<s>
Puppet	B-Application
is	O
a	O
software	O
configuration	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
tool	O
which	O
includes	O
its	O
own	O
declarative	B-Language
language	I-Language
to	O
describe	O
system	O
configuration	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
model-driven	B-Architecture
solution	I-Architecture
that	O
requires	O
limited	O
programming	O
knowledge	O
to	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Puppet	B-Application
is	O
produced	O
by	O
Puppet	B-Application
Inc.	O
,	O
founded	O
by	O
Luke	O
Kanies	O
in	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
primary	O
product	O
,	O
Puppet	B-Application
Enterprise	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
proprietary	B-Application
and	O
closed-source	B-Application
version	O
of	O
its	O
open-source	B-Application
Puppet	B-Application
software	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
They	O
use	O
Puppet	B-Application
's	O
declarative	B-Language
language	I-Language
to	O
manage	O
stages	O
of	O
the	O
IT	B-Application
infrastructure	I-Application
lifecycle	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
provisioning	O
,	O
patching	O
,	O
configuration	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
management	B-Application
of	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
application	B-Application
components	O
in	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
and	O
cloud	O
infrastructures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Puppet	B-Application
uses	O
an	O
open-core	O
model	O
;	O
its	O
free-software	O
version	O
was	O
released	O
under	O
version	O
2	O
of	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
(	O
GPL	B-License
)	O
until	O
version	O
2.7.0	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
releases	O
use	O
the	O
Apache	B-Application
License	I-Application
,	O
while	O
Puppet	B-Application
Enterprise	O
uses	O
a	O
proprietary	B-Application
license	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Puppet	B-Application
and	O
Puppet	B-Application
Enterprise	O
operate	O
on	O
multiple	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
(	O
including	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
Solaris	B-Application
,	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
,	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
,	O
AIX	B-Application
,	O
HP-UX	B-Application
)	O
and	O
has	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Puppet	B-Application
itself	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
Ruby	B-Language
,	O
while	O
Facter	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
and	O
Puppet	B-Application
Server	O
and	O
Puppet	B-Application
DB	O
are	O
written	O
in	O
Clojure	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Puppet	B-Application
is	O
designed	O
to	O
manage	O
the	O
configuration	B-General_Concept
of	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
systems	O
declaratively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	O
describes	O
system	O
resources	O
and	O
their	O
state	O
,	O
either	O
using	O
Puppet	B-Application
's	O
declarative	B-Language
language	I-Language
or	O
a	O
Ruby	B-Language
DSL	O
(	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
information	O
is	O
stored	O
in	O
files	O
called	O
"	O
Puppet	B-Application
manifests	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Puppet	B-Application
discovers	O
the	O
system	O
information	O
via	O
a	O
utility	O
called	O
Facter	O
,	O
and	O
compiles	B-Language
the	O
Puppet	B-Application
manifests	O
into	O
a	O
system-specific	O
catalog	O
containing	O
resources	O
and	O
resource	O
dependency	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
applied	O
against	O
the	O
target	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
actions	O
taken	O
by	O
Puppet	B-Application
are	O
then	O
reported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Puppet	B-Application
consists	O
of	O
a	O
custom	O
declarative	B-Language
language	I-Language
to	O
describe	O
system	O
configuration	B-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
either	O
applied	O
directly	O
on	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
or	O
compiled	B-Language
into	O
a	O
catalog	O
and	O
distributed	O
to	O
the	O
target	O
system	O
via	O
client	B-Operating_System
–	I-Operating_System
server	I-Operating_System
paradigm	I-Operating_System
(	O
using	O
a	O
REST	B-Protocol
API	I-Protocol
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
agent	O
uses	O
system	O
specific	O
providers	O
to	O
enforce	O
the	O
resource	O
specified	O
in	O
the	O
manifests	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resource	O
abstraction	O
layer	O
enables	O
administrators	O
to	O
describe	O
the	O
configuration	B-General_Concept
in	O
high-level	O
terms	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
users	O
,	O
services	O
and	O
packages	O
without	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
specify	O
OS	O
specific	O
commands	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
rpm	B-Application
,	O
yum	B-Application
,	O
apt	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Puppet	B-Application
is	O
model-driven	B-Architecture
,	O
requiring	O
limited	O
programming	O
knowledge	O
to	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
comes	O
in	O
two	O
versions	O
,	O
Puppet	B-Application
Enterprise	O
and	O
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
Puppet	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
providing	O
functionalities	O
of	O
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
Puppet	B-Application
,	O
Puppet	B-Application
Enterprise	O
also	O
provides	O
GUI	B-Application
,	O
API	B-Application
and	O
command	O
line	O
tools	O
for	O
node	O
management	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Puppet	B-Application
usually	O
follows	O
client-server	B-Operating_System
architecture	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
testing	O
and	O
simple	O
configuration	B-General_Concept
,	O
it	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
stand-alone	O
application	B-Application
run	O
from	O
the	O
command	O
line	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Puppet	B-Application
Server	O
is	O
installed	O
on	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
servers	O
,	O
and	O
Puppet	B-Application
Agent	O
is	O
installed	O
on	O
all	O
the	O
machines	O
to	O
be	O
managed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Puppet	B-Application
Agents	O
communicate	O
with	O
the	O
server	O
and	O
fetch	O
configuration	B-General_Concept
instructions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Agent	O
