<s>
Pulse-coupled	B-Algorithm
networks	I-Algorithm
or	O
pulse-coupled	B-Algorithm
neural	I-Algorithm
networks	I-Algorithm
(	O
PCNNs	B-Algorithm
)	O
are	O
neural	O
models	O
proposed	O
by	O
modeling	O
a	O
cat	O
's	O
visual	O
cortex	O
,	O
and	O
developed	O
for	O
high-performance	O
biomimetic	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Eckhorn	O
model	O
provided	O
a	O
simple	O
and	O
effective	O
tool	O
for	O
studying	O
small	O
mammal	O
’s	O
visual	O
cortex	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
soon	O
recognized	O
as	O
having	O
significant	O
application	O
potential	O
in	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1994	O
,	O
Johnson	O
adapted	O
the	O
Eckhorn	O
model	O
to	O
an	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
algorithm	O
,	O
calling	O
this	O
algorithm	O
a	O
pulse-coupled	O
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
the	O
past	O
decade	O
,	O
PCNNs	B-Algorithm
have	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
applications	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
image	B-Algorithm
segmentation	I-Algorithm
,	O
feature	O
generation	O
,	O
face	O
extraction	O
,	O
motion	O
detection	O
,	O
region	B-Algorithm
growing	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
noise	O
reduction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multidimensional	O
pulse	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
of	O
chemical	O
structure	O
data	O
using	O
PCNN	B-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
discussed	O
by	O
Kinser	O
,	O
et	O
al	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
PCNN	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
two-dimensional	O
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
iterative	O
computation	O
,	O
PCNN	B-Algorithm
neurons	O
produce	O
temporal	O
series	O
of	O
pulse	O
outputs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
temporal	O
series	O
of	O
pulse	O
outputs	O
contain	O
information	O
of	O
input	O
images	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
various	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
applications	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
image	B-Algorithm
segmentation	I-Algorithm
and	O
feature	O
generation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compared	O
with	O
conventional	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
means	O
,	O
PCNNs	B-Algorithm
have	O
several	O
significant	O
merits	O
,	O
including	O
robustness	O
against	O
noise	O
,	O
independence	O
of	O
geometric	O
variations	O
in	O
input	O
patterns	O
,	O
capability	O
of	O
bridging	O
minor	O
intensity	O
variations	O
in	O
input	O
patterns	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
simplified	O
PCNN	B-Algorithm
called	O
a	O
spiking	O
cortical	O
model	O
was	O
developed	O
in	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PCNNs	B-Algorithm
are	O
useful	O
for	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
,	O
as	O
discussed	O
in	O
a	O
book	O
by	O
Thomas	O
Lindblad	O
and	O
Jason	O
M	O
.	O
Kinser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PCNN	B-Algorithm
is	O
proven	O
success	O
in	O
many	O
academic	O
and	O
industrial	O
fields	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
(	O
image	O
denoising	O
,	O
and	O
image	O
enhancement	O
)	O
,	O
all	O
pairs	O
shortest	O
path	O
problem	O
,	O
and	O
pattern	O
recognition	O
.	O
</s>
