<s>
ROCm	B-Operating_System
is	O
an	O
Advanced	O
Micro	O
Devices	O
(	O
AMD	O
)	O
software	O
stack	O
for	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
unit	I-Architecture
(	O
GPU	B-Architecture
)	O
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ROCm	B-Operating_System
spans	O
several	O
domains	O
:	O
general-purpose	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
on	I-Architecture
graphics	I-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
units	I-Architecture
(	O
GPGPU	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
high	B-Architecture
performance	I-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
(	O
HPC	O
)	O
,	O
heterogeneous	O
computing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
offers	O
several	O
programming	O
models	O
:	O
HIP	O
(	O
GPU-kernel-based	B-Operating_System
programming	I-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
OpenMP/Message	O
Passing	O
Interface	O
(	O
MPI	O
)	O
(	O
directive-based	O
programming	O
)	O
,	O
OpenCL	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
ROCm	B-Operating_System
is	O
free	O
,	O
libre	B-License
and	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
(	O
except	O
the	O
GPU	B-Architecture
firmware	O
blobs	O
)	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
distributed	O
under	O
various	O
licenses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
GPGPU	B-Architecture
software	O
stack	O
from	O
ATI/AMD	O
was	O
Close	O
to	O
Metal	O
,	O
which	O
became	O
Stream	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ROCm	B-Operating_System
was	O
launched	O
around	O
2016	O
with	O
the	O
Boltzmann	O
Initiative	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ROCm	B-Operating_System
stack	O
builds	O
upon	O
previous	O
AMD	O
GPU	B-Architecture
stacks	O
,	O
some	O
tools	O
trace	O
back	O
to	O
GPUOpen	B-Application
,	O
others	O
to	O
the	O
Heterogeneous	B-Architecture
System	I-Architecture
Architecture	I-Architecture
(	O
HSA	B-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HSA	B-Architecture
was	O
aimed	O
at	O
producing	O
a	O
middle-level	O
,	O
hardware-agnostic	O
intermediate	B-Application
representation	I-Application
,	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
JIT-compiled	O
to	O
the	O
eventual	O
hardware	O
(	O
GPU	B-Architecture
,	O
FPGA	O
...	O
)	O
using	O
the	O
appropriate	O
finalizer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
approach	O
was	O
dropped	O
for	O
ROCm	B-Operating_System
:	O
now	O
it	O
builds	O
only	O
GPU	B-Architecture
code	O
,	O
using	O
LLVM	B-Application
,	O
and	O
its	O
AMDGPU	O
backend	O
that	O
was	O
upstreamed	O
,	O
although	O
there	O
is	O
still	O
research	O
on	O
such	O
enhanced	O
modularity	O
with	O
LLVM	B-Application
MLIR	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ROCm	B-Operating_System
as	O
a	O
stack	O
ranges	O
from	O
the	O
kernel	B-Application
driver	I-Application
to	O
the	O
end-user	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AMD	O
has	O
introductory	O
videos	O
about	O
AMD	O
GCN	O
hardware	O
,	O
and	O
ROCm	B-Operating_System
programming	O
via	O
its	O
learning	O
portal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
best	O
technical	O
introductions	O
about	O
the	O
stack	O
and	O
ROCm/HIP	O
programming	O
,	O
remains	O
,	O
to	O
date	O
,	O
to	O
be	O
found	O
on	O
Reddit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ROCm	B-Operating_System
is	O
primarily	O
targeted	O
at	O
discrete	O
professional	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
,	O
but	O
unofficial	O
support	O
includes	O
Vega-family	O
and	O
RDNA	O
2	O
consumer	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Accelerated	B-Architecture
Processor	I-Architecture
Units	I-Architecture
(	O
APU	O
)	O
are	O
"	O
enabled	O
"	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
officially	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Having	O
ROCm	B-Operating_System
functional	O
there	O
is	O
involved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AMD	B-Operating_System
Instinct	I-Operating_System
accelerators	I-Operating_System
are	O
the	O
first-class	O
ROCm	B-Operating_System
citizens	O
,	O
alongside	O
the	O
Radeon	O
Pro	O
GPU	B-Architecture
series	O
:	O
they	O
mostly	O
see	O
full	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
only	O
consumer-grade	O
GPU	B-Architecture
that	O
has	O
relatively	O
equal	O
support	O
is	O
,	O
as	O
of	O
January	O
2022	O
,	O
the	O
Radeon	O
VII	O
(	O
GCN	O
5	O
-	O
