DVD	O
case	O
to	O
scan	O
an	O
item	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
stack	O
of	O
books	O
can	O
be	O
read	O
simultaneously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
taking	O
a	O
large	O
burden	O
off	O
staff	O
could	O
also	O
mean	O
that	O
fewer	O
staff	O
will	O
be	O
needed	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
some	O
of	O
them	O
getting	O
laid	O
off	O
,	O
but	O
that	O
has	O
so	O
far	O
not	O
happened	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
where	O
recent	O
surveys	O
have	O
not	O
returned	O
a	O
single	O
library	O
that	O
cut	O
staff	O
because	O
of	O
adding	O
RFID	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
the	O
tasks	O
that	O
RFID	B-Application
takes	O
over	O
are	O
largely	O
not	O
the	O
primary	O
tasks	O
of	O
librarians	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Privacy	O
concerns	O
have	O
been	O
raised	O
surrounding	O
library	O
use	O
of	O
RFID	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
some	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
can	O
be	O
read	O
up	O
to	O
away	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
some	O
concern	O
over	O
whether	O
sensitive	O
information	O
could	O
be	O
collected	O
from	O
an	O
unwilling	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
library	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
do	O
not	O
contain	O
any	O
patron	O
information	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
tags	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
libraries	O
use	O
a	O
frequency	O
only	O
readable	O
from	O
approximately	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
concern	O
is	O
that	O
a	O
non-library	O
agency	O
could	O
potentially	O
record	O
the	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
of	O
every	O
person	O
leaving	O
the	O
library	O
without	O
the	O
library	O
administrator	O
's	O
knowledge	O
or	O
consent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
technologies	O
are	O
now	O
also	O
implemented	O
in	O
end-user	O
applications	O
in	O
museums	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
collected	O
information	O
could	O
be	O
retrieved	O
at	O
home	O
from	O
a	O
"	O
personalized	O
"	O
website	O
keyed	O
to	O
the	O
RFID	B-Application
tag	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
St	O
Charles	O
Sixth	O
Form	O
College	O
in	O
west	O
London	O
,	O
England	O
,	O
starting	O
in	O
2008	O
,	O
uses	O
an	O
RFID	B-Application
card	O
system	O
to	O
check	O
in	O
and	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
gate	O
,	O
to	O
both	O
track	B-Operating_System
attendance	O
and	O
prevent	O
unauthorized	O
entrance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
Whitcliffe	O
Mount	O
School	O
in	O
Cleckheaton	O
,	O
England	O
,	O
uses	O
RFID	B-Application
to	O
track	B-Operating_System
pupils	O
and	O
staff	O
in	O
and	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
building	O
via	O
a	O
specially	O
designed	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Philippines	O
,	O
during	O
2012	O
,	O
some	O
schools	O
already	O
use	O
RFID	B-Application
in	O
IDs	O
for	O
borrowing	O
books	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gates	O
in	O
those	O
particular	O
schools	O
also	O
have	O
RFID	B-Application
scanners	O
for	O
buying	O
items	O
at	O
school	O
shops	O
and	O
canteens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
is	O
also	O
used	O
in	O
school	O
libraries	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
sign	O
in	O
and	O
out	O
for	O
student	O
and	O
teacher	O
attendance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
for	O
timing	O
races	O
began	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
with	O
pigeon	O
racing	O
,	O
introduced	O
by	O
the	O
company	O
Deister	O
Electronics	O
in	O
Germany	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
can	O
provide	O
race	O
start	O
and	O
end	O
timings	O
for	O
individuals	O
in	O
large	O
races	O
where	O
it	O
is	O
impossible	O
to	O
get	O
accurate	O
stopwatch	O
readings	O
for	O
every	O
entrant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
races	O
using	O
RFID	B-Application
,	O
racers	O
wear	O
tags	O
that	O
are	O
read	O
by	O
antennas	O
placed	O
alongside	O
the	O
track	B-Operating_System
