<s>
Qiskit	B-Device
is	O
an	O
open-source	B-License
software	B-Application
development	I-Application
kit	I-Application
(	O
SDK	O
)	O
for	O
working	O
with	O
quantum	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
at	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
circuits	O
,	O
pulses	O
,	O
and	O
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
provides	O
tools	O
for	O
creating	O
and	O
manipulating	O
quantum	B-Application
programs	I-Application
and	O
running	O
them	O
on	O
prototype	O
quantum	O
devices	O
on	O
IBM	B-Device
Quantum	I-Device
Experience	I-Device
or	O
on	O
simulators	O
on	O
a	O
local	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
follows	O
the	O
circuit	B-Application
model	I-Application
for	O
universal	O
quantum	B-Architecture
computation	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
any	O
quantum	O
hardware	O
(	O
currently	O
supports	O
superconducting	O
qubits	O
and	O
trapped	O
ions	O
)	O
that	O
follows	O
this	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Qiskit	B-Device
was	O
founded	O
by	O
IBM	O
Research	O
to	O
allow	O
software	O
development	O
for	O
their	O
cloud	B-General_Concept
quantum	I-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
service	O
,	O
IBM	B-Device
Quantum	I-Device
Experience	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
version	O
of	O
Qiskit	B-Device
uses	O
the	O
Python	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Versions	O
for	O
Swift	B-Application
and	O
JavaScript	B-Language
were	O
initially	O
explored	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
development	O
for	O
these	O
versions	O
have	O
halted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
range	O
of	O
Jupyter	O
notebooks	O
are	O
provided	O
with	O
examples	O
of	O
quantum	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
being	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
behind	O
scientific	O
studies	O
that	O
use	O
Qiskit	B-Device
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
exercises	O
to	O
help	O
people	O
to	O
learn	O
the	O
basics	O
of	O
quantum	B-Device
programming	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
textbook	O
based	O
on	O
Qiskit	B-Device
is	O
available	O
as	O
a	O
university-level	O
quantum	O
algorithms	O
or	O
quantum	B-Architecture
computation	I-Architecture
course	O
supplement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Qiskit	B-Device
is	O
made	O
up	O
of	O
elements	O
that	O
work	O
together	O
to	O
enable	O
quantum	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
central	O
goal	O
of	O
Qiskit	B-Device
is	O
to	O
build	O
a	O
software	O
stack	O
that	O
makes	O
it	O
easy	O
for	O
anyone	O
to	O
use	O
quantum	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
,	O
regardless	O
of	O
their	O
skill	O
level	O
or	O
area	O
of	O
interest	O
;	O
Qiskit	B-Device
allows	O
users	O
to	O
easily	O
design	O
experiments	O
and	O
applications	O
and	O
run	O
them	O
on	O
real	O
quantum	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
and/or	O
classical	O
simulators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Qiskit	B-Device
provides	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
develop	O
quantum	O
software	O
both	O
at	O
the	O
machine	B-Language
code	I-Language
level	O
of	O
OpenQASM	B-Device
,	O
and	O
at	O
abstract	O
levels	O
suitable	O
for	O
end-users	O
without	O
quantum	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
expertise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
element	O
Terra	O
is	O
the	O
foundation	O
on	O
which	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
Qiskit	B-Device
is	O
built	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Qiskit	B-Device
Terra	O
provides	O
tools	O
to	O
create	O
quantum	B-Application
circuits	I-Application
at	O
or	O
close	O
to	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
quantum	O
machine	B-Language
code	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
provides	O
tools	O
to	O
allow	O
quantum	B-Application
circuits	I-Application
to	O
be	O
optimized	O
for	O
a	O
particular	O
device	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
managing	O
batches	O
of	O
jobs	O
and	O
running	O
them	O
on	O
remote-access	O
quantum	O
devices	O
and	O
simulators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
shows	O
a	O
simple	O
example	O
of	O
Qiskit	B-Device
Terra	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
,	O
a	O
quantum	B-Application
circuit	I-Application
is	O
created	O
for	O
two	O
qubits	O
,	O
which	O
consists	O
of	O
the	O
quantum	O
gates	O
required	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
Bell	O
state	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
quantum	B-Application
circuit	I-Application
then	O
ends	O
with	O
quantum	O
measurements	O
,	O
which	O
extract	O
a	O
bit	O
from	O
each	O
qubit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
element	O
Aer	O
provides	O
high-performance	O
quantum	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
simulators	O
with	O