Vega	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AMD	O
ROCm	B-Operating_System
product	O
manager	O
gave	O
a	O
tour	O
of	O
the	O
stack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
consumers	O
of	O
the	O
stack	O
are	O
machine	O
learning	O
and	O
high-performance	O
computing/GPGPU	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
Deep	O
Learning	O
frameworks	O
have	O
a	O
ROCm	B-Operating_System
backend	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
ROCm	B-Operating_System
is	O
gaining	O
significant	O
traction	O
in	O
the	O
top	B-Operating_System
500	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
ROCm	B-Operating_System
is	O
used	O
with	O
the	O
Exascale	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
ElCapitan	O
and	O
Frontier	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
version	O
3.0	O
,	O
Blender	B-Application
can	O
now	O
use	O
HIP	O
compute	B-Operating_System
kernels	I-Operating_System
for	O
its	O
renderer	O
Cycles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Julia	B-Application
has	O
the	O
AMDGPU.jl	O
package	O
,	O
which	O
integrates	O
with	O
LLVM	B-Application
and	O
selects	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
ROCm	B-Operating_System
stack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
of	O
compiling	B-Language
code	O
through	O
HIP	O
,	O
AMDGPU.jl	O
uses	O
Julia	B-Application
's	O
compiler	B-Language
to	O
generate	O
LLVM	B-Application
IR	B-Application
directly	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
later	O
consumed	O
by	O
LLVM	B-Application
to	O
generate	O
native	O
device	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AMDGPU.jl	O
uses	O
ROCr	O
's	O
HSA	B-Architecture
implementation	O
to	O
upload	O
native	O
code	O
onto	O
the	O
device	O
and	O
execute	O
it	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
how	O
HIP	O
loads	O
its	O
own	O
generated	O
device	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AMDGPU.jl	O
also	O
supports	O
integration	O
with	O
ROCm	B-Operating_System
's	O
rocBLAS	O
(	O
for	O
BLAS	B-Application
)	O
,	O
rocRAND	O
(	O
for	O
random	O
number	O
generation	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
rocFFT	O
(	O
for	O
FFTs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Future	O
integration	O
with	O
rocALUTION	O
,	O
rocSOLVER	O
,	O
MIOpen	O
,	O
and	O
certain	O
other	O
ROCm	B-Operating_System
libraries	O
is	O
planned	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ROCm	B-Operating_System
software	O
is	O
currently	O
spread	O
across	O
dozens	O
of	O
public	O
GitHub	B-Application
repositories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
the	O
main	O
public	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
an	O
for	O
each	O
official	O
release	O
:	O
using	O
,	O
a	O
version	B-Architecture
control	I-Architecture
tool	O
built	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
git	B-Application
,	O
is	O
the	O
recommended	O
way	O
to	O
synchronize	O
with	O
the	O
stack	O
locally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
release	O
of	O
ROCm	B-Operating_System
5.1	O
is	O
imminent	O
,	O
probably	O
mid-February	O
given	O
a	O
minor	O
release	O
each	O
month	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AMD	O
starts	O
distributing	O
containerized	O
applications	O
for	O
ROCm	B-Operating_System
,	O
notably	O
scientific	O
research	O
applications	O
gathered	O
under	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AMD	O
packages	O
tailored	O
to	O
various	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
distributions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Operating_System
distributions	O
are	O
packaging	O
officially	O
(	O
natively	O
)	O
ROCm	B-Operating_System
,	O
with	O
various	O
degrees	O
of	O
advancement	O
:	O
Arch	O
,	O
Gentoo	O
,	O
Debian	O
and	O
Fedora	O
,	O
GNU	O
Guix	O
,	O
NixOS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
one	O
kernel-space	B-Operating_System
component	O
,	O
ROCk	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
rest	O
-	O
there	O
is	O
roughly	O
a	O
hundred	O
components	O
in	O
the	O
stack	O
-	O
is	O
made	O
of	O
user-space	B-Operating_System
modules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AMD	O
is	O
active	O
developing	O
with	O
the	O
LLVM	B-Application
community	O
,	O
but	O
upstreaming	O
is	O
not	O
instantaneous	O
,	O
and	O
as	O
of	O
January	O
2022	O
,	O
still	O
lagging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AMD	O
still	O
packages	O
officially	O
various	O
