<s>
A	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
(	O
also	O
punch	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
or	O
punched-card	B-Architecture
)	O
is	O
a	O
piece	O
of	O
stiff	O
paper	O
that	O
holds	O
digital	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
represented	O
by	O
the	O
presence	O
or	O
absence	O
of	O
holes	O
in	O
predefined	O
positions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
were	O
once	O
common	O
in	O
data	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
applications	O
or	O
to	O
directly	O
control	O
automated	O
machinery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
were	O
widely	O
used	O
through	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
20th	O
century	O
in	O
the	O
data	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
industry	O
,	O
where	O
specialized	O
and	O
increasingly	O
complex	O
unit	O
record	O
machines	O
,	O
organized	O
into	O
semiautomatic	O
data	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
systems	O
,	O
used	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
for	O
data	B-General_Concept
input	O
,	O
output	O
,	O
and	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	O
12-row/80	O
-column	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
format	O
came	O
to	O
dominate	O
the	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
early	O
digital	O
computers	O
used	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
as	O
the	O
primary	O
medium	O
for	O
input	O
of	O
both	O
computer	B-Application
programs	I-Application
and	O
data	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
are	O
now	O
obsolete	O
as	O
a	O
storage	B-General_Concept
medium	I-General_Concept
,	O
as	O
of	O
2012	O
,	O
some	O
voting	O
machines	O
still	O
used	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
to	O
record	O
votes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
also	O
had	O
a	O
significant	O
cultural	O
impact	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
idea	O
of	O
control	O
and	O
data	B-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
via	O
punched	O
holes	O
was	O
developed	O
independently	O
on	O
several	O
occasions	O
in	O
the	O
modern	O
period	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Basile	O
Bouchon	O
developed	O
the	O
control	O
of	O
a	O
loom	B-Language
by	O
punched	O
holes	O
in	O
paper	O
tape	O
in	O
1725	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1804	O
Joseph	O
Marie	O
Jacquard	O
demonstrated	O
a	O
mechanism	O
to	O
automate	O
loom	B-Language
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
were	O
linked	O
into	O
a	O
chain	O
of	O
any	O
length	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Semyon	O
Korsakov	O
was	O
reputedly	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
propose	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
in	O
informatics	O
for	O
information	O
store	O
and	O
search	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1881	O
Jules	O
Carpentier	O
developed	O
a	O
method	O
of	O
recording	O
and	O
playing	O
back	O
performances	O
on	O
a	O
harmonium	O
using	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
1800s	O
Herman	O
Hollerith	O
invented	O
the	O
recording	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
on	O
a	O
medium	O
that	O
could	O
then	O
be	O
read	O
by	O
a	O
machine	O
,	O
developing	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
data	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
technology	O
for	O
the	O
1890	O
U.S.	O
census	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
His	O
tabulating	O
machines	O
read	O
and	O
summarized	O
data	B-General_Concept
stored	O
on	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
and	O
they	O
began	O
use	O
for	O
government	O
and	O
commercial	O
data	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
companies	O
entering	O
the	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
business	O
included	O
The	O
Tabulator	O
Limited	O
(	O
Britain	O
,	O
1902	O
)	O
,	O
Deutsche	O
Hollerith-Maschinen	O
Gesellschaft	O
mbH	O
(	O
Dehomag	O
)	O
(	O
Germany	O
,	O
1911	O
)	O
,	O
Powers	O
Accounting	O
Machine	O
Company	O
(	O
US	O
,	O
1911	O
)	O
,	O
Remington	O
Rand	O
(	O
US	O
,	O
1927	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
H.W.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
companies	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
,	O
manufactured	O
and	O
marketed	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
and	O
unit	O
record	O
machines	O
for	O
creating	O
,	O
sorting	O
,	O
and	O
