<s>
Reference	O
Model	O
of	O
Open	B-Operating_System
Distributed	I-Operating_System
Processing	I-Operating_System
(	O
RM-ODP	B-Operating_System
)	O
is	O
a	O
reference	O
model	O
in	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
provides	O
a	O
co-ordinating	O
framework	O
for	O
the	O
standardization	O
of	O
open	B-Operating_System
distributed	I-Operating_System
processing	I-Operating_System
(	O
ODP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
supports	O
distribution	B-Architecture
,	O
interworking	O
,	O
platform	B-Device
and	O
technology	O
independence	O
,	O
and	O
portability	O
,	O
together	O
with	O
an	O
enterprise	B-Library
architecture	I-Library
framework	I-Library
for	O
the	O
specification	B-Application
of	O
ODP	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RM-ODP	B-Operating_System
,	O
also	O
named	O
ITU-T	O
Rec	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
X.901-X.904	O
and	O
ISO/IEC	B-Operating_System
10746	I-Operating_System
,	O
is	O
a	O
joint	O
effort	O
by	O
the	O
International	O
Organization	O
for	O
Standardization	O
(	O
ISO	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
International	O
Electrotechnical	O
Commission	O
(	O
IEC	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
Telecommunication	O
Standardization	O
Sector	O
(	O
ITU-T	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
RM-ODP	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
reference	O
model	O
based	O
on	O
precise	O
concepts	O
derived	O
from	O
current	O
distributed	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
developments	O
and	O
,	O
as	O
far	O
as	O
possible	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
formal	B-Architecture
description	I-Architecture
techniques	I-Architecture
for	O
specification	B-Application
of	O
the	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
RM-ODP	B-Operating_System
concepts	O
,	O
possibly	O
under	O
different	O
names	O
,	O
have	O
been	O
around	O
for	O
a	O
long	O
time	O
and	O
have	O
been	O
rigorously	O
described	O
and	O
explained	O
in	O
exact	O
philosophy	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
works	O
of	O
Mario	O
Bunge	O
)	O
and	O
in	O
systems	O
thinking	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
works	O
of	O
Friedrich	O
Hayek	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
these	O
concepts	O
—	O
such	O
as	O
abstraction	B-Application
,	O
composition	O
,	O
and	O
emergence	O
—	O
have	O
recently	O
been	O
provided	O
with	O
a	O
solid	O
mathematical	O
foundation	O
in	O
category	O
theory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RM-ODP	B-Operating_System
has	O
four	O
fundamental	O
elements	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
an	O
object	B-Application
modelling	I-Application
approach	I-Application
to	O
system	O
specification	B-Application
;	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
specification	B-Application
of	O
a	O
system	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
separate	O
but	O
interrelated	O
viewpoint	B-Architecture
specifications	B-Application
;	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
RM-ODP	B-Operating_System
family	O
of	O
recommendations	O
and	O
international	O
standards	O
defines	O
a	O
system	O
of	O
interrelated	O
essential	O
concepts	O
necessary	O
to	O
specify	O
open	B-Operating_System
distributed	I-Operating_System
processing	I-Operating_System
systems	O
and	O
provides	O
a	O
well-developed	O
enterprise	B-Library
architecture	I-Library
framework	I-Library
for	O
structuring	O
the	O
specifications	B-Application
for	O
any	O
large-scale	O
systems	O
including	O
software	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Much	O
of	O
the	O
preparatory	O
work	O
that	O
led	O
into	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
RM-ODP	B-Operating_System
as	O
an	O
ISO	O
standard	O
was	O
carried	O
out	O
by	O
the	O
Advanced	O
Networked	O
Systems	O
Architecture	O
(	O
ANSA	O
)	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Parts	O
2	O
and	O
3	O
of	O
the	O
RM-ODP	B-Operating_System
were	O
eventually	O
adopted	O
as	O
ISO	O
standards	O
in	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
contains	O
explanatory	O
material	O
on	O
how	O
the	O
RM-ODP	B-Operating_System
is	O
to	O
be	O
interpreted	O
and	O
applied	O
by	O
its	O
users	O
,	O
who	O
may	O
include	O
standard	O
writers	O
and	O
architects	O
of	O
ODP	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Foundations	O
:	O
Contains	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
the	O
concepts	O
and	O
analytical	O
framework	O
for	O
normalized	O
description	O
of	O
(	O
arbitrary	O
)	O
distributed	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Architecture	O
:	O
Contains	O
the	O
specification	B-Application
of	O
the	O
required	O
characteristics	O
that	O
qualify	O