LLVM	B-Application
forks	O
for	O
parts	O
that	O
are	O
not	O
yet	O
upstreamed	O
compiler	B-Language
optimizations	O
destined	O
to	O
remain	O
proprietary	O
,	O
debug	O
support	O
,	O
OpenMP	B-Application
offloading	O
...	O
</s>
<s>
implemented	O
as	O
LLVM	B-Application
bitcode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
provide	O
various	O
utilities	O
and	O
functions	O
for	O
math	O
operations	O
,	O
atomics	O
,	O
queries	O
for	O
launch	O
parameters	O
,	O
on-device	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
launch	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
is	O
in	O
charge	O
of	O
interacting	O
with	O
LLVM	B-Application
intermediate	B-Application
representation	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
is	O
an	O
indirection	O
layer	O
adapting	O
calls	O
to	O
ROCr	O
on	O
linux	B-Operating_System
and	O
PAL	O
on	O
windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
used	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
route	O
between	O
different	O
compilers	B-Language
like	O
the	O
HSAIL-compiler	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
now	O
being	O
absorbed	O
by	O
the	O
upper	O
indirection	O
layers	O
(	O
HIP	O
,	O
OpenCL	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ROCm	B-Operating_System
ships	O
its	O
Installable	O
Client	O
Driver	O
ICD	O
loader	O
and	O
an	O
OpenCL	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
January	O
2022	O
,	O
ROCm	B-Operating_System
4.5.2	O
ships	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.2	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
lagging	O
behind	O
competition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AMD	O
implementation	O
for	O
its	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
is	O
called	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HIP	O
builds	O
a	O
`HIPCC`	O
compiler	B-Language
that	O
either	O
wraps	O
Clang	B-Application
and	O
compiles	B-Language
with	O
LLVM	B-Application
open	O
AMDGPU	O
backend	O
,	O
or	O
redirects	O
to	O
the	O
NVIDIA	B-Application
compiler	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
is	O
a	O
source-to-source	O
compiling	B-Language
tool	O
,	O
it	O
translates	O
CUDA	B-Architecture
to	O
HIP	O
and	O
reverse	O
,	O
either	O
using	O
a	O
clang-based	O
tool	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
sed-like	O
Perl	O
script	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
HIPIFY	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
tool	O
compiling	B-Language
source	O
code	O
into	O
other	O
third-generation-language	O
sources	O
,	O
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
migrate	O
from	O
CUDA	B-Architecture
Fortran	B-Application
to	O
HIP	O
Fortran	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
ROCm	B-Operating_System
high-level	O
libraries	O
are	O
usually	O
consumed	O
directly	O
by	O
application	O
software	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
machine	O
learning	O
frameworks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	O
following	O
libraries	O
are	O
in	O
the	O
General	O
Matrix	O
Multiply	O
(	O
GEMM	O
)	O
category	O
,	O
which	O
GPU	B-Architecture
architecture	O
excels	O
at	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
and	O
are	O
central	O
in	O
high-level	O
libraries	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
the	O
AMD	O
implementation	O
for	O
Basic	B-Application
Linear	I-Application
Algebra	I-Application
Subprograms	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
pair	O
of	O
libraries	O
constitutes	O
the	O
LAPACK	B-Application
implementation	O
for	O
ROCm	B-Operating_System
and	O
is	O
strongly	O
coupled	O
to	O
rocBLAS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
:	O
GPU	B-Architecture
analyzer	O
,	O
memory	O
visualizer	O
...	O
</s>
<s>
ROCm	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
competitor	O
to	O
similar	O
stacks	O
aimed	O
at	O
GPU	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
:	O
Nvidia	B-Architecture
CUDA	I-Architecture
and	O
Intel	B-Operating_System
OneAPI	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nvidia	O
vendors	O
the	O
Clang	B-Application
frontend	O
and	O
its	O
Parallel	O
Thread	O
Execution	O
(	O
PTX	O
)	O
LLVM	B-Application
GPU	B-Architecture
backend	O
as	O
the	O
Nvidia	B-Application
CUDA	I-Application
Compiler	I-Application
(	O
NVCC	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
layer	O
above	O
it	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
.	O
</s>