tabulating	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
,	O
even	O
after	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
electronic	O
computers	O
in	O
the	O
1950s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
IBM	O
and	O
Remington	O
Rand	O
tied	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
purchases	O
to	O
machine	O
leases	O
,	O
a	O
violation	O
of	O
the	O
US	O
1914	O
Clayton	O
Antitrust	O
Act	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
By	O
1937	O
...	O
IBM	O
had	O
32	O
presses	O
at	O
work	O
in	O
Endicott	O
,	O
N.Y.	O
,	O
printing	O
,	O
cutting	O
and	O
stacking	O
five	O
to	O
10	O
million	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
every	O
day.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
were	O
even	O
used	O
as	O
legal	O
documents	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
U.S.	O
Government	O
checks	O
and	O
savings	O
bonds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
World	O
War	O
II	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
equipment	O
was	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
Allies	O
in	O
some	O
of	O
their	O
efforts	O
to	O
decrypt	O
Axis	O
communications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
Bletchley	O
Park	O
in	O
England	O
,	O
"	O
some	O
2	O
million	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
a	O
week	O
were	O
being	O
produced	O
,	O
indicating	O
the	O
sheer	O
scale	O
of	O
this	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
operation	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Nazi	O
Germany	O
,	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
were	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
censuses	O
of	O
various	O
regions	O
and	O
other	O
purposes	O
(	O
see	O
IBM	O
and	O
the	O
Holocaust	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
technology	O
developed	O
into	O
a	O
powerful	O
tool	O
for	O
business	O
data-processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1950	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
had	O
become	O
ubiquitous	O
in	O
industry	O
and	O
government	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Do	O
not	O
fold	O
,	O
spindle	O
or	O
mutilate	O
,	O
"	O
a	O
warning	O
that	O
appeared	O
on	O
some	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
distributed	O
as	O
documents	O
such	O
as	O
checks	O
and	O
utility	O
bills	O
to	O
be	O
returned	O
for	O
processing	O
,	O
became	O
a	O
motto	O
for	O
the	O
post-World	O
War	O
II	O
era	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1956	O
IBM	O
signed	O
a	O
consent	O
decree	O
requiring	O
,	O
amongst	O
other	O
things	O
,	O
that	O
IBM	O
would	O
by	O
1962	O
have	O
no	O
more	O
than	O
one-half	O
of	O
the	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
manufacturing	O
capacity	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tom	O
Watson	O
Jr.	O
'	O
s	O
decision	O
to	O
sign	O
this	O
decree	O
,	O
where	O
IBM	O
saw	O
the	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
provisions	O
as	O
the	O
most	O
significant	O
point	O
,	O
completed	O
the	O
transfer	O
of	O
power	O
to	O
him	O
from	O
Thomas	O
Watson	O
,	O
Sr.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Univac	O
UNITYPER	B-Device
introduced	O
magnetic	B-Architecture
tape	I-Architecture
for	O
data	B-General_Concept
entry	O
in	O
the	O
1950s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
1960s	O
,	O
the	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
was	O
gradually	O
replaced	O
as	O
the	O
primary	O
means	O
for	O
data	B-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
by	O
magnetic	B-Architecture
tape	I-Architecture
,	O
as	O
better	O
,	O
more	O
capable	O
computers	O
became	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mohawk	O
Data	B-General_Concept
Sciences	O
introduced	O
a	O
magnetic	B-Architecture
tape	I-Architecture
encoder	O
in	O
1965	O
,	O
a	O
system	O
marketed	O
as	O
a	O
keypunch	B-Device
replacement	O
which	O
was	O
somewhat	O
successful	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
were	O
still	O
commonly	O
used	O
for	O
entering	O
both	O
data	B-General_Concept
and	O
computer	B-Application
programs	I-Application
until	O
the	O
mid-1980s	O
when	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
lower	O
cost	O
magnetic	B-Device
disk	I-Device
storage	I-Device
,	O
and	O
affordable	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
terminals	I-General_Concept
on	O
less	O
expensive	O
minicomputers	B-Architecture
made	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
obsolete	O
for	O
these	O
roles	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