or	O
on	O
mats	O
across	O
the	O
track	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Passive	O
and	O
active	O
RFID	B-Application
systems	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
off-road	O
events	O
such	O
as	O
Orienteering	O
,	O
Enduro	B-Application
and	O
Hare	O
and	O
Hounds	O
racing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Riders	O
have	O
a	O
transponder	B-Architecture
on	O
their	O
person	O
,	O
normally	O
on	O
their	O
arm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
is	O
being	O
adapted	O
by	O
many	O
recruitment	O
agencies	O
which	O
have	O
a	O
PET	O
(	O
physical	O
endurance	O
test	O
)	O
as	O
their	O
qualifying	O
procedure	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
cases	O
where	O
the	O
candidate	O
volumes	O
may	O
run	O
into	O
millions	O
(	O
Indian	O
Railway	O
recruitment	O
cells	O
,	O
police	O
and	O
power	O
sector	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
ski	O
resorts	O
have	O
adopted	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
to	O
provide	O
skiers	O
hands-free	O
access	O
to	O
ski	O
lifts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
systems	O
were	O
based	O
on	O
high	B-Algorithm
frequency	I-Algorithm
(	O
HF	B-Algorithm
)	O
at	O
13.56	O
megahertz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NFL	B-Application
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
equips	O
players	O
with	O
RFID	B-Application
chips	I-Application
that	O
measures	O
speed	O
,	O
distance	O
and	O
direction	O
traveled	O
by	O
each	O
player	O
in	O
real-time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
cameras	O
stay	O
focused	O
on	O
the	O
quarterback	B-Application
;	O
however	O
,	O
numerous	O
plays	O
are	O
happening	O
simultaneously	O
on	O
the	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
RFID	B-Application
chip	I-Application
will	O
provide	O
new	O
insight	O
into	O
these	O
simultaneous	O
plays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
chip	O
triangulates	O
the	O
player	O
's	O
position	O
within	O
six	O
inches	O
and	O
will	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
digitally	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
replays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
RFID	B-Application
chip	I-Application
will	O
make	O
individual	O
player	O
information	O
accessible	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	O
will	O
be	O
available	O
via	O
the	O
NFL	B-Application
2015	O
app	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
RFID	B-Application
chips	I-Application
are	O
manufactured	O
by	O
Zebra	O
Technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zebra	O
Technologies	O
tested	O
the	O
RFID	B-Application
chip	I-Application
in	O
18	O
stadiums	O
last	O
year	O
to	O
track	B-Operating_System
vector	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
are	O
often	O
a	O
complement	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
a	O
substitute	O
,	O
for	O
Universal	O
Product	O
Code	O
(	O
UPC	O
)	O
or	O
European	O
Article	O
Number	O
(	O
EAN	O
)	O
barcodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
unlike	O
RFID	B-Application
labels	O
,	O
barcodes	O
can	O
be	O
generated	O
and	O
distributed	O
electronically	O
by	O
e-mail	O
or	O
mobile	O
phone	O
,	O
for	O
printing	O
or	O
display	O
by	O
the	O
recipient	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Filtering	O
and	O
categorizing	O
RFID	B-Application
data	O
is	O
needed	O
to	O
create	O
useful	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
likely	O
that	O
goods	O
will	O
be	O
tracked	O
by	O
the	O
pallet	O
using	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
,	O
and	O
at	O
package	O
level	O
with	O
UPC	O
or	O
EAN	O
from	O
unique	O
barcodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
unique	O
identity	O
is	O
a	O
mandatory	O
requirement	O
for	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
,	O
despite	O
special	O
choice	O
of	O
the	O
numbering	O
scheme	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
tag	I-Application
data	O
capacity	O
is	O
large	O
enough	O
that	O
each	O
individual	O
tag	O
will	O
have	O
a	O
unique	O
code	O
,	O
while	O
current	O
barcodes	O
are	O
limited	O
to	O
a	O
single	O
type	O
code	O
for	O
a	O