distributed	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
as	O
open	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
recommendation	O
also	O
defines	O
RM-ODP	B-Operating_System
viewpoints	O
,	O
subdivisions	O
of	O
the	O
specification	B-Application
of	O
a	O
whole	O
system	O
,	O
established	O
to	O
bring	O
together	O
those	O
particular	O
pieces	O
of	O
information	O
relevant	O
to	O
some	O
particular	O
area	O
of	O
concern	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Architectural	O
Semantics	O
:	O
Contains	O
a	O
formalization	O
of	O
the	O
ODP	O
modeling	O
concepts	O
by	O
interpreting	O
many	O
concepts	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
constructs	O
of	O
the	O
different	O
standardized	O
formal	B-Architecture
description	I-Architecture
techniques	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
complex	O
system	O
specifications	B-Application
are	O
so	O
extensive	O
that	O
no	O
single	O
individual	O
can	O
fully	O
comprehend	O
all	O
aspects	O
of	O
the	O
specifications	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
we	O
all	O
have	O
different	O
interests	O
in	O
a	O
given	O
system	O
and	O
different	O
reasons	O
for	O
examining	O
the	O
system	O
's	O
specifications	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
RM-ODP	B-Operating_System
viewpoints	O
framework	O
,	O
therefore	O
,	O
is	O
to	O
provide	O
separate	O
viewpoints	O
into	O
the	O
specification	B-Application
of	O
a	O
given	O
complex	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Associated	O
with	O
each	O
viewpoint	B-Architecture
is	O
a	O
viewpoint	B-Architecture
language	O
that	O
optimizes	O
the	O
vocabulary	O
and	O
presentation	O
for	O
the	O
audience	O
of	O
that	O
viewpoint	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Viewpoint	B-Architecture
modeling	I-Architecture
has	O
become	O
an	O
effective	O
approach	O
for	O
dealing	O
with	O
the	O
inherent	O
complexity	O
of	O
large	O
distributed	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Current	O
software	O
architectural	O
practices	O
,	O
as	O
described	O
in	O
IEEE	B-Architecture
1471	I-Architecture
,	O
divide	O
the	O
design	O
activity	O
into	O
several	O
areas	O
of	O
concerns	O
,	O
each	O
one	O
focusing	O
on	O
a	O
specific	O
aspect	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
the	O
"	B-Architecture
4+1	I-Architecture
"	I-Architecture
view	I-Architecture
model	I-Architecture
,	O
the	O
Zachman	B-Library
Framework	I-Library
,	O
TOGAF	O
,	O
DoDAF	O
and	O
,	O
of	O
course	O
,	O
RM-ODP	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
viewpoint	B-Architecture
is	O
a	O
subdivision	O
of	O
the	O
specification	B-Application
of	O
a	O
complete	O
system	O
,	O
established	O
to	O
bring	O
together	O
those	O
particular	O
pieces	O
of	O
information	O
relevant	O
to	O
some	O
particular	O
area	O
of	O
concern	O
during	O
the	O
analysis	O
or	O
design	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
each	O
viewpoint	B-Architecture
substantially	O
uses	O
the	O
same	O
foundational	O
concepts	O
(	O
defined	O
in	O
Part	O
2	O
of	O
RM-ODP	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
viewpoints	O
are	O
sufficiently	O
independent	O
to	O
simplify	O
reasoning	O
about	O
the	O
complete	O
specification	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
specifically	O
,	O
the	O
RM-ODP	B-Operating_System
framework	O
provides	O
five	O
generic	O
and	O
complementary	O
viewpoints	O
on	O
the	O
system	O
and	O
its	O
environment	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
enterprise	O
viewpoint	B-Architecture
,	O
which	O
focuses	O
on	O
the	O
purpose	O
,	O
scope	O
and	O
policies	O
for	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
information	O
viewpoint	B-Architecture
,	O
which	O
focuses	O
on	O
the	O
semantics	O
of	O
the	O
information	O
and	O
the	O
information	O
processing	O
performed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computational	O
viewpoint	B-Architecture
,	O
which	O
enables	O
distribution	B-Architecture
through	O
functional	O
decomposition	O
on	O
the	O
system	O
into	O
objects	O
which	O
interact	O
at	O
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
engineering	O
viewpoint	B-Architecture
,	O
which	O
focuses	O
on	O
the	O
mechanisms	O
and	O
functions	O
required	O
to	O
support	O
distributed	B-Architecture
interactions	O
between	O
objects	O
in	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
describes	O
the	O
distribution	B-Architecture
of	O
processing	O
performed	O
by	O
the	O
system	O
to	O
manage	O
the	O
information	O
and	O
provide	O
the	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technology	O
viewpoint	B-Architecture
,	O
which	O
focuses	O
on	O
the	O
choice	O
of	O
technology	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
there	O
is	O
growing	O
interest	O
in	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
UML	B-Language
for	O
system	O