terminals	O
that	O
replaced	O
the	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
,	O
the	O
IBM	B-Operating_System
3270	I-Operating_System
for	O
example	O
,	O
displayed	O
80	B-Architecture
columns	I-Architecture
of	O
text	O
in	O
text	B-Application
mode	I-Application
,	O
for	O
compatibility	O
with	O
existing	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
programs	O
still	O
operate	O
on	O
the	O
convention	O
of	O
80	O
text	O
columns	O
,	O
although	O
fewer	O
and	O
fewer	O
do	O
as	O
newer	O
systems	O
employ	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
with	O
variable-width	O
type	O
fonts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
terms	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
,	O
punch	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
punchcard	B-Architecture
were	O
all	O
commonly	O
used	O
,	O
as	O
were	O
IBM	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
and	O
Hollerith	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
(	O
after	O
Herman	O
Hollerith	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
used	O
"	O
IBM	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
"	O
or	O
,	O
later	O
,	O
"	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
"	O
at	O
first	O
mention	O
in	O
its	O
documentation	O
and	O
thereafter	O
simply	O
"	O
card	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
cards	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
sequence	O
of	O
cards	O
that	O
is	O
input	O
to	O
or	O
output	O
from	O
some	O
step	O
in	O
an	O
application	O
's	O
processing	O
is	O
called	O
a	O
card	B-Architecture
deck	I-Architecture
or	O
simply	O
deck	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Hollerith	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
used	O
for	O
the	O
1890	O
U.S.	O
census	O
were	O
blank	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
patents	O
described	O
both	O
paper	O
tape	O
and	O
rectangular	O
cards	O
as	O
possible	O
recording	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
card	O
shown	O
in	O
of	O
January	O
8	O
was	O
printed	O
with	O
a	O
template	O
and	O
had	O
hole	O
positions	O
arranged	O
close	O
to	O
the	O
edges	O
so	O
they	O
could	O
be	O
reached	O
by	O
a	O
railroad	O
conductor	O
's	O
ticket	O
punch	B-Device
,	O
with	O
the	O
center	O
reserved	O
for	O
written	O
descriptions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
ticket	O
punch	B-Device
proved	O
tiring	O
and	O
error-prone	O
,	O
Hollerith	O
developed	O
the	O
pantograph	O
"	O
keyboard	O
punch	B-Device
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hollerith	O
's	O
45	O
column	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
are	O
illustrated	O
in	O
Comrie	O
's	O
The	O
application	O
of	O
the	O
Hollerith	O
Tabulating	O
Machine	O
to	O
Brown	O
's	O
Tables	O
of	O
the	O
Moon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
late	O
1920s	O
,	O
customers	O
wanted	O
to	O
store	O
more	O
data	B-General_Concept
on	O
each	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thomas	O
J	O
.	O
Watson	O
Sr.	O
,	O
IBM	O
's	O
head	O
,	O
asked	O
two	O
of	O
his	O
top	O
inventors	O
,	O
Clair	O
D	O
.	O
Lake	O
and	O
J	O
.	O
Royden	O
Pierce	O
,	O
to	O
independently	O
develop	O
ways	O
to	O
increase	O
data	B-General_Concept
capacity	O
without	O
increasing	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pierce	O
wanted	O
to	O
keep	O
round	O
holes	O
and	O
45	O
columns	O
,	O
but	O
allow	O
each	O
column	O
to	O
store	O
more	O
data	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lake	O
suggested	O
rectangular	O
holes	O
,	O
which	O
could	O
be	O
spaced	O
more	O
tightly	O
,	O
allowing	O
80	B-Architecture
columns	I-Architecture
per	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
,	O
thereby	O
nearly	O
doubling	O
the	O
capacity	O
of	O
the	O
older	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	O
picked	O
the	O
latter	O
solution	O
,	O
introduced	O
as	O
The	O
IBM	B-Architecture
Card	I-Architecture
,	O
in	O
part	O
because	O
it	O
was	O
compatible	O
with	O
existing	O
tabulator	O
designs	O
and	O
in	O
part	O
because	O
it	O
could	O
be	O
protected	O
by	O
patents	O
and	O
give	O
the	O
company	O
a	O
distinctive	O
advantage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
IBM	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
format	O
,	O
introduced	O
in	O
1928	O
,	O
has	O
rectangular	O
holes	O
,	O
80	B-Architecture
columns	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
10	O
rows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
designed	O
to	O
record	O
responses	O