particular	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
uniqueness	O
of	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
means	O
that	O
a	O
product	O
may	O
be	O
tracked	O
as	O
it	O
moves	O
from	O
location	O
to	O
location	O
while	O
being	O
delivered	O
to	O
a	O
person	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
tracing	O
of	O
products	O
is	O
an	O
important	O
feature	O
that	O
is	O
well	O
supported	O
with	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
containing	O
a	O
unique	O
identity	O
of	O
the	O
tag	O
and	O
the	O
serial	O
number	O
of	O
the	O
object	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
around	O
2007	O
there	O
been	O
increasing	O
development	O
in	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
RFID	B-Application
in	O
the	O
waste	O
management	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
are	O
installed	O
on	O
waste	O
collection	O
carts	O
,	O
linking	O
carts	O
to	O
the	O
owner	O
's	O
account	O
for	O
easy	O
billing	O
and	O
service	O
verification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
tag	O
is	O
embedded	O
into	O
a	O
garbage	O
and	O
recycle	O
container	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
RFID	B-Application
reader	O
is	O
affixed	O
to	O
the	O
garbage	O
and	O
recycle	O
trucks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
also	O
measures	O
a	O
customer	O
's	O
set-out	O
rate	O
and	O
provides	O
insight	O
as	O
to	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
carts	O
serviced	O
by	O
each	O
waste	O
collection	O
vehicle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
RFID	B-Application
process	O
replaces	O
traditional	O
"	O
pay	O
as	O
you	O
throw	O
"	O
(	O
PAYT	O
)	O
municipal	O
solid	O
waste	O
usage-pricing	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
have	O
the	O
potential	O
to	O
function	O
as	O
low-cost	O
remote	O
sensors	O
that	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
telemetry	O
back	O
to	O
a	O
base	O
station	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	O
of	O
tagometry	O
data	O
could	O
include	O
sensing	O
of	O
road	O
conditions	O
by	O
implanted	O
beacons	B-General_Concept
,	O
weather	O
reports	O
,	O
and	O
noise	O
level	O
monitoring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Passive	B-Application
RFID	I-Application
tags	O
can	O
also	O
report	O
sensor	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
Wireless	B-Device
Identification	I-Device
and	I-Device
Sensing	I-Device
Platform	I-Device
is	O
a	O
passive	O
tag	O
that	O
reports	O
temperature	O
,	O
acceleration	O
and	O
capacitance	O
to	O
commercial	O
Gen2	O
RFID	B-Application
readers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
possible	O
that	O
active	O
or	O
battery-assisted	O
passive	O
(	O
BAP	O
)	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
could	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
a	O
signal	O
to	O
an	O
in-store	O
receiver	O
to	O
determine	O
whether	O
the	O
RFID	B-Application
tag	I-Application
–	O
and	O
by	O
extension	O
,	O
the	O
product	O
it	O
is	O
attached	O
to	O
–	O
is	O
in	O
the	O
store	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
organizations	O
have	O
set	O
standards	O
for	O
RFID	B-Application
,	O
including	O
the	O
International	O
Organization	O
for	O
Standardization	O
(	O
ISO	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
International	O
Electrotechnical	O
Commission	O
(	O
IEC	O
)	O
,	O
ASTM	O
International	O
,	O
the	O
DASH7	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
and	O
EPCglobal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
specific	O
industries	O
have	O
also	O
set	O
guidelines	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
Financial	O
Services	O
Technology	O
Consortium	O
(	O
FSTC	O
)	O
for	O
tracking	O
IT	O
Assets	O
with	O
RFID	B-Application
,	O
the	O
Computer	O
Technology	O
Industry	O
Association	O
CompTIA	O
for	O
certifying	O
RFID	B-Application
engineers	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
International	O
Air	O
Transport	O
Association	O
(	O
IATA	O
)	O
for	O
luggage	O
in	O
airports	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Every	O
country	O
can	O
set	O
its	O
own	O
rules	O
for	O
frequency	B-Algorithm
allocation	I-Algorithm
