<s>
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
is	O
a	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
program	I-Application
developed	O
by	O
Borland	O
and	O
now	O
sold	O
by	O
Corel	O
,	O
most	O
often	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
Corel	O
's	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
Office	O
suite	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Historically	O
,	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
used	O
keyboard	O
commands	O
close	O
to	O
those	O
of	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
it	O
is	O
commonly	O
said	O
to	O
have	O
been	O
the	O
first	O
program	O
to	O
use	O
tabbed	O
sheets	O
,	O
Boeing	B-Application
Calc	I-Application
actually	O
utilized	O
tabbed	O
sheets	O
earlier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
currently	O
runs	O
under	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
years	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
had	O
a	O
comparative	O
advantage	O
,	O
in	O
regard	O
to	O
maximum	O
row	O
and	O
column	O
limits	O
(	O
allowing	O
a	O
maximum	O
worksheet	O
size	O
of	O
one	O
million	O
rows	O
by	O
18,276	O
columns	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
avoided	O
the	O
65,536	O
row	O
by	O
256	O
column	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
limitations	O
inherent	O
to	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Excel	I-Application
(	O
prior	O
to	O
Excel	B-Application
2007	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
with	O
the	O
maximum	O
row	O
advantage	O
,	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
has	O
been	O
a	O
distant	O
second	O
to	O
Excel	B-Application
,	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
sales	O
numbers	O
,	O
since	O
approximately	O
1996	O
to	O
the	O
present	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Borland	O
changed	O
the	O
name	O
to	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
for	O
its	O
1990	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
common	O
file	O
extension	O
of	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
spreadsheet	B-Application
file	O
is	O
.qpw	B-Application
,	O
which	O
it	O
has	O
used	O
since	O
version	O
9	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
versions	O
7	O
and	O
8	O
used	O
.wb3	B-Application
,	O
version	O
6	O
used	O
.wb2	B-Application
,	O
version	O
5	O
used	O
.wb1	B-Application
,	O
and	O
DOS	B-Device
versions	O
used	O
.wq2	B-Application
and	O
.wq1	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
Borland	O
Quattro	O
electronic	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
was	O
a	O
DOS	B-Device
program	O
,	O
the	O
initial	O
development	O
of	O
which	O
was	O
done	O
by	O
three	O
Eastern	O
Europeans	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
whom	O
,	O
the	O
Hungarian	O
Lajos	O
Frank	O
,	O
was	O
later	O
hired	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
article	O
appeared	O
in	O
PC	O
Week	O
in	O
1985	O
,	O
quoting	O
a	O
maker	O
of	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
templates	O
saying	O
that	O
he	O
was	O
in	O
close	O
contact	O
with	O
Borland	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
Borland	O
was	O
developing	O
a	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
they	O
both	O
read	O
the	O
article	O
,	O
Philippe	O
Kahn	O
and	O
Spencer	O
Leyton	O
had	O
a	O
casual	O
conversation	O
where	O
they	O
joked	O
,	O
half	O
seriously	O
,	O
about	O
perhaps	O
developing	O
a	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
to	O
compete	O
with	O
Lotus	O
Development	O
's	O
1-2-3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
led	O
to	O
Mr.	O
Kahn	O
setting	O
an	O
appointment	O
with	O
an	O
agent	O
for	O
some	O
Eastern	O
European	O
software	O
developers	O
,	O
Robert	O
Stein	O
of	O
Andromeda	O
Software	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
also	O
involved	O
with	O
the	O
game	O
Tetris	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quattro	O
was	O
written	O
in	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
and	O
Turbo	B-Application
C	I-Application
,	O
principally	O
by	O
Adam	O
Bosworth	O
,	O
Lajos	O
Frank	O
,	O
and	O
Chuck	O
Batterman	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
praised	O
mainly	O
for	O
superior	O
graphics	O
on	O
DOS	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Borland	O
acquired	O
a	O
replacement	O
product	O
called	O
"	O
Surpass	O
"	O
,	O
written	O
in	O
Modula-2	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
designers	O
and	O
programmers	O
of	O
Surpass	O
were	O
also	O
hired	O
by	O
Borland	O
to	O
turn	O
Surpass	O
into	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
:	O
Bob	O
Warfield	O
,	O
Dave	O
Anderson	O
,	O
Weikuo	O
Liaw	O
,	O
Bob	O
Richardson	O
and	O
Tod	O
Landis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
shipped	O
in	O
the	O
final	O
quarter	O
of	O
1989	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
finished	O
final	O
quality	O
assurance	O
testing	O
and	O
was	O
sent	O
to	O
manufacturing	O
from	O
those	O
computers	O
running	O
on	O
the	O
tennis	O
courts	O
in	O
the	O
(	O
fortunately	O
)	O
sunny	O
and	O
dry	O
autumn	O
weather	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
have	O
claimed	O
that	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
was	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
tabbed	O
notebook	O
metaphor	O
,	O
but	O