to	O
yes	O
–	O
no	O
questions	O
,	O
support	O
for	O
numeric	O
,	O
alphabetic	B-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
special	I-General_Concept
characters	I-General_Concept
was	O
added	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
columns	O
and	O
zones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
top	O
three	O
positions	O
of	O
a	O
column	O
are	O
called	O
zone	O
punching	O
positions	O
,	O
12	O
(	O
top	O
)	O
,	O
11	O
,	O
and	O
0	O
(	O
0	O
may	O
be	O
either	O
a	O
zone	O
punch	B-Device
or	O
a	O
digit	O
punch	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
decimal	O
data	B-General_Concept
the	O
lower	O
ten	O
positions	O
are	O
called	O
digit	O
punching	O
positions	O
,	O
0	O
(	O
top	O
)	O
through	O
9	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
arithmetic	O
sign	O
can	O
be	O
specified	O
for	O
a	O
decimal	O
field	O
by	O
overpunching	O
the	O
field	O
's	O
rightmost	O
column	O
with	O
a	O
zone	O
punch	B-Device
:	O
12	O
for	O
plus	O
,	O
11	O
for	O
minus	O
(	O
CR	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zone	O
punches	B-Device
had	O
other	O
uses	O
in	O
processing	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
indicating	O
a	O
master	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1931	O
,	O
IBM	O
began	O
introducing	O
upper-case	O
letters	O
and	O
special	O
characters	O
(	O
Powers-Samas	O
had	O
developed	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
alphabetic	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
representation	O
in	O
1921	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
26	O
letters	O
have	O
two	O
punches	B-Device
(	O
zone	O
 [ 12 , 11 , 0 ] 	O
+	O
digit	O
 [ 1–9 ] 	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
special	O
characters	O
have	O
two	O
or	O
three	O
punches	B-Device
(	O
zone	O
[	O
12	O
,	O
11	O
,	O
0	O
,	O
or	O
none ]	O
+	O
digit	O
 [ 2–7 ] 	O
+	O
8	O
)	O
;	O
a	O
few	O
special	O
characters	O
were	O
exceptions	O
:	O
"	O
&	O
"	O
is	O
12	O
only	O
,	O
"	O
-	O
"	O
is	O
11	O
only	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
/	O
"	O
is	O
0	O
+	O
1	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Space	O
character	O
has	O
no	O
punches	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
introduction	O
of	O
EBCDIC	B-Language
in	O
1964	O
defined	O
columns	O
with	O
as	O
many	O
as	O
six	O
punches	B-Device
(	O
zones	O
 [ 12 , 11 , 0 , 8 , 9 ] 	O
+	O
digit	O
 [ 1–7 ] 	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
and	O
other	O
manufacturers	O
used	O
many	O
different	O
80-column	O
card	O
character	B-General_Concept
encodings	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
1969	O
American	O
National	O
Standard	O
defined	O
the	O
punches	B-Device
for	O
128	O
characters	O
and	O
was	O
named	O
the	O
Hollerith	O
Punched	B-Architecture
Card	I-Architecture
Code	O
(	O
often	O
referred	O
to	O
simply	O
as	O
Hollerith	B-Architecture
Card	I-Architecture
Code	O
)	O
,	O
honoring	O
Hollerith	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
701	I-Device
and	O
IBM	B-Device
704	I-Device
,	O
card	O
data	B-General_Concept
was	O
read	O
,	O
using	O
an	O
IBM	B-Device
711	I-Device
,	O
into	O
memory	O
in	O
row	O
binary	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
each	O
of	O
the	O
twelve	O
rows	O
of	O
the	O
card	O
,	O
72	O
of	O
the	O
80	B-Architecture
columns	I-Architecture
would	O
be	O
read	O
into	O
two	O
36-bit	O
words	O
;	O
a	O
control	O
panel	O
was	O
used	O
to	O
select	O
the	O
72	O
columns	O
to	O
be	O
read	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
would	O
translate	O
this	O
data	B-General_Concept
into	O
the	O
desired	O
form	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
convention	O
was	O
to	O
use	O
columns	O
1	O
through	O
72	O
for	O
data	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
columns	O
73	O
through	O
80	O
to	O
sequentially	O
number	O
the	O
cards	O
,	O
as	O
shown	O
in	O
the	O
picture	O
above	O
of	O
a	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
for	O
FORTRAN	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
convention	O
continued	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
FORTRAN	B-Application
,	O
even	O
in	O
later	O
systems	O
where	O
the	O
data	B-General_Concept
in	O
all	O
80	B-Architecture
columns	I-Architecture
could	O
be	O
read	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
an	O
aid	O
to	O
humans	O
who	O
had	O
to	O
deal	O
with	O
the	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
,	O
the	O
IBM	O
026	O
and	O
later	O
029	O
and	O
129	O
key	B-Device
punch	I-Device
machines	O
could	O