then	O
applies	O
the	O
configuration	B-General_Concept
on	O
the	O
system	O
and	O
sends	O
a	O
status	O
report	O
to	O
the	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Devices	O
can	O
run	O
Puppet	B-Application
Agent	O
as	O
a	O
daemon	B-Operating_System
,	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
triggered	O
periodically	O
as	O
a	O
cron	B-General_Concept
job	I-General_Concept
or	O
can	O
be	O
run	O
manually	O
whenever	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Puppet	B-Application
programming	O
language	O
is	O
a	O
declarative	B-Language
language	I-Language
that	O
describes	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
a	O
computer	O
system	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
"	O
resources	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
represent	O
underlying	O
network	O
and	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
constructs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
manifests	O
are	O
stored	O
on	O
the	O
server	O
and	O
compiled	B-Language
into	O
configuration	B-General_Concept
instructions	O
for	O
agents	O
on	O
request	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Puppet	B-Application
resource	O
syntax	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Puppet	B-Application
allows	O
users	O
to	O
configure	O
systems	O
in	O
a	O
platform-agnostic	O
way	O
by	O
representing	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
concepts	O
as	O
structured	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rather	O
than	O
specifying	O
the	O
exact	O
commands	O
to	O
perform	O
a	O
system	O
action	O
,	O
the	O
user	O
creates	O
a	O
resource	O
,	O
which	O
Puppet	B-Application
then	O
translates	O
into	O
system-specific	O
instructions	O
which	O
are	O
sent	O
to	O
the	O
machine	O
being	O
configured	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
if	O
a	O
user	O
wants	O
to	O
install	O
a	O
package	O
on	O
three	O
different	O
nodes	O
,	O
each	O
of	O
which	O
runs	O
a	O
different	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
they	O
can	O
declare	O
one	O
resource	O
,	O
and	O
Puppet	B-Application
will	O
determine	O
which	O
commands	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
run	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
data	O
obtained	O
from	O
Facter	O
,	O
a	O
program	O
that	O
collects	O
data	O
about	O
the	O
system	O
it	O
is	O
running	O
on	O
,	O
including	O
its	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
,	O
and	O
some	O
hardware	B-Architecture
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
normal	O
Puppet	B-Application
run	O
has	O
the	O
following	O
stages	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Puppet	B-Application
builds	O
a	O
graph	O
of	O
the	O
list	O
of	O
resources	O
and	O
their	O
inter-dependencies	O
,	O
representing	O
the	O
order	O
in	O
which	O
they	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
configured	O
,	O
for	O
every	O
client	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
system	O
is	O
already	O
in	O
the	O
desired	O
state	O
,	O
Puppet	B-Application
will	O
not	O
make	O
any	O
changes	O
,	O
making	O
transactions	O
idempotent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Puppet	B-Application
's	O
vendor	O
Puppet	B-Application
,	O
Inc	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
privately	O
held	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
(	O
IT	O
)	O
automation	O
software	O
company	O
based	O
in	O
Portland	O
,	O
Oregon	O
,	O
USA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2005	O
,	O
Puppet	B-Application
was	O
founded	O
by	O
former	O
CEO	O
Luke	O
Kanies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wassenaar	O
previously	O
worked	O
at	O
Airware	O
,	O
New	B-Application
Relic	I-Application
and	O
VMware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2011	O
Puppet	B-Application
released	O
its	O
first	O
commercial	O
product	O
,	O
Puppet	B-Application
Enterprise	O
,	O
built	O
on	O
its	O
open-source	B-Application
base	O
,	O
with	O
some	O
extra	O
some	O
commercial	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2011	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
released	O
Puppet	B-Application
Enterprise	O
2.0	O
,	O
which	O
introduced	O
integration	O
with	O
MCollective	O
,	O
acquired	O
by	O
Puppet	B-Application
in	O
2010	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
provisioning	O
for	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machines	I-Architecture
on	O
Amazon	B-General_Concept
EC2	I-General_Concept
and	O
VMware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2013	O
,	O
Puppet	B-Application
released	O
Puppet	B-Application
Enterprise	O
3.0	O
,	O
which	O
features	O
a	O
rewritten	O
orchestration	O
engine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Puppet	B-Application
purchased	O
the	O
infrastructure	O
automation	O
firm	O
Distelli	O
in	O
September	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Puppet	B-Application
rebranded	O
Distelli	O
's	O
VM	O
Dashboard	O
(	O
a	O
continuous	O
integration	O
/	O
continuous	O
delivery	O
product	O
)	O
as	O
Puppet	B-Application
Pipelines	O
for	O
Applications	O
,	O
and	O
K8S	O
Dashboard	O
as	O
Puppet	B-Application
Pipelines	O
for	O
Containers	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2018	O
,	O
Puppet	B-Application
released	O
Puppet	B-Application
Discovery	O
,	O
a	O
tool	O
to	O
discover	O
and	O
manipulate	O
resources	O
in	O
hybrid	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
Puppet	B-Application
's	O
third	O
stand-alone	O
enterprise	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
of	O
2018	O
Puppet	B-Application
raised	O
$42	O
million	O
for	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
$150	O
million	O
in	O
funding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Puppet	B-Application
partners	O
and	O
has	O
technology	O
integrations	O
with	O
VMware	O
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
,	O
Cisco	O
,	O
OpenStack	B-Application
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Azure	I-Application
,	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
,	O
Rightscale	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
Zenoss	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2022	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
announced	O
Puppet	B-Application
had	O
been	O
acquired	O
by	O
the	O
Minneapolis-headquartered	O
software	O
developer	O
,	O
Perforce	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
subsequently	O
laid	O
off	O
15%	O
of	O
Puppet	B-Application
's	O
workforce	O
in	O
Portland	O
.	O
</s>