for	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
,	O
and	O
not	O
all	O
radio	O
bands	O
are	O
available	O
in	O
all	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
frequencies	O
are	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
ISM	B-Algorithm
bands	I-Algorithm
(	O
Industrial	O
Scientific	O
and	O
Medical	O
bands	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Low-frequency	B-Algorithm
(	O
LF	O
:	O
125	O
–	O
134.2kHz	O
and	O
140	O
–	O
148.5kHz	O
)	O
(	O
LowFID	O
)	O
tags	O
and	O
high-frequency	B-Algorithm
(	O
HF	B-Algorithm
:	O
13.56MHz	O
)	O
(	O
HighFID	O
)	O
tags	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
globally	O
without	O
a	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ultra-high-frequency	O
(	O
UHF	O
:	O
865	O
–	O
928MHz	O
)	O
(	O
Ultra-HighFID	O
or	O
UHFID	O
)	O
tags	O
cannot	O
be	O
used	O
globally	O
as	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
single	O
global	O
standard	O
,	O
and	O
regulations	O
differ	O
from	O
country	O
to	O
country	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Europe	O
,	O
RFID	B-Application
and	O
other	O
low-power	O
radio	O
applications	O
are	O
regulated	O
by	O
ETSI	O
recommendations	O
EN	O
300	O
220	O
and	O
EN	O
302	O
208	O
,	O
and	O
ERO	O
recommendation	O
70	O
03	O
,	O
allowing	O
RFID	B-Application
operation	O
with	O
somewhat	O
complex	O
band	O
restrictions	O
from	O
865	O
–	O
868MHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
25	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
Japan	O
changed	O
its	O
UHF	O
band	O
to	O
920MHz	O
,	O
more	O
closely	O
matching	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
 '	O
915MHz	O
band	O
,	O
establishing	O
an	O
international	O
standard	O
environment	O
for	O
RFID	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Standards	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
made	O
regarding	O
RFID	B-Application
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
ISO	B-Device
11784/11785	I-Device
–	O
Animal	B-General_Concept
identification	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
ISO/IEC	O
14443	O
:	O
This	O
standard	O
is	O
a	O
popular	O
HF	B-Algorithm
(	O
13.56MHz	O
)	O
standard	O
for	O
HighFIDs	O
which	O
is	O
being	O
used	O
as	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
RFID-enabled	O
passports	O
under	O
ICAO	O
9303	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Near	B-Algorithm
Field	I-Algorithm
Communication	O
standard	O
that	O
lets	O
mobile	O
devices	O
act	O
as	O
RFID	B-Application
readers/transponders	O
is	O
also	O
based	O
on	O
ISO/IEC	O
14443	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ISO/IEC	O
15693	O
:	O
This	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
popular	O
HF	B-Algorithm
(	O
13.56MHz	O
)	O
standard	O
for	O
HighFIDs	O
widely	O
used	O
for	O
non-contact	O
smart	O
payment	O
and	O
credit	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ISO/IEC	O
18000	O
:	O
Information	O
technology	O
—	O
Radio	B-Application
frequency	I-Application
identification	I-Application
for	O
item	O
management	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
ISO	O
18185	O
:	O
This	O
is	O
the	O
industry	O
standard	O
for	O
electronic	O
seals	O
or	O
"	O
e-seals	O
"	O
for	O
tracking	O
cargo	O
containers	O
using	O
the	O
433MHz	O
and	O
2.4GHz	B-Algorithm
frequencies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
ensure	O
global	O
interoperability	O
of	O
products	O
,	O
several	O
organizations	O
have	O
set	O
up	O
additional	O
standards	O
for	O
RFID	B-Device
testing	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
EPCglobal	O
,	O
a	O
joint	O
venture	O
between	O
GS1	O
and	O
GS1	O
US	O
,	O
is	O
working	O
on	O
international	O
standards	O
for	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
mostly	O
passive	B-Application
RFID	I-Application
and	O
the	O
Electronic	O
Product	O
Code	O
(	O
EPC	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
identification	O
of	O
many	O
items	O
in	O
the	O
supply	O
chain	O
for	O
companies	O
worldwide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
missions	O
of	O
EPCglobal	O
was	O
to	O
simplify	O
the	O
Babel	O
of	O
protocols	O
prevalent	O
in	O
the	O
RFID	B-Application
world	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