print	O
human-readable	O
text	O
above	O
each	O
of	O
the	O
80	B-Architecture
columns	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
prank	O
,	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
could	O
be	O
made	O
where	O
every	O
possible	O
punch	B-Device
position	O
had	O
a	O
hole	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
"	O
lace	B-Device
cards	I-Device
"	O
lacked	O
structural	O
strength	O
,	O
and	O
would	O
frequently	O
buckle	O
and	O
jam	O
inside	O
the	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	O
80-column	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
format	O
dominated	O
the	O
industry	O
,	O
becoming	O
known	O
as	O
just	O
IBM	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
,	O
even	O
though	O
other	O
companies	O
made	O
cards	O
and	O
equipment	O
to	O
process	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
formats	O
is	O
the	O
IBM	O
5081	O
card	O
format	O
,	O
a	O
general	O
purpose	O
layout	O
with	O
no	O
field	O
divisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
format	O
has	O
digits	O
printed	O
on	O
it	O
corresponding	O
to	O
the	O
punch	B-Device
positions	O
of	O
the	O
digits	O
in	O
each	O
of	O
the	O
80	B-Architecture
columns	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
vendors	O
manufactured	O
cards	O
with	O
this	O
same	O
layout	O
and	O
number	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Long	O
cards	O
were	O
available	O
with	O
a	O
scored	O
stub	O
on	O
either	O
end	O
which	O
,	O
when	O
torn	O
off	O
,	O
left	O
an	O
80	B-Architecture
column	I-Architecture
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
IBM	O
Archive	O
:	O
IBM	O
's	O
Supplies	O
Division	O
introduced	O
the	O
Port-A-Punch	O
in	O
1958	O
as	O
a	O
fast	O
,	O
accurate	O
means	O
of	O
manually	O
punching	O
holes	O
in	O
specially	O
scored	O
IBM	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Designed	O
to	O
fit	O
in	O
the	O
pocket	O
,	O
Port-A-Punch	O
made	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
create	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
documents	O
anywhere	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1969	O
IBM	O
introduced	O
a	O
new	O
,	O
smaller	O
,	O
round-hole	O
,	O
96-column	O
card	O
format	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
System/3	I-Device
low-end	O
business	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
is	O
stored	O
in	O
6-bit	O
BCD	O
,	O
with	O
three	O
rows	O
of	O
32	O
characters	O
each	O
,	O
or	O
8-bit	O
EBCDIC	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
format	O
,	O
each	O
column	O
of	O
the	O
top	O
tiers	O
are	O
combined	O
with	O
two	O
punch	B-Device
rows	O
from	O
the	O
bottom	O
tier	O
to	O
form	O
an	O
8-bit	O
byte	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
middle	O
tier	O
is	O
combined	O
with	O
two	O
more	O
punch	B-Device
rows	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
each	O
card	O
contains	O
64	O
bytes	O
of	O
8-bit-per-byte	O
binary	O
coded	O
data	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
in	O
the	O
80	B-Architecture
column	I-Architecture
card	O
,	O
readable	O
text	O
was	O
printed	O
in	O
the	O
top	O
section	O
of	O
the	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
format	O
was	O
never	O
very	O
widely	O
used	O
;	O
it	O
was	O
IBM-only	O
,	O
but	O
they	O
did	O
not	O
support	O
it	O
on	O
any	O
equipment	O
beyond	O
the	O
System/3	B-Device
,	O
where	O
it	O
was	O
quickly	O
superseded	O
by	O
the	O
1973	O
IBM	B-Device
3740	I-Device
Data	I-Device
Entry	I-Device
System	I-Device
using	O
8-inch	O
floppy	O
disks	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1930	O
,	O
Remington	O
Rand	O
leap-frogged	O
IBM	O
's	O
80	B-Architecture
column	I-Architecture
format	O
from	O
1928	O
by	O
coding	O
two	O
characters	O
in	O
each	O
of	O
the	O
45	O
columns	O
–	O
producing	O
what	O
is	O
now	O
commonly	O
called	O
the	O
90-column	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
even	O
numbers	O
in	O
a	O
pair	O
are	O
formed	O
by	O
combining	O
that	O
punch	B-Device
with	O
a	O
9	O
punch	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alphabetic	B-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
special	I-General_Concept
characters	I-General_Concept
use	O
3	O
or	O
more	O
punches	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
130	O
column	O
card	O
was	O
also	O
available	O
–	O
formed	O
by	O
dividing	O
the	O
card	O
into	O
two	O
rows	O
,	O
each	O
row	O
with	O
65	O
columns	O
and	O
each	O
character	O
space	O
with	O
5	O
punch	B-Device
positions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mark	B-Device
