<s>
Psiphon	B-Application
is	O
a	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
Internet	B-Application
censorship	I-Application
circumvention	I-Application
tool	O
that	O
uses	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
secure	O
communication	O
and	O
obfuscation	O
technologies	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
VPN	B-Application
,	O
SSH	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
a	O
Web	O
proxy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Psiphon	B-Application
is	O
a	O
centrally	O
managed	O
and	O
geographically	O
diverse	O
network	O
of	O
thousands	O
of	O
proxy	O
servers	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
performance-oriented	O
,	O
single	O
-	O
and	O
multi-hop	B-General_Concept
routing	I-General_Concept
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Psiphon	B-Application
is	O
specifically	O
designed	O
to	O
support	O
users	O
in	O
countries	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
"	O
enemies	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
codebase	O
is	O
developed	O
and	O
maintained	O
by	O
Psiphon	B-Application
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
which	O
operates	O
systems	O
and	O
technologies	O
designed	O
to	O
assist	O
Internet	O
users	O
to	O
securely	O
bypass	O
the	O
content-filtering	O
systems	O
used	O
by	O
governments	O
to	O
impose	O
censorship	B-Application
of	I-Application
the	I-Application
Internet	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
concept	O
for	O
Psiphon	B-Application
(	O
1.0	O
)	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
Citizen	O
Lab	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Toronto	O
,	O
building	O
upon	O
previous	O
generations	O
of	O
web	O
proxy	O
software	O
systems	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
Safe	O
Web	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
Anonymizer	O
"	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
Psiphon	B-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
was	O
established	O
as	O
an	O
independent	O
Ontario	O
corporation	O
that	O
develops	O
advanced	O
censorship	B-Application
circumvention	I-Application
systems	O
and	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Psiphon	B-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
and	O
the	O
Citizen	O
Lab	O
at	O
the	O
Munk	O
School	O
of	O
Global	O
Affairs	O
,	O
University	O
of	O
Toronto	O
occasionally	O
collaborate	O
on	O
research	O
projects	O
,	O
through	O
the	O
Psi-Lab	O
partnership	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Psiphon	B-Application
currently	O
consists	O
of	O
three	O
separate	O
but	O
related	O
open-source	O
software	O
projects	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Psiphon	B-Application
1.X	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
supported	O
by	O
Psiphon	B-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
or	O
the	O
Citizen	O
Lab	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
concept	O
for	O
Psiphon	B-Application
envisioned	O
an	O
easy-to-use	O
and	O
lightweight	O
Internet	O
proxy	O
,	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
installed	O
and	O
operated	O
by	O
individual	O
computer	O
users	O
,	O
who	O
would	O
then	O
host	O
private	O
connections	O
for	O
friends	O
and	O
family	O
in	O
countries	O
where	O
the	O
Internet	O
is	O
censored	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Psiphon	B-Application
1.0	O
was	O
launched	O
by	O
the	O
Citizen	O
Lab	O
on	O
1	O
December	O
2006	O
as	O
open-source	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2007	O
,	O
Psiphon	B-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
was	O
established	O
as	O
a	O
Canadian	O
corporation	O
independent	O
of	O
the	O
Citizen	O
Lab	O
and	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Toronto	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
code	O
(	O
1.6	O
)	O
was	O
made	O
available	O
under	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
,	O
Psiphon	B-Application
was	O
awarded	O
the	O
Netexplorateur	O
award	O
by	O
the	O
French	O
Senate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
Psiphon	B-Application
was	O
recognized	O
with	O
The	O
Economist	O
Best	O
New	O
Media	O
Award	O
by	O
Index	O
on	O
Censorship	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
Psiphon	B-Application
1.X	O
was	O
officially	O
retired	O
and	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
actively	O
supported	O
by	O
Psiphon	B-Application
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
Citizen	O
Lab	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
,	O
Psiphon	B-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
was	O
awarded	O
two	O
sub-grants	O
by	O
the	O
Internews	O
operated	O
SESAWE	O
(	O
Open	O
Internet	O
)	O
project(s )	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
source	O
of	O
funding	O
came	O
from	O
the	O
European	O
Parliament	O
and	O
the	O
US	O
State	O
Department	O
Internet	B-Application
Freedom	I-Application
program	O
,	O
administered	O
by	O
the	O
Bureau	O
of	O
Democracy	O
,	O
Human	O
Rights	O
,	O
and	O
Labor	O
(	O
DRL	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
objective	O
of	O
these	O
grants	O
was	O
to	O
develop	O
Psiphon	B-Application
into	O
a	O
scalable	O
anti-censorship	O
solution	O
capable	O
of	O
supporting	O
large	O
numbers	O
of	O
users	O
across	O
different	O
geographic	O
regions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
Psiphon	B-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
began	O
providing	O
services	O
to	O
the	O
Broadcasting	O
Board	O
of	O
Governors	O
(	O
US	O
)	O
,	O
US	O
Department	O
of	O
State	O
and	O
the	O
British	O
Broadcasting	O
Corporation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
Psiphon	B-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
operated	O
on	O
the	O
basis	O
revenues	O
generated	O
from	O
commercial	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Communication	O
via	O
Psiphon	B-Application
played	O
a	O
major	O
role	O
in	O
media	O
coverage	O
of	O
the	O
2020	O
Belarusian	O
protests	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
Psiphon	B-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
began	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
mobile	O
version	O
of	O
Psiphon	B-Application
3	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
phones	O
running	O
Android	B-Application
.	O
</s>
