<s>
Psion	B-Application
Organiser	I-Application
was	O
the	O
brand	O
name	O
of	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
pocket	B-Device
computers	I-Device
developed	O
by	O
the	O
British	O
company	O
Psion	B-Application
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Organiser	O
I	O
(	O
launched	O
in	O
1984	O
)	O
and	O
Organiser	O
II	O
(	O
launched	O
in	O
1986	O
)	O
had	O
a	O
characteristic	O
hard	O
plastic	O
sliding	O
cover	O
protecting	O
a	O
6×6	O
keypad	B-Device
instead	O
of	O
a	O
computer	B-Device
keyboard	I-Device
,	O
with	O
letters	O
arranged	O
alphabetically	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Organiser	O
II	O
competed	O
with	O
the	O
Filofax	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
considered	O
the	O
first	O
usable	O
electronic	B-Device
organizer	I-Device
or	O
personal	B-Application
digital	I-Application
assistant	I-Application
(	O
PDA	B-Application
)	O
in	O
that	O
it	O
combined	O
an	O
electronic	O
diary	O
and	O
searchable	O
address	O
database	O
in	O
a	O
small	O
,	O
portable	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Production	O
of	O
consumer	O
hand-held	O
devices	O
by	O
Psion	B-Application
has	O
now	O
ceased	O
;	O
the	O
company	O
,	O
after	O
corporate	O
changes	O
,	O
now	O
concentrates	O
on	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	O
for	O
industrial	O
and	O
commercial	O
data-collection	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
an	O
episode	O
of	O
The	O
Gadget	O
Show	O
,	O
first	O
aired	O
30	O
March	O
2009	O
,	O
the	O
Psion	B-Application
was	O
pitted	O
against	O
the	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
for	O
a	O
place	O
on	O
the	O
show	O
's	O
Hall	O
of	O
Fame	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whilst	O
the	O
Psion	B-Application
was	O
highly	O
praised	O
as	O
a	O
device	O
that	O
pioneered	O
portable	O
computing	O
,	O
host	O
Jon	O
Bentley	O
ultimately	O
gave	O
the	O
accolade	O
to	O
the	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
autumn	O
2017	O
several	O
software	O
features	O
and	O
hardware	O
devices	O
are	O
still	O
being	O
developed	O
and	O
are	O
available	O
including	O
a	O
JavaScript	B-Language
Emulator	O
,	O
Parallel	O
Interface	O
,	O
USB	O
Commslink	O
,	O
32	O
kilobyte	O
(	O
KB	O
)	O
and	O
256	O
KB	O
RAMpaks	O
,	O
and	O
512	O
KB	O
FlashPak	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Launched	O
in	O
1984	O
,	O
the	O
Psion	B-Application
Organiser	I-Application
was	O
the	O
"	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
practical	O
pocket	B-Device
computer	I-Device
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
an	O
8-bit	O
Hitachi	O
6301-family	O
processor	O
,	O
running	O
at	O
0.9MHz	O
,	O
with	O
4KB	O
of	O
read-only	B-Device
memory	I-Device
(	O
ROM	B-Device
)	O
and	O
2KB	O
of	O
static	B-Architecture
RAM	I-Architecture
and	O
has	O
a	O
one-row	O
monochrome	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
display	I-Device
(	O
LCD	B-Device
)	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
machine	O
provided	O
a	O
simple	O
flat-file	B-Application
database	I-Application
,	O
calculator	B-Application
and	O
clock	O
,	O
and	O
had	O
no	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
(	O
OS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Organiser	O
I	O
supported	O
removable	O
storage	O
write	B-Device
once	I-Device
read	I-Device
many	I-Device
(	O
write-once	O
)	O
devices	O
,	O
which	O
used	O
erasable	B-General_Concept
programmable	I-General_Concept
read-only	I-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
EPROM	B-General_Concept
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
device	O
can	O
host	O
two	O
of	O
these	O
,	O
named	O
Datapaks	O
(	O
stylized	O
as	O
DATAPAK	O
,	O
or	O
simply	O
PAK	O
)	O
,	O
to	O
which	O
it	O
can	O
write	O
data	O
,	O
but	O
which	O
must	O
be	O
removed	O
from	O
the	O
device	O
and	O
erased	O
by	O
exposure	O
to	O
ultraviolet	B-Application
light	O
before	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
re-used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
Psion	B-Application
had	O
patented	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
EPROMS	B-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
storage	O
device	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
impossible	O
for	O
other	O
device	O
makers	O
to	O