approved	O
after	O
a	O
contention	O
from	O
Intermec	O
that	O
the	O
standard	O
may	O
infringe	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
their	O
RFID-related	O
patents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
concepts	O
have	O
been	O
designed	O
,	O
mainly	O
offered	O
as	O
middleware	B-General_Concept
performing	O
the	O
filtering	O
from	O
noisy	O
and	O
redundant	O
raw	O
data	O
to	O
significant	O
processed	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
frequencies	O
used	O
for	O
UHF	O
RFID	B-Application
in	O
the	O
USA	O
are	O
as	O
of	O
2007	O
incompatible	O
with	O
those	O
of	O
Europe	O
or	O
Japan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
primary	O
RFID	B-Application
security	O
concern	O
is	O
the	O
illicit	O
tracking	O
of	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
concerns	O
have	O
been	O
raised	O
with	O
respect	O
to	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Department	O
of	O
Defense	O
's	O
recent	O
adoption	O
of	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
for	O
supply	O
chain	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
generally	O
,	O
privacy	O
organizations	O
have	O
expressed	O
concerns	O
in	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
ongoing	O
efforts	O
to	O
embed	O
electronic	O
product	O
code	O
(	O
EPC	O
)	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
in	O
general-use	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
mostly	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
can	O
be	O
read	O
,	O
and	O
legitimate	O
transactions	O
with	O
readers	O
can	O
be	O
eavesdropped	O
on	O
,	O
from	O
non-trivial	O
distances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
used	O
in	O
access	O
control	O
,	O
payment	O
and	O
eID	O
(	O
e-passport	O
)	O
systems	O
operate	O
at	O
a	O
shorter	O
range	O
than	O
EPC	O
RFID	B-Application
systems	O
but	O
are	O
also	O
vulnerable	O
to	O
skimming	O
and	O
eavesdropping	O
,	O
albeit	O
at	O
shorter	O
distances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
protocols	O
used	O
during	O
CRA	O
can	O
be	O
symmetric	B-Algorithm
,	O
or	O
may	O
use	O
public	B-Application
key	I-Application
cryptography	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
secure	O
protocols	O
have	O
been	O
suggested	O
for	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
,	O
</s>
<s>
to	O
support	O
very	O
low-power	O
and	O
therefore	O
simple	O
security	O
protocols	O
such	O
as	O
cover-coding	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unauthorized	O
reading	O
of	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
presents	O
a	O
risk	O
to	O
privacy	O
and	O
to	O
business	O
secrecy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unauthorized	O
readers	O
can	O
potentially	O
use	O
RFID	B-Application
information	O
to	O
identify	O
or	O
track	B-Operating_System
packages	O
,	O
persons	O
,	O
carriers	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
contents	O
of	O
a	O
package	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
prototype	O
systems	O
are	O
being	O
developed	O
to	O
combat	O
unauthorized	O
reading	O
,	O
including	O
RFID	B-Application
signal	O
interruption	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
legislation	O
,	O
and	O
700	O
scientific	O
papers	O
have	O
been	O
published	O
on	O
this	O
matter	O
since	O
2002	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
prevent	O
the	O
passive	O
"	O
skimming	O
"	O
of	O
RFID-enabled	O
cards	O
or	O
passports	O
,	O
the	O
U.S.	O
General	O
Services	O
Administration	O
(	O
GSA	O
)	O
issued	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
test	O
procedures	O
for	O
evaluating	O
electromagnetically	O
opaque	O
sleeves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
many	O
wallets	O
and	O
passport	O
holders	O
are	O
advertised	O
to	O
protect	O
personal	O
information	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
little	O
evidence	O
that	O
RFID	B-Application
skimming	O
is	O
a	O
serious	O
threat	O
;	O
data	O
encryption	O
and	O
use	O
of	O
EMV	O
chips	O
rather	O
than	O
RFID	B-Application
makes	O
this	O
sort	O
of	O
theft	O
rare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
contradictory	O
opinions	O
as	O
to	O
whether	O
aluminum	O
can	O