sense	I-Device
(	O
electrographic	B-Device
)	O
cards	O
,	O
developed	O
by	O
Reynold	O
B	O
.	O
Johnson	O
at	O
IBM	O
,	O
have	O
printed	O
ovals	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
marked	O
with	O
a	O
special	O
electrographic	B-Device
pencil	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Card	B-Device
punches	I-Device
with	O
an	O
option	O
to	O
detect	O
mark	B-Device
sense	I-Device
cards	O
could	O
then	O
punch	B-Device
the	O
corresponding	O
information	O
into	O
the	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aperture	B-Application
cards	I-Application
have	O
a	O
cut-out	O
hole	O
on	O
the	O
right	O
side	O
of	O
the	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aperture	B-Application
cards	I-Application
are	O
used	O
for	O
engineering	B-Architecture
drawings	I-Architecture
from	O
all	O
engineering	O
disciplines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
's	O
Fred	O
M	O
.	O
Carroll	O
developed	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
rotary	O
presses	O
that	O
were	O
used	O
to	O
produce	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
,	O
including	O
a	O
1921	O
model	O
that	O
operated	O
at	O
460	O
cards	O
per	O
minute	O
(	O
cpm	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Carroll	O
's	O
high-speed	O
press	O
,	O
containing	O
a	O
printing	O
cylinder	O
,	O
revolutionized	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
manufacturing	O
of	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Discarded	O
printing	O
plates	O
from	O
these	O
card	O
presses	O
,	O
each	O
printing	O
plate	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
an	O
IBM	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
and	O
formed	O
into	O
a	O
cylinder	O
,	O
often	O
found	O
use	O
as	O
desk	O
pen/pencil	O
holders	O
,	O
and	O
even	O
today	O
are	O
collectible	O
IBM	O
artifacts	O
(	O
every	O
card	O
layout	O
had	O
its	O
own	O
printing	O
plate	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
have	O
not	O
been	O
widely	O
used	O
for	O
generations	O
,	O
the	O
impact	O
was	O
so	O
great	O
for	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
20th	O
century	O
that	O
they	O
still	O
appear	O
from	O
time	O
to	O
time	O
in	O
popular	O
culture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Artist	O
and	O
architect	O
Maya	O
Lin	O
in	O
2004	O
designed	O
a	O
public	O
art	O
installation	O
at	O
Ohio	O
University	O
,	O
titled	O
"	O
Input	O
"	O
,	O
that	O
looks	O
like	O
a	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
from	O
the	O
air	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tucker	O
Hall	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Missouri	O
–	O
Columbia	O
features	O
architecture	O
that	O
is	O
rumored	O
to	O
be	O
influenced	O
by	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
on	O
a	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
,	O
making	O
reference	O
to	O
the	O
university	O
and	O
state	O
's	O
rivalry	O
with	O
neighboring	O
state	O
Kansas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Wisconsin	O
–	O
Madison	O
,	O
the	O
exterior	O
windows	O
of	O
the	O
Engineering	O
Research	O
Building	O
were	O
modeled	O
after	O
a	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
layout	O
,	O
during	O
its	O
construction	O
in	O
1966	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
North	O
Dakota	O
in	O
Grand	O
Forks	O
,	O
a	O
portion	O
of	O
the	O
exterior	O
of	O
Gamble	O
Hall	O
(	O
College	O
of	O
Business	O
and	O
Public	O
Administration	O
)	O
,	O
has	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
light-colored	O
bricks	O
that	O
resembles	O
a	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
spelling	O
out	O
"	O
University	O
of	O
North	O
Dakota.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
metaphor	O
...	O
symbol	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
system	O
"	O
—	O
first	O
the	O
registration	O
system	O
and	O
then	O
bureaucratic	O
systems	O
more	O
generally	O
...	O
a	O
symbol	O
of	O
alienation	O
...	O
Punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
were	O
the	O
symbol	O
of	O
information	O
machines	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
they	O
became	O
the	O
symbolic	O
point	O
of	O
attack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
,	O
used	O
for	O
class	O
registration	O
,	O
were	O
first	O
and	O
foremost	O
a	O
symbol	O
of	O
uniformity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
....	O
A	O
student	O
might	O
feel	O
"	O
he	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
out	O
of	O
27,500	O