copy	O
this	O
unusual	O
approach	O
to	O
mobile	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
Datapaks	O
titled	O
Science	O
,	O
Maths	O
and	O
Finance	O
contained	O
the	O
POPL	O
programming	O
language	O
editor	O
,	O
interpreter	B-Application
and	O
runtime	B-Device
system	I-Device
and	O
extended	O
the	O
built-in	O
calculator	B-Application
by	O
adding	O
named	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
Datapaks	O
also	O
contained	O
different	O
sets	O
of	O
application	B-Application
software	I-Application
written	O
in	O
the	O
POPL	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
far	O
more	O
sophisticated	O
programming	O
tool	O
was	O
later	O
made	O
available	O
with	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
Forth	B-Application
language	I-Application
,	O
but	O
was	O
available	O
to	O
registered	O
professional	O
developers	O
rather	O
than	O
end	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Psion	B-Application
Forth	B-Application
Development	O
System	O
for	O
the	O
Organiser	O
I	O
was	O
a	O
powerful	O
set	O
of	O
IBM	O
PC-based	O
cross-development	B-Application
tools	O
for	O
producing	O
Forth	B-Application
application	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
including	O
a	O
Forth	B-Application
compiler	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Forth	B-Application
system	O
on	O
the	O
Organiser	O
I	O
had	O
a	O
compiler	B-Language
to	O
intermediate	O
code	O
,	O
interpreter	B-Application
and	O
runtime	O
,	O
and	O
had	O
several	O
unusual	O
design	O
features	O
one	O
being	O
that	O
it	O
could	O
interpret	O
–	O
that	O
is	O
,	O
read	O
and	O
execute	O
–	O
Forth	B-Application
intermediate	O
code	O
directly	O
in	O
place	O
on	O
a	O
Datapak	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
needing	O
to	O
copy	O
it	O
into	O
precious	O
RAM	B-Architecture
first	O
,	O
despite	O
the	O
Datapaks	O
not	O
being	O
execute-in-place	B-Application
memory-mapped	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
developed	O
by	O
Psion	B-Application
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Organiser	O
I	O
project	O
,	O
and	O
application	B-Application
software	I-Application
after	O
its	O
launch	O
,	O
was	O
written	O
in	O
6301	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
in	O
POPL	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
other	O
custom-designed	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
development	O
at	O
Psion	B-Application
was	O
carried	O
out	O
using	O
cross-development	B-Application
tools	O
,	O
including	O
a	O
cross	B-Language
assembler	I-Language
and	O
linker	O
,	O
all	O
of	O
which	O
ran	O
on	O
a	O
Digital	O
Equipment	O
Corporation	O
(	O
DEC	O
)	O
VAX	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Application	O
developers	O
writing	O
in	O
6301	O
assembly	O
struggled	O
with	O
the	O
small	O
amount	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
(	O
2KB	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
difficulty	O
for	O
developers	O
was	O
with	O
the	O
performance	O
limits	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
Datapaks	O
,	O
which	O
used	O
a	O
serial-access	O
internal	O
architecture	O
,	O
instead	O
of	O
random	B-General_Concept
access	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Hitachi	O
6301	O
processor	O
is	O
an	O
enhanced	O
development	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Motorola	B-Device
6801	I-Device
implemented	O
in	O
complementary	O
metal	O
–	O
oxide	O
–	O
semiconductor	O
(	O
CMOS	B-Device
)	O
,	O
with	O
several	O
extra	O
instructions	B-General_Concept
,	O
various	O
hardware	O
system	B-Architecture
on	I-Architecture
a	I-Architecture
chip	I-Architecture
(	O
SoC	O
)	O
facilities	O
on-chip	O
,	O
power	O
management	O
and	O
support	O
for	O
a	O
sleep	O
state	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
particular	O
variant	O
chosen	O
also	O
had	O
4KB	O
of	O
masked	B-Device
ROM	I-Device
on-chip	O
,	O
so	O
an	O
external	O
ROM	B-Device
was	O
unneeded	O
on	O
the	O
board	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Having	O
fully	O
static	B-Architecture
RAM	I-Architecture
and	O
a	O
processor	O
which	O
clock	O
could	O
be	O
frozen	O
without	O
losing	O
state	O
meant	O
very	O
long	O
battery	O
life	O
,	O
measured	O
in	O
weeks	O
or	O
even	O
months	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Minimal	O