realistic	O
noise	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
Qiskit	B-Device
,	O
this	O
is	O
provided	O
by	O
the	O
Aer	O
component	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
provides	O
simulators	O
hosted	O
locally	O
on	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
device	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
HPC	B-Architecture
resources	O
available	O
through	O
the	O
cloud	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Continuing	O
with	O
the	O
previous	O
example	O
:	O
Once	O
the	O
quantum	B-Application
circuit	I-Application
has	O
been	O
created	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
run	O
on	O
a	O
backend	O
(	O
either	O
quantum	O
hardware	O
or	O
a	O
simulator	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
a	O
Python	B-Language
dictionary	O
that	O
describes	O
the	O
bit	O
strings	O
obtained	O
from	O
multiple	O
runs	O
of	O
the	O
quantum	B-Application
circuit	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
quantum	B-Application
circuit	I-Application
used	O
in	O
this	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
bit	O
strings	O
'	O
00	O
 '	O
and	O
'	O
11	O
 '	O
should	O
be	O
the	O
only	O
possible	O
results	O
,	O
and	O
should	O
occur	O
with	O
equal	O
probability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Experiments	O
done	O
on	O
quantum	O
hardware	O
using	O
Qiskit	B-Device
have	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
many	O
research	O
papers	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
tests	O
of	O
quantum	O
error	O
correction	O
,	O
generation	O
of	O
entanglement	O
and	O
simulation	O
of	O
far-from-equilibrium	O
dynamics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
version	O
0.7.0	O
,	O
released	O
on	O
6th	O
December	O
2021	O
,	O
Qiskit	B-Device
Ignis	O
has	O
been	O
deprecated	O
and	O
superseded	O
by	O
the	O
Qiskit	B-Device
Experiments	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
version	O
0.9.0	O
,	O
released	O
on	O
2nd	O
April	O
2021	O
,	O
Qiskit	B-Device
Aqua	O
has	O
been	O
deprecated	O
with	O
its	O
support	O
ending	O
and	O
eventual	O
archival	O
being	O
no	O
sooner	O
than	O
3	O
months	O
from	O
that	O
date	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
Qiskit	B-Device
0.25.0	O
release	O
included	O
a	O
restructuring	O
of	O
the	O
applications	O
and	O
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
What	O
previously	O
has	O
been	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
Qiskit	B-Device
Aqua	O
,	O
the	O
single	O
applications	O
and	O
algorithms	O
module	O
of	O
Qiskit	B-Device
,	O
is	O
now	O
split	O
into	O
dedicated	O
application	O
modules	O
for	O
Optimization	O
,	O
Finance	O
,	O
Machine	O
Learning	O
and	O
Nature	O
(	O
including	O
Physics	O
&	O
Chemistry	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
core	O
algorithms	O
and	O
opflow	O
operator	O
functionality	O
were	O
moved	O
to	O
Qiskit	B-Device
Terra	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Qiskit	B-Device
Optimization	O
is	O
an	O
open-source	B-License
framework	O
that	O
covers	O
the	O
whole	O
range	O
from	O
high-level	O
modeling	O
of	O
optimization	O
problems	O
,	O
with	O
automatic	O
conversion	O
of	O
problems	O
to	O
different	O
required	O
representations	O
,	O
to	O
a	O
suite	O
of	O
easy-to-use	O
quantum	O
optimization	O
algorithms	O
that	O
are	O
ready	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
classical	O
simulators	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
on	O
real	O
quantum	O
devices	O
via	O
Qiskit	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Qiskit	B-Device
Finance	O
is	O
an	O
open-source	B-License
framework	O
that	O
contains	O
uncertainty	O
components	O
for	O
stock/securities	O
problems	O
,	O
Ising	O
translators	O
for	O
portfolio	O
optimizations	O
and	O
data	O
providers	O
to	O
source	O
real	O
or	O
random	O
data	O
to	O
finance	O
experiments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
some	O
classification	O
algorithms	O
such	O
as	O
QSVM	O
and	O
VQC	O
(	O
Variational	O
Quantum	O
Classifier	O
)	O
,	O
where	O
this	O
data	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
experiments	O
,	O
and	O
there	O
is	O
also	O
QGAN	O
(	O
Quantum	O
Generative	B-Algorithm
Adversarial	I-Algorithm
Network	I-Algorithm
)	O
algorithm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Qiskit	B-Device
Nature	O
is	O
an	O
open-source	B-License
framework	O
that	O
supports	O
problems	O
including	O
ground	O
state	O
energy	O
computations	O
,	O
excited	O
states	O
and	O
dipole	O
moments	O
of	O
molecule	O
,	O
both	O
open	O
and	O
closed-shell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
output	O
data	O
from	O
a	O
driver	O
can	O
then	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
input	O
in	O
Qiskit	B-Device
Nature	O
that	O
contains	O
logic	O
which	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
translate	O
this	O
into	O
a	O
form	O
that	O
is	O
suitable	O
for	O
quantum	O
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
