<s>
QuickTime	B-Application
VR	I-Application
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
QTVR	B-Application
)	O
is	O
an	O
image	O
file	O
format	O
developed	O
by	O
Apple	O
Inc	O
.	O
for	O
QuickTime	B-Application
,	O
and	O
discontinued	O
along	O
with	O
QuickTime	B-Application
7	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
allows	O
the	O
creation	O
and	O
viewing	O
of	O
VR	B-Application
photography	I-Application
,	O
photographically	O
captured	O
panoramas	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
viewing	O
of	O
objects	O
photographed	O
from	O
multiple	O
angles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
functions	O
as	O
plugins	B-Application
for	O
the	O
QuickTime	B-Application
Player	I-Application
and	O
for	O
the	O
QuickTime	B-Application
Web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
plugin	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
QuickTime	B-Application
VR	I-Application
was	O
conceived	O
in	O
1991	O
by	O
programmers	O
Eric	O
Chen	O
and	O
Ian	O
Small	O
of	O
the	O
Human	O
Interface	O
Group	O
in	O
the	O
Advanced	O
Technology	O
Group	O
at	O
Apple	O
,	O
utilizing	O
a	O
Cray	O
supercomputer	O
to	O
process	O
images	O
into	O
panoramas	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
publicly	O
launched	O
in	O
1995	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
QuickTime	B-Application
2	O
,	O
by	O
a	O
dedicated	O
group	O
including	O
Chen	O
,	O
Small	O
,	O
senior	O
content	O
engineer	O
Ted	O
Casey	O
,	O
and	O
program	O
manager	O
Eric	O
Zarakov	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
sold	O
the	O
content	O
authoring	O
tools	O
for	O
plus	O
a	O
$0.40	O
-	O
$0.80	O
royalty	O
fee	O
per	O
commercial	O
CD-ROM	O
disc	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
QuickTime	B-Application
VR	I-Application
movies	O
,	O
or	O
no	O
royalty	O
charge	O
for	O
non-commercial	O
usage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
high-profile	O
public	O
application	O
of	O
QuickTime	B-Application
VR	I-Application
is	O
the	O
1995	O
courtroom	O
visualization	O
of	O
the	O
crime	O
scenes	O
in	O
the	O
O	O
.	O
J	O
.	O
Simpson	O
murder	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
discontinuation	O
of	O
QuickTime	B-Application
7	I-Application
in	O
the	O
late	O
2000s	O
brought	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
development	O
and	O
support	O
of	O
QuickTime	B-Application
VR	I-Application
and	O
other	O
major	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Panoramas	B-Application
are	O
panoramic	O
images	O
which	O
surround	O
the	O
viewer	O
with	O
an	O
environment	O
(	O
inside	O
,	O
looking	O
out	O
)	O
,	O
yielding	O
a	O
sense	O
of	O
place	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
types	O
of	O
panoramas	B-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
Single	O
row	O
panoramas	B-Application
,	O
with	O
a	O
single	O
horizontal	O
row	O
of	O
photographs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multi-row	O
panoramas	B-Application
,	O
with	O
several	O
rows	O
of	O
photographs	O
taken	O
at	O
different	O
tilt	O
angles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Panoramas	B-Application
are	O
further	O
divided	O
into	O
those	O
that	O
include	O
the	O
top	O
and	O
bottom	O
,	O
called	O
cubic	O
or	O
spherical	O
panoramas	B-Application
,	O
and	O
those	O
that	O
do	O
not	O
,	O
usually	O
called	O
cylindrical	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
single	O
panorama	B-Application
,	O
or	O
node	O
,	O
is	O
captured	O
from	O
a	O
single	O
point	O
in	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
multinode	O
QuickTime	B-Application
VR	I-Application
movies	O
are	O
called	O
scenes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
QuickTime	B-Application
VR	I-Application
file	O
format	O
has	O
two	O
representations	O
for	O
panoramic	O
nodes	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
of	O
these	O
are	O
typically	O
subdivided	O
or	O
tiled	O
into	O
several	O
smaller	O
images	O
,	O
and	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
special	O
kind	O
of	O
QuickTime	B-Application
movie	O
file	O
,	O
which	O
requires	O
the	O
QuickTime	B-Application
plugin	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hot	O
spots	O
can	O
be	O
embedded	O
into	O
the	O
panorama	B-Application
,	O
which	O
when	O
selected	O
can	O
invoke	O
some	O
action	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
moving	O
to	O
another	O
panorama	B-Application
node	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
to	O
panoramas	B-Application
,	O
which	O
are	O
captured	O
from	O
one	O
location	O
looking	O
out	O
at	O
various	O
angles	O
,	O
objects	O
are	O
captured	O
from	O
many	O
locations	O
pointing	O
in	O
toward	O
the	O
same	O
central	O
object	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1995	O
,	O
MacWorld	O
cited	O
some	O
pioneering	O
multimedia	O
developers	O
with	O
a	O
shared	O
viewpoint	O
fanatically	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
QuickTime	B-Application
VR	I-Application
technology	O
but	O
against	O
Apple	O
's	O
$0.40	O
-	O
$0.80	O
royalty	O
fee	O
per	O
commercial	O
CD-ROM	O
unit	O
plus	O
fee	O
for	O
authoring	O
tools	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
halting	O
their	O
existing	O
efforts	O
in	O
protest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
magazine	O
's	O
exhaustive	O
overview	O
concluded	O
with	O
this	O
:	O
"	O
QuickTime	B-Application
VR	I-Application
is	O
an	O
impressive	O
achievement	O
that	O
reinforces	O
Apple	O
's	O
role	O
as	O
the	O
innovator	O
in	O
personal	O
computer	O
multimedia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
Apple	O
's	O
zeal	O
to	O
turn	O
QuickTime	B-Application
VR	I-Application
into	O
a	O
profit	O
center	O
may	O
slow	O
its	O
initial	O
adoption	O
and	O
perhaps	O
even	O
relegate	O
it	O
to	O
the	O
backseat	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
limousine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
this	O
issue	O
went	O
to	O
press	O
,	O
Apple	O
was	O
reconsidering	O
its	O
requirement	O
that	O
developers	O
pay	O
royalties	O
on	O
titles	O
that	O
incorporate	O
QuickTime	B-Application
VR	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
Business	O
Insider	O
reflected	O
on	O
the	O
long-term	O
impact	O
of	O
QuickTime	B-Application
VR	I-Application
:	O
"	O
It	O
's	O
difficult	O
not	O
to	O
read	O
about	O
Apple	O
's	O
experiments	O
with	O
panoramic	O
images	O
and	O
not	O
draw	O
a	O
connection	O
to	O
the	O
recent	O
rise	O
of	O
360-degree	O
videos	O
on	O
platforms	O
like	O
Facebook	B-Application
and	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
—	O
or	O
even	O
the	O
immersive	O
aspects	O
of	O
services	O
like	O
Google	B-Application
Maps	I-Application
Street	O
View	O
.	O
</s>