power	O
use	O
was	O
aided	O
by	O
the	O
processor	O
being	O
frozen	O
whenever	O
there	O
was	O
no	O
work	O
to	O
do	O
,	O
plus	O
a	O
deeper	O
sleep	O
mode	O
,	O
which	O
turned	O
off	O
the	O
display	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
machine	O
was	O
sleeping	O
,	O
the	O
counter	O
counted	O
1,024	O
seconds	O
and	O
then	O
woke	O
the	O
machine	O
very	O
briefly	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
software	O
could	O
add	O
1,024	O
seconds	O
to	O
a	O
record	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
held	O
in	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
latter	O
adds	O
scientific	O
and	O
trigonometric	O
functions	O
to	O
the	O
otherwise	O
basic	O
calculator	B-Application
routines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1986	O
,	O
the	O
successful	O
Organiser	O
II	O
introduced	O
many	O
hardware	O
improvements	O
,	O
a	O
better	O
keyboard	B-Device
and	O
display	B-Device
,	O
a	O
much	O
larger	O
ROM	B-Device
and	O
either	O
8	O
KB	O
(	O
CM	O
Model	O
)	O
,	O
16	O
or	O
32	O
KB	O
(	O
XP	O
Model	O
)	O
,	O
32	O
or	O
64	O
KB	O
(	O
later	O
LZ	O
Model	O
)	O
of	O
battery-backed	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
featured	O
a	O
capable	O
newly	O
designed	O
single-tasking	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
Organiser	O
II	O
models	O
featured	O
a	O
two-line	O
display	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
model	O
supported	O
several	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
improved	O
Datapaks	O
,	O
containing	O
either	O
EPROM	B-General_Concept
or	O
battery-backed	O
RAM	B-Architecture
storage	O
,	O
each	O
storing	O
between	O
8KB	O
and	O
128KB	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
electrically	B-General_Concept
erasable	I-General_Concept
programmable	I-General_Concept
read-only	I-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
(	O
EEPROM	B-General_Concept
)	O
flashpaks	O
,	O
and	O
random-access	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
(	O
RAM	B-Architecture
)	O
RAMpaks	O
,	O
were	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
range	O
,	O
able	O
to	O
store	O
up	O
to	O
256KB	O
on	O
each	O
extension	O
slot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
machine	O
had	O
far	O
more	O
application	O
functionality	O
,	O
including	O
many	O
built-in	O
application	B-Application
programs	I-Application
,	O
an	O
easy-to-use	O
database	O
,	O
a	O
diary	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
alarm	O
clock	O
,	O
and	O
featured	O
end-user	O
programmability	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
the	O
successful	O
then-named	O
Organiser	B-Language
Programming	I-Language
Language	I-Language
(	O
OPL	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
BASIC-like	O
language	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
compiled	B-Language
to	O
intermediate	O
code	O
,	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
the	O
interpreters	B-Application
,	O
which	O
were	O
commonly	O
available	O
for	O
other	O
consumer	O
computers	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Organiser	O
II	O
was	O
widely	O
used	O
for	O
commercial	O
applications	O
in	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
Marks	O
&	O
Spencer	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
was	O
used	O
on	O
the	O
shop	O
floor	O
,	O
with	O
their	O
branding	O
instead	O
of	O
Psion	B-Application
's	O
and	O
with	O
only	O
limited	O
keys	O
visible	O
to	O
the	O
end	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
latter	O
was	O
used	O
by	O
several	O
banks	O
as	O
a	O
counter-top	O
exchange-rate	O
calculator	B-Application
for	O
some	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
models	O
in	O
the	O
Organiser	O
II	O
range	O
offered	O
other	O
hardware	O
improvements	O
,	O
with	O
4-line	O
displays	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
models	O
were	O
introduced	O
with	O
32	O
,	O
64	O
and	O
96KB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
autumn	O
of	O
1996	O
,	O
when	O
Psion	B-Application
PLC	I-Application
had	O
moved	O
their	O
focus	O
away	O
from	O
the	O
Organiser	O
II	O
onto	O
the	O
newer	O
clamshell	O
series	O
devices	O
(	O
below	O
)	O
and	O
had	O
almost	O
ceased	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
Organiser	O
II	O
,	O
Dave	O