IBM	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
"	O
...	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
legacy	O
of	O
the	O
80	B-Architecture
column	I-Architecture
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
format	O
is	O
that	O
a	O
display	O
of	O
80	O
characters	O
per	O
row	O
was	O
a	O
common	O
choice	O
in	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
character-based	O
terminals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
September	O
2014	O
,	O
some	O
character	O
interface	O
defaults	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
command	O
prompt	O
window	O
's	O
width	O
in	O
Microsoft	O
Windows	O
,	O
remain	O
set	O
at	O
80	B-Architecture
columns	I-Architecture
and	O
some	O
file	O
formats	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
FITS	O
,	O
still	O
use	O
80-character	O
card	B-Device
images	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Arthur	O
C	O
.	O
Clarke	O
's	O
early	O
short	O
story	O
"	O
Rescue	O
Party	O
"	O
,	O
the	O
alien	O
explorers	O
find	O
a	O
"	O
...	O
wonderful	O
battery	O
of	O
almost	O
human	O
Hollerith	O
analyzers	O
and	O
the	O
five	O
thousand	O
million	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
holding	O
all	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
recorded	O
on	O
each	O
man	O
,	O
woman	O
and	O
child	O
on	O
the	O
planet	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
,	O
the	O
final	O
track	O
of	O
her	O
album	O
This	O
Is	O
a	O
Recording	O
,	O
comedian	O
Lily	O
Tomlin	O
gives	O
instructions	O
that	O
,	O
if	O
followed	O
,	O
would	O
purportedly	O
shrink	O
the	O
holes	O
on	O
a	O
punch	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
(	O
used	O
by	O
AT&T	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
for	O
customer	O
billing	O
)	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
unreadable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
common	O
example	O
of	O
the	O
requests	O
often	O
printed	O
on	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
which	O
were	O
to	O
be	O
individually	O
handled	O
,	O
especially	O
those	O
intended	O
for	O
the	O
public	O
to	O
use	B-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
return	I-General_Concept
is	O
"	O
Do	O
Not	O
Fold	O
,	O
Spindle	O
or	O
Mutilate	O
"	O
(	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
"	O
Do	O
not	O
bend	O
,	O
spike	O
,	O
fold	O
or	O
mutilate	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ANSI	O
INCITS	O
21-1967	O
(	O
R2002	O
)	O
,	O
Rectangular	O
Holes	O
in	O
Twelve-Row	O
Punched	B-Architecture
Cards	I-Architecture
(	O
formerly	O
ANSI	O
X3.21-1967	O
(	O
R1997	O
)	O
)	O
Specifies	O
the	O
size	O
and	O
location	O
of	O
rectangular	O
holes	O
in	O
twelve-row	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
ISO	O
6586:1980	O
Data	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
–	O
Implementation	O
of	O
the	O
ISO	O
7	O
-	O
bit	O
and	O
8	O
-	O
bit	O
coded	B-General_Concept
character	I-General_Concept
sets	I-General_Concept
on	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Defines	O
ISO	O
7-bit	O
and	O
8-bit	O
character	B-General_Concept
sets	I-General_Concept
on	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
representation	O
of	O
7-bit	O
and	O
8-bit	O
combinations	O
on	O
12-row	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Derived	O
from	O
,	O
and	O
compatible	O
with	O
,	O
the	O
Hollerith	O
Code	O
,	O
ensuring	O
compatibility	O
with	O
existing	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Processing	O
of	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
was	O
handled	O
by	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
machines	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Keypunches	B-Device
—	O
machines	O
with	O
a	O
keyboard	O
that	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
from	O
operator	O
entered	O
data	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unit	O
record	O
equipment	O
—	O
machines	O
that	O
process	O
data	B-General_Concept
on	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-Device
punched	I-Device
card	I-Device
reader	I-Device
—	O
a	O
computer	O
input	O
device	O
used	O
to	O
read	O
executable	O
computer	B-Application
programs	I-Application
and	O
data	B-General_Concept
from	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
under	O
computer	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-Device
card	I-Device
punch	I-Device
—	O
a	O
computer	O
output	O
device	O
that	O
punches	B-Device
holes	O
in	O
cards	O
under	O
computer	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
