<s>
The	O
Remote	O
Network	B-Application
Driver	I-Application
Interface	I-Application
Specification	I-Application
(	O
RNDIS	B-Library
)	O
is	O
a	O
Microsoft	O
proprietary	O
protocol	O
used	O
mostly	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
USB	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
provides	O
a	O
virtual	O
Ethernet	O
link	O
to	O
most	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
and	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
operating	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiple	O
revisions	O
of	O
a	O
partial	O
RNDIS	B-Library
specification	O
are	O
available	O
from	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
but	O
Windows	B-Application
implementations	O
have	O
been	O
observed	O
to	O
issue	O
requests	O
not	O
included	O
in	O
that	O
specification	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
have	O
undocumented	O
constraints	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
protocol	O
is	O
tightly	O
coupled	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
programming	O
interfaces	O
and	O
models	O
,	O
most	O
notably	O
the	O
Network	B-Application
Driver	I-Application
Interface	I-Application
Specification	I-Application
(	O
NDIS	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
alien	O
to	O
operating	O
systems	O
other	O
than	O
Windows	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
complicates	O
implementing	O
RNDIS	B-Library
on	O
non-Microsoft	O
operating	O
systems	O
,	O
but	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
,	O
NetBSD	O
and	O
OpenBSD	O
implement	O
RNDIS	B-Library
natively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
USB	B-Protocol
Implementers	O
Forum	O
(	O
USB-IF	O
)	O
defines	O
at	O
least	O
three	O
non-proprietary	O
USB	B-Protocol
communications	O
device	O
class	O
(	O
USB	B-Protocol
CDC	O
)	O
protocols	O
with	O
comparable	O
"	O
virtual	O
Ethernet	O
"	O
functionality	O
;	O
one	O
of	O
them	O
(	O
CDC-ECM	O
)	O
predates	O
RNDIS	B-Library
and	O
is	O
widely	O
used	O
for	O
interoperability	O
with	O
non-Microsoft	O
operating	O
systems	O
,	O
but	O
does	O
not	O
work	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
versions	O
of	O
Android	B-Application
include	O
RNDIS	B-Library
USB	B-Protocol
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Operating_System
smartphones	O
have	O
the	O
capability	O
and	O
use	O
RNDIS	B-Library
over	O
USB	B-Protocol
to	O
operate	O
as	O
a	O
virtual	O
Ethernet	O
card	O
that	O
will	O
connect	O
the	O
host	O
PC	O
to	O
the	O
mobile	O
or	O
Wi-Fi	O
network	O
in	O
use	O
by	O
the	O
phone	O
,	O
effectively	O
working	O
as	O
a	O
mobile	B-Device
broadband	I-Device
modem	I-Device
or	O
a	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
card	I-General_Concept
,	O
for	O
mobile	O
hotspot	O
tethering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2022	O
it	O
was	O
suggested	O
that	O
support	O
for	O
RNDIS	B-Library
should	O
be	O
removed	O
from	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
claiming	O
that	O
is	O
inherently	O
and	O
uncorrectably	O
insecure	O
in	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
untrusted	O
USB	B-Protocol
devices	O
.	O
</s>