prevent	O
reading	O
of	O
RFID	B-Application
chips	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Others	O
claim	O
that	O
simply	O
wrapping	O
an	O
RFID	B-Application
card	O
in	O
aluminum	O
foil	O
only	O
makes	O
transmission	O
more	O
difficult	O
and	O
is	O
not	O
completely	O
effective	O
at	O
preventing	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Low-frequency	B-Algorithm
LowFID	O
tags	O
,	O
like	O
those	O
used	O
in	O
implantable	O
devices	O
for	O
humans	O
and	O
pets	O
,	O
are	O
relatively	O
resistant	O
to	O
shielding	O
,	O
although	O
thick	O
metal	O
foil	O
will	O
prevent	O
most	O
reads	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High	B-Algorithm
frequency	I-Algorithm
HighFID	O
tags	O
(	O
13.56MHz	O
—	O
smart	O
cards	O
and	O
access	O
badges	O
)	O
are	O
sensitive	O
to	O
shielding	O
and	O
are	O
difficult	O
to	O
read	O
when	O
within	O
a	O
few	O
centimetres	O
of	O
a	O
metal	O
surface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
RFID	B-Application
has	O
engendered	O
considerable	O
controversy	O
and	O
some	O
consumer	O
privacy	O
advocates	O
have	O
initiated	O
product	O
boycotts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
main	O
privacy	O
concerns	O
regarding	O
RFID	B-Application
are	O
as	O
follows	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
owner	O
of	O
an	O
item	O
may	O
not	O
necessarily	O
be	O
aware	O
of	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
an	O
RFID	B-Application
tag	I-Application
and	O
the	O
tag	O
can	O
be	O
read	O
at	O
a	O
distance	O
without	O
the	O
knowledge	O
of	O
the	O
individual	O
,	O
sensitive	O
data	O
may	O
be	O
acquired	O
without	O
consent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
tagged	O
item	O
is	O
paid	O
for	O
by	O
credit	O
card	O
or	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
loyalty	O
card	O
,	O
then	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
possible	O
to	O
indirectly	O
deduce	O
the	O
identity	O
of	O
the	O
purchaser	O
by	O
reading	O
the	O
globally	O
unique	O
ID	O
of	O
that	O
item	O
contained	O
in	O
the	O
RFID	B-Application
tag	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
concerns	O
revolve	O
around	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
affixed	O
to	O
products	O
remain	O
functional	O
even	O
after	O
the	O
products	O
have	O
been	O
purchased	O
and	O
taken	O
home	O
and	O
thus	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
surveillance	O
and	O
other	O
purposes	O
unrelated	O
to	O
their	O
supply	O
chain	O
inventory	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
RFID	B-Application
Network	O
responded	O
to	O
these	O
fears	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
episode	O
of	O
their	O
syndicated	O
cable	O
TV	O
series	O
,	O
saying	O
that	O
they	O
are	O
unfounded	O
,	O
and	O
let	O
RF	O
engineers	O
demonstrate	O
how	O
RFID	B-Application
works	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
provided	O
images	O
of	O
RF	O
engineers	O
driving	O
an	O
RFID-enabled	O
van	O
around	O
a	O
building	O
and	O
trying	O
to	O
take	O
an	O
inventory	O
of	O
items	O
inside	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
also	O
discussed	O
satellite	O
tracking	O
of	O
a	O
passive	B-Application
RFID	I-Application
tag	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concerns	O
raised	O
may	O
be	O
addressed	O
in	O
part	O
by	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
Clipped	B-Device
Tag	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Clipped	B-Device
Tag	I-Device
is	O
an	O
RFID	B-Application
tag	I-Application
designed	O
to	O
increase	O
privacy	O
for	O
the	O
purchaser	O
of	O
an	O
item	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Clipped	B-Device
Tag	I-Device
has	O
been	O
suggested	O
by	O
IBM	O
researchers	O
Paul	O
Moskowitz	O
and	O
Guenter	O
Karjoth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2004	O
privacy	O
advocates	O
from	O
CASPIAN	O
and	O
the	O
German	O
privacy	O
group	O
FoeBuD	B-Application
were	O
invited	O
to	O
the	O
METRO	O
Future	O
Store	O
in	O
Germany	O
,	O
where	O
an	O
RFID	B-Application
pilot	O
project	O
was	O
implemented	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
uncovered	O
by	O
accident	O
that	O
METRO	O
"	O
Payback	O
"	O
customer	O
loyalty	O