another	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
,	O
Boeing	B-Application
Calc	I-Application
,	O
used	O
tabs	O
to	O
multiple	O
sheets	O
,	O
and	O
allowed	O
three-dimensional	O
references	O
before	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
was	O
on	O
the	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Boeing	B-Application
Calc	I-Application
was	O
so	O
slow	O
that	O
its	O
multiple	O
sheet	O
capabilities	O
were	O
barely	O
usable	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
was	O
the	O
subject	O
of	O
a	O
major	O
lawsuit	O
by	O
Lotus	O
against	O
Borland	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lotus	O
argued	O
that	O
Quattro	O
could	O
not	O
copy	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
'	O
s	O
menus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
time	O
the	O
case	O
was	O
resolved	O
,	O
Borland	O
no	O
longer	O
owned	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Borland	O
sold	O
the	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
to	O
Novell	O
six	O
months	O
before	O
the	O
final	O
decision	O
was	O
handed	O
down	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
began	O
as	O
a	O
DOS	B-Device
program	O
(	O
like	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
)	O
but	O
with	O
the	O
growing	O
popularity	O
of	O
Windows	O
from	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
a	O
Windows	O
version	O
of	O
Quattro	O
needed	O
to	O
be	O
written	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
was	O
almost	O
nothing	O
from	O
the	O
DOS	B-Device
code	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
moved	O
to	O
the	O
Windows	O
project	O
,	O
so	O
the	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
for	O
Windows	O
(	O
QPW	O
)	O
was	O
written	O
from	O
scratch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
the	O
QPW	O
and	O
Paradox	B-Application
for	O
Windows	O
codebases	O
(	O
the	O
latter	O
being	O
another	O
Borland	O
database	O
application	O
)	O
were	O
based	O
on	O
Borland	O
's	O
internal	O
pilot	O
project	O
with	O
object	O
oriented	O
UI	O
code	O
for	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
project	O
ran	O
simultaneously	O
with	O
the	O
Borland	O
language	O
group	O
investigating	O
the	O
desirability	O
of	O
a	O
C++	B-Language
compiler	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
company	O
decided	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
bet	O
on	O
C++	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
C++	B-Language
compiler	O
was	O
not	O
ready	O
at	O
first	O
,	O
and	O
OO	O
code	O
for	O
both	O
projects	O
was	O
started	O
in	O
C	O
with	O
OO	O
emulation	O
through	O
macros	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
Borland	O
Turbo	O
C++	B-Language
compiler	O
became	O
available	O
internally	O
the	O
projects	O
converted	O
to	O
using	O
C++	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mr.	O
Liaw	O
and	O
Mr.	O
Spencer	O
were	O
in	O
charge	O
of	O
the	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
engine	O
(	O
written	O
in	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
)	O
while	O
Mr.	O
Low	O
wrote	O
a	O
large	O
chunk	O
of	O
the	O
UI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
product	O
was	O
internally	O
codenamed	O
"	O
Thor	B-Algorithm
"	O
for	O
the	O
Norse	O
god	O
of	O
Thunder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
Windows	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
with	O
multiple	O
pages	O
with	O
cells	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
linked	O
together	O
seamlessly	O
,	O
a	O
feature	O
from	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
which	O
QPW	O
extended	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
this	O
idea	O
was	O
first	O
seen	O
on	O
the	O
Xerox	B-Device
Alto	I-Device
,	O
the	O
idea	O
had	O
not	O
been	O
implemented	O
on	O
a	O
major	O
Windows	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Paradox	B-Application
for	O
Windows	O
shared	O
this	O
feature	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
shown	O
off	O
by	O
Phillipe	O
Kahn	O
at	O
a	O
Paradox	B-Application
user	O
conference	O
over	O
a	O
year	O
before	O
QPW	O
was	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
QPW	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
big	O
applications	O
written	O
in	O
C++	B-Language
on	O
Windows	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
pushed	O
the	O
Borland	O
C++	B-Language
compiler	O
to	O
the	O
limit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
reason	O
why	O
the	O
Borland	O
C++	B-Language
Compiler	O
was	O
so	O
good	O
was	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
to	O
compile	O
and	O
link	O
the	O
massive	O
QPW	O
code	O
base	O
successfully	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
object	O
model	O
was	O
untried	O
and	O
might	O
not	O
have	O
worked	O
for	O
a	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
No	O
one	O
knew	O
if	O
the	O
C++	B-Language
compiler	O
could	O
generate	O
fast	O
enough	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
fast	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
close	O
in	O
feature	O
set	O
to	O
Lotus	B-Application
123	I-Application
and	O
Excel	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
"	O
right-click	O
for	O
properties	O
"	O
user	O
design	O
was	O
reasonably	O
understandable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
one	O
point	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