Woolnough	O
created	O
the	O
Psion	B-Application
Organiser	I-Application
II	O
Homepage	O
to	O
fill	O
the	O
gap	O
,	O
stating	O
"	O
Considering	O
that	O
more	O
than	O
500,000	O
series	O
II	O
Organisers	O
were	O
produced	O
,	O
there	O
must	O
be	O
many	O
people	O
still	O
using	O
this	O
wonderful	O
machine	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dave	O
wrote	O
about	O
Scherphuis	O
"	O
A	O
Remarkable	O
Psion	B-Application
Programmer	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Psion	B-Application
2	O
archive	O
had	O
a	O
large	O
proportion	O
of	O
programmes	O
written	O
by	O
Scherphuis	O
,	O
many	O
written	O
in	O
machine	O
code.In	O
the	O
spring	O
of	O
2002	O
Boris	O
Cornet	O
took	O
over	O
as	O
site	O
maintainer/editor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
that	O
year	O
he	O
replaced	O
the	O
chat	O
(	O
bulletin	O
board	O
)	O
with	O
the	O
now	O
defunct	O
Psion	B-Application
Organiser	I-Application
II	O
Forum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
winter	O
of	O
2013	O
,	O
Jaap	O
created	O
his	O
web	O
site	O
with	O
the	O
aim	O
"	O
to	O
be	O
an	O
archive	O
of	O
Psion	B-Application
Organiser	I-Application
II	O
information	O
and	O
software	O
that	O
might	O
otherwise	O
be	O
abandoned	O
and	O
lost	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
,	O
with	O
other	O
Organiser	O
II	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	O
,	O
are	O
still	O
available	O
from	O
the	O
West	O
Yorkshire	O
Psion	B-Application
Store	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Massimo	O
Cellin	O
created	O
the	O
Psion	B-Application
Facebook	O
group	O
in	O
the	O
autumn	O
of	O
2015	O
,	O
servicing	O
all	O
the	O
Psion	B-Application
products	O
including	O
the	O
Organiser	O
II	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Members	O
of	O
the	O
Facebook	O
group	O
include	O
the	O
former	O
editor	O
of	O
IPSO	O
FACTO	O
,	O
the	O
1980s	O
and	O
1990s	O
newsletters	O
of	O
the	O
International	O
Psion	B-Application
Pocket	B-Device
Computers	I-Device
User	O
Group	O
,	O
copies	O
of	O
which	O
are	O
still	O
available	O
from	O
Scherphuis	O
 '	O
archive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
these	O
models	O
have	O
radically	O
different	O
keyboard	B-Device
layouts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
"	O
Organiser	O
"	O
was	O
not	O
used	O
for	O
later	O
Psion	B-Application
handhelds	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
SIxteen-Bit	O
Organiser	O
(	O
SIBO	O
)	O
family	O
Psion	B-Operating_System
MC400	I-Operating_System
laptop	O
,	O
the	O
Psion	B-Application
Series	I-Application
3	I-Application
and	O
the	O
32-bit	O
Psion	B-Application
Series	I-Application
5	I-Application
machines	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
of	O
a	O
clamshell	O
design	O
with	O
a	O
QWERTY	O
keyboard	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
to	O
hardware	O
architecture	O
and	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
these	O
had	O
no	O
links	O
to	O
the	O
earlier	O
Organiser	O
range	O
,	O
other	O
than	O
the	O
end-user	O
programming	O
language	O
,	O
which	O
shared	O
a	O
great	O
deal	O
of	O
structure	O
with	O
OPL	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SIBO	O
family	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
improved	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
OPL	O
language	O
(	O
with	O
window	O
and	O
focus	O
controls	O
)	O
,	O
was	O
replaced	O
in	O
1997	O
by	O
a	O
new	O
ARM	O
architecture-based	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
EPOC32	B-Language
written	O
in	O
C++	B-Language
;	O
the	O
latter	O
was	O
later	O
sold	O
as	O
the	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
until	O
2010	O
was	O
the	O
most	O
widely	O
used	O
OS	O
in	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
being	O
in	O
2011	O
displaced	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
Android	I-Application
OS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
consumer-grade	O
high-level	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
still	O
shares	O
features	O
with	O
OPL	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
developer	O
toolkits	O
were	O
from	O
then	O
on	O
focused	O
on	O
programmers	O
familiar	O
with	O
C	O
and	O
only	O
the	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
remains	O
.	O
</s>