modelling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
there	O
is	O
no	O
widely	O
agreed	O
approach	O
to	O
the	O
structuring	O
of	O
such	O
specifications	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
adds	O
to	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
adopting	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
UML	B-Language
for	O
system	O
specification	B-Application
,	O
hampers	O
communication	O
between	O
system	O
developers	O
and	O
makes	O
it	O
difficult	O
to	O
relate	O
or	O
merge	O
system	O
specifications	B-Application
where	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
need	O
to	O
integrate	O
IT	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
lack	O
of	O
precise	O
notations	O
for	O
expressing	O
the	O
different	O
models	O
involved	O
in	O
a	O
multi-viewpoint	O
specification	B-Application
of	O
a	O
system	O
is	O
a	O
common	O
feature	O
for	O
most	O
enterprise	B-Library
architectural	I-Library
approaches	I-Library
,	O
including	O
the	O
Zachman	B-Library
Framework	I-Library
,	O
the	O
"	O
4+1	B-Architecture
"	O
model	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
RM-ODP	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
this	O
makes	O
more	O
difficult	O
,	O
among	O
other	O
things	O
,	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
industrial	O
tools	O
for	O
modeling	O
the	O
viewpoint	B-Architecture
specifications	B-Application
,	O
the	O
formal	O
analysis	O
of	O
the	O
specifications	B-Application
produced	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
possible	O
derivation	O
of	O
implementations	O
from	O
the	O
system	O
specifications	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
X.906	O
|	O
ISO/IEC	O
19793	O
:	O
Information	O
technology	O
-	O
Open	B-Operating_System
distributed	I-Operating_System
processing	I-Operating_System
-	O
Use	O
of	O
UML	B-Language
for	O
ODP	O
system	O
specifications	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
document	O
(	O
usually	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
)	O
defines	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
Unified	B-Language
Modeling	I-Language
Language	I-Language
2	O
(	O
UML	B-Language
2	I-Language
;	O
ISO/IEC	O
19505	O
)	O
,	O
for	O
expressing	O
the	O
specifications	B-Application
of	O
open	B-Operating_System
distributed	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
in	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
viewpoint	B-Architecture
specifications	B-Application
defined	O
by	O
the	O
RM-ODP	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
defines	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
UML	B-Language
Profiles	I-Language
,	O
one	O
for	O
each	O
viewpoint	B-Architecture
language	O
and	O
one	O
to	O
express	O
the	O
correspondences	O
between	O
viewpoints	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
approach	O
for	O
structuring	O
them	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
RM-ODP	B-Operating_System
principles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
purpose	O
of	O
"	O
UML4ODP	O
"	O
to	O
allow	O
ODP	O
modelers	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
UML	B-Language
notation	O
for	O
expressing	O
their	O
ODP	O
specifications	B-Application
in	O
a	O
standard	O
graphical	O
way	O
;	O
to	O
allow	O
UML	B-Language
modelers	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
RM-ODP	B-Operating_System
concepts	O
and	O
mechanisms	O
to	O
structure	O
their	O
large	O
UML	B-Language
system	O
specifications	B-Application
according	O
to	O
a	O
mature	O
and	O
standard	O
proposal	O
;	O
and	O
to	O
allow	O
UML	B-Language
tools	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
process	O
viewpoint	B-Architecture
specifications	B-Application
,	O
thus	O
facilitating	O
the	O
software	O
design	O
process	O
and	O
the	O
enterprise	O
architecture	O
specification	B-Application
of	O
large	O
software	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
X.906	O
|	O
ISO/IEC	O
19793	O
enables	O
the	O
seamless	O
integration	O
of	O
the	O
RM-ODP	B-Operating_System
enterprise	B-Library
architecture	I-Library
framework	I-Library
with	O
the	O
Model-Driven	B-Architecture
Architecture	I-Architecture
(	O
MDA	O
)	O
initiative	O
from	O
the	O
OMG	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
the	O
service-oriented	O
architecture	O
(	O
SOA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
several	O
projects	O
that	O
have	O
used	O
or	O
currently	O
use	O
RM-ODP	B-Operating_System
for	O
effectively	O
structuring	O
their	O
systems	O
specifications	B-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
239-item	O
reference	O
list	O
covering	O
RM-ODP	B-Operating_System
standards	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
related	O
research	O
,	O
applications	O
and	O
case	O
studies	O
was	O
included	O
in	O
.	O
</s>