cards	O
contained	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
with	O
customer	O
IDs	O
,	O
a	O
fact	O
that	O
was	O
disclosed	O
neither	O
to	O
customers	O
receiving	O
the	O
cards	O
,	O
nor	O
to	O
this	O
group	O
of	O
privacy	O
advocates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
happened	O
despite	O
assurances	O
by	O
METRO	O
that	O
no	O
customer	O
identification	O
data	O
was	O
tracked	O
and	O
all	O
RFID	B-Application
usage	O
was	O
clearly	O
disclosed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
UN	O
World	O
Summit	O
on	O
the	O
Information	O
Society	O
(	O
WSIS	O
)	O
in	O
November	O
2005	O
,	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
,	O
the	O
founder	O
of	O
the	O
free	O
software	O
movement	O
,	O
protested	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
RFID	B-Application
security	O
cards	O
by	O
covering	O
his	O
card	O
with	O
aluminum	O
foil	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
–	O
2005	O
the	O
Federal	O
Trade	O
Commission	O
staff	O
conducted	O
a	O
workshop	O
and	O
review	O
of	O
RFID	B-Application
privacy	O
concerns	O
and	O
issued	O
a	O
report	O
recommending	O
best	O
practices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFID	B-Application
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
topics	O
of	O
the	O
2006	O
Chaos	O
Communication	O
Congress	O
(	O
organized	O
by	O
the	O
Chaos	O
Computer	O
Club	O
in	O
Berlin	O
)	O
and	O
triggered	O
a	O
large	O
press	O
debate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Talks	O
showed	O
how	O
the	O
first	O
real-world	O
mass	O
application	O
of	O
RFID	B-Application
at	O
the	O
2006	O
FIFA	O
Football	O
World	O
Cup	O
worked	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
group	O
monochrom	O
staged	O
a	O
"	O
Hack	O
RFID	B-Application
"	O
song	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
individuals	O
have	O
grown	O
to	O
fear	O
the	O
loss	O
of	O
rights	O
due	O
to	O
RFID	B-Application
human	O
implantation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
early	O
2007	O
,	O
Chris	O
Paget	O
of	O
San	O
Francisco	O
,	O
California	O
,	O
showed	O
that	O
RFID	B-Application
information	O
could	O
be	O
pulled	O
from	O
a	O
US	O
passport	O
card	O
by	O
using	O
only	O
$250	O
worth	O
of	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
ZDNet	O
,	O
critics	O
believe	O
that	O
RFID	B-Application
will	O
lead	O
to	O
tracking	O
individuals	O
 '	O
every	O
movement	O
and	O
will	O
be	O
an	O
invasion	O
of	O
privacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
book	O
SpyChips	O
:	O
How	O
Major	O
Corporations	O
and	O
Government	O
Plan	O
to	O
Track	B-Operating_System
Your	O
Every	O
Move	O
by	O
Katherine	O
Albrecht	O
and	O
Liz	O
McIntyre	O
,	O
one	O
is	O
encouraged	O
to	O
"	O
imagine	O
a	O
world	O
of	O
no	O
privacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
an	O
RSA	O
laboratories	O
FAQ	O
,	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
can	O
be	O
destroyed	O
by	O
a	O
standard	O
microwave	O
oven	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
some	O
types	O
of	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
,	O
particularly	O
those	O
constructed	O
to	O
radiate	O
using	O
large	O
metallic	O
antennas	O
(	O
in	O
particular	O
RF	O
tags	O
and	O
EPC	O
tags	O
)	O
,	O
may	O
catch	O
fire	O
if	O
subjected	O
to	O
this	O
process	O
for	O
too	O
long	O
(	O
as	O
would	O
any	O
metallic	O
item	O
inside	O
a	O
microwave	O
oven	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
simple	O
method	O
cannot	O
safely	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
deactivate	O
RFID	B-Application
features	O
in	O
electronic	O
devices	O
,	O
or	O
those	O
implanted	O
in	O
living	O
tissue	O
,	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
damage	O
to	O
the	O
"	O
host	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
implement	O
a	O
"	O
kill	O
command	O
"	O
mechanism	O
to	O
permanently	O
and	O
irreversibly	O
disable	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UHF	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
that	O
comply	O
with	O
the	O
EPC2	O
Gen	O
2	O
Class	O
1	O
standard	O
usually	O
support	O
this	O
mechanism	O
,	O
while	O
protecting	O
the	O
chip	O
from	O
being	O
killed	O
with	O
a	O
password	O
.	O
</s>