hoped	O
that	O
QPW	O
and	O
Paradox	B-Application
for	O
Windows	O
would	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
share	O
a	O
common	O
object	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
marketing	O
team	O
had	O
chosen	O
to	O
bundle	O
both	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
for	O
DOS	B-Device
and	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
for	O
Windows	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
box	O
labeled	O
"	O
WIN-DOS	O
"	O
at	O
a	O
price	O
of	O
$495	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Customers	O
and	O
reviewers	O
expecting	O
a	O
pure	O
Windows	O
application	O
responded	O
with	O
confusion	O
and	O
outrage	O
,	O
believing	O
the	O
product	O
was	O
merely	O
a	O
DOS	B-Device
application	O
with	O
windowing	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shortly	O
thereafter	O
QPW	O
was	O
re-packaged	O
by	O
itself	O
and	O
priced	O
$129	O
,	O
receiving	O
accolades	O
for	O
Borland	O
's	O
long-delayed	O
pure	O
Windows	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
and	O
its	O
popular	O
price	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
a	O
year	O
and	O
the	O
merging	O
of	O
the	O
old	O
team	O
and	O
the	O
new	O
team	O
,	O
QPW	O
5	O
was	O
released	O
(	O
the	O
reason	O
for	O
the	O
jump	O
in	O
version	O
number	O
had	O
to	O
do	O
with	O
keeping	O
up	O
with	O
the	O
DOS	B-Device
version	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
it	O
looked	O
good	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
QPW	O
5	O
sold	O
well	O
also	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Excel	I-Application
+	O
Word	O
combination	O
was	O
gaining	O
steam	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Midway	O
through	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
version	O
6	O
a	O
strategic	O
decision	O
to	O
work	O
closely	O
with	O
the	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
word	O
processor	O
was	O
made	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
a	O
direct	O
attempt	O
to	O
push	O
back	O
at	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
Office	O
one-two	O
punch	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Word	I-Application
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Excel	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
other	O
big	O
issue	O
with	O
Version	O
6	O
was	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
a	O
significant	O
modification	O
to	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
with	O
a	O
major	O
change	O
to	O
user	O
interface	O
guidelines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
odd	O
set	O
of	O
events	O
,	O
Novell	O
purchased	O
both	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
and	O
the	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
code	O
base	O
and	O
team	O
of	O
engineers	O
from	O
Borland	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
Version	O
6	O
was	O
released	O
and	O
some	O
effort	O
was	O
made	O
to	O
unify	O
the	O
user	O
interface	O
between	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
and	O
QPW	O
,	O
the	O
effort	O
was	O
far	O
from	O
complete	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
another	O
lawsuit	O
,	O
Novell	O
claims	O
that	O
Microsoft	O
had	O
"	O
deliberately	O
targeted	O
and	O
destroyed	O
"	O
its	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
and	O
QuattroPro	B-Application
programs	O
to	O
protect	O
its	O
Windows	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
monopoly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
release	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
in	O
August	O
1995	O
was	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
the	O
end	O
for	O
Novell	O
and	O
its	O
plans	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Not	O
only	O
did	O
Microsoft	O
release	O
a	O
new	O
operating	O
system	O
,	O
but	O
Microsoft	O
also	O
released	O
new	O
versions	O
of	O
Word	O
and	O
Excel	B-Application
to	O
accompany	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sales	O
of	O
Novell	O
PerfectOffice	B-Application
(	O
and	O
Lotus	O
applications	O
as	O
well	O
)	O
sank	O
to	O
almost	O
nothing	O
while	O
sales	O
of	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
products	O
were	O
huge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
Microsoft	O
still	O
dominates	O
the	O
market	O
for	O
Windows	O
business	O
application	O
software	O
,	O
although	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
and	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
,	O
which	O
pre-dated	O
the	O
MS	O
Office	O
4.2	O
suite	O
,	O
are	O
still	O
both	O
updated	O
and	O
sold	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
file	O
formats	O
use	O
various	O
filename	O
extensions	O
,	O
including	O
WB1	O
,	O
WB2	O
,	O
WB3	O
,	O
wq1	O
and	O
wq2	O
;	O
some	O
of	O
these	O
(	O
WB2	O
,	O
wq1	O
,	O
and	O
wq2	O
)	O
may	O
open	O
in	O
the	O
desktop	O
applications	O
of	O
Collabora	B-General_Concept
Online	I-General_Concept
,	O
LibreOffice	B-Application
or	O
Apache	B-Application
OpenOffice	I-Application
and	O
then	O
be	O
saved	O
into	O
the	O
OpenDocument	O
format	O
or	O
other	O
file	O
formats	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
dropped	O
support	O
for	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
file	O
formats	O
after	O
Office	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
