<s>
In	O
telecommunication	O
,	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
involves	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
preparing	O
and	O
equipping	O
a	O
network	O
to	O
allow	O
it	O
to	O
provide	O
new	O
services	O
to	O
its	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
National	O
Security/Emergency	O
Preparedness	O
telecommunications	O
services	O
,	O
"	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
"	O
equates	O
to	O
"	O
initiation	O
"	O
and	O
includes	O
altering	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
an	O
existing	O
priority	O
service	O
or	O
capability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
network	B-Operating_System
provisioning	I-Operating_System
or	O
service	O
mediation	O
,	O
mostly	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
telecommunication	O
industry	O
,	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
of	O
the	O
customer	O
's	O
services	O
to	O
the	O
network	O
elements	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
various	O
equipment	O
connected	O
in	O
that	O
network	O
communication	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generally	O
in	O
telephony	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
this	O
is	O
accomplished	O
with	O
network	O
management	O
database	O
table	O
mappings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
requires	O
the	O
existence	O
of	O
networking	O
equipment	O
and	O
depends	O
on	O
network	B-Architecture
planning	I-Architecture
and	I-Architecture
design	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
modern	O
signal	O
infrastructure	O
employing	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
(	O
IT	O
)	O
at	O
all	O
levels	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
possible	O
distinction	O
between	O
telecommunications	O
services	O
and	O
"	O
higher	O
level	O
"	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Accordingly	O
,	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
configures	O
any	O
required	O
systems	O
,	O
provides	O
users	O
with	O
access	O
to	O
data	O
and	O
technology	O
resources	O
,	O
and	O
refers	O
to	O
all	O
enterprise-level	O
information-resource	O
management	O
involved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Organizationally	O
,	O
a	O
CIO	O
typically	O
manages	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
,	O
necessarily	O
involving	O
human	O
resources	O
and	O
IT	O
departments	O
cooperating	O
to	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
its	O
core	O
,	O
the	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
process	O
monitors	O
access	O
rights	O
and	O
privileges	O
to	O
ensure	O
the	O
security	O
of	O
an	O
enterprise	O
's	O
resources	O
and	O
user	O
privacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
tertiary	O
responsibility	O
,	O
it	O
tries	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
custom	O
configuration	O
using	O
boot	B-Operating_System
image	I-Operating_System
control	I-Operating_System
and	O
other	O
methods	O
that	O
radically	O
reduce	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
different	O
configurations	O
involved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Discussion	O
of	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
often	O
appears	O
in	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
virtualization	B-General_Concept
,	O
orchestration	B-Application
,	O
utility	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
,	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
open-configuration	O
concepts	O
and	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
the	O
OASIS	O
Provisioning	B-Operating_System
Services	O
Technical	O
Committee	O
(	O
PSTC	O
)	O
defines	O
an	O
XML-based	O
framework	O
for	O
exchanging	O
user	O
,	O
resource	O
,	O
and	O
service-provisioning	O
information	O
-	O
SPML	O
(	O
Service	B-Operating_System
Provisioning	I-Operating_System
Markup	O
Language	O
)	O
for	O
"	O
managing	O
the	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
and	O
allocation	O
of	O
identity	O
information	O
and	O
system	O
resources	O
within	O
and	O
between	O
organizations	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
has	O
taken	O
place	O
,	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
SysOpping	O
ensures	O
the	O
maintenance	O
of	O
services	O
to	O
the	O
expected	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Provisioning	B-Operating_System
thus	O
refers	O
only	O
to	O
the	O
setup	O
or	O
startup	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
service	O
operation	O
,	O
and	O
SysOpping	O
to	O
the	O
ongoing	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
type	O
of	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
relation	O
between	O
a	O
service	O
configured	O
in	O
the	O
CRM	O
and	O
a	O
service	O
on	O
the	O
network	O
elements	O
is	O
not	O
necessarily	O
a	O
one-to-one	O
relationship	O
;	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
services	O
like	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Media	I-Application
Server	I-Application
(	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
enabled	O
by	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
network	O
element	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
service	O
mediation	O
device	O
translates	O
the	O
service	O
and	O
the	O
corresponding	O
parameters	O
of	O
the	O
service	O
to	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
services/parameters	O
on	O
the	O
network	O
elements	O
involved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
algorithm	O
used	O
to	O
translate	O
a	O
system	O
service	O
into	O
network	O
services	O
is	O
called	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
logic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
software	O
will	O
capture	O
each	O
circuit	O
number	O
provided	O
by	O
all	O
of	O
your	O
carriers	O
and	O
if	O
billing	O
occurs	O
outside	O
of	O
the	O
contracted	O
rate	O
an	O
exception	O
rule	O
will	O
trigger	O
a	O
red	O
flag	O
and	O
notify	O
the	O
pre-established	O
staff	O
member	O
to	O
review	O
the	O
billing	O
error	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Server	B-Application
provisioning	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
actions	O
to	O
prepare	O
a	O
server	B-Application
with	O
appropriate	O
systems	O
,	O
data	O
and	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
make	O
it	O
ready	O
for	O
network	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typical	O
tasks	O
when	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
a	O
server	B-Application
are	O
:	O
select	O
a	O
server	B-Application
from	O
a	O
pool	O
of	O
available	O
servers	O
,	O
load	O
the	O
appropriate	O
software	O
(	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
device	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
,	O
middleware	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
applications	O
)	O
,	O
appropriately	O
customize	O
and	O
configure	O
the	O
system	O
and	O
the	O
software	O
to	O
create	O
or	O
change	O
a	O
boot	B-Operating_System
image	I-Operating_System
for	O
this	O
server	B-Application
,	O
and	O
then	O
change	O
its	O
parameters	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
,	O
IP	B-Application
Gateway	I-Application
to	O
find	O
associated	O
network	O
and	O
storage	O
resources	O
(	O
sometimes	O
separated	O
as	O
resource	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
)	O
to	O
audit	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
an	O
internet	O
service	O
provider	O
(	O
ISP	O
)	O
or	O
network	O
operations	O
center	O
will	O
perform	O
these	O
tasks	O
to	O
a	O
well-defined	O
set	O
of	O
parameters	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
boot	B-Operating_System
image	I-Operating_System
that	O
the	O
organization	O
has	O
approved	O
and	O
which	O
uses	O
software	O
it	O
has	O
license	O
to	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
instances	O
of	O
such	O
a	O
boot	B-Operating_System
image	I-Operating_System
create	O
a	O
virtual	O
dedicated	O
host	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
software	O
products	O
available	O
to	O
automate	O
the	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
of	O
servers	O
,	O
services	O
and	O
end-user	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
:	O
BMC	O
Bladelogic	O
Server	B-Application
Automation	O
,	O
HP	O
Server	B-Application
Automation	O
,	O
IBM	O
Tivoli	O
Provisioning	B-Operating_System
Manager	O
,	O
Redhat	O
Kickstart	O
,	O
xCAT	O
,	O
HP	O
Insight	O
CMU	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Middleware	B-General_Concept
and	O
applications	O
can	O
be	O
installed	O
either	O
when	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
is	O
installed	O
or	O
afterwards	O
by	O
using	O
an	O
Application	B-Application
Service	I-Application
Automation	I-Application
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
questions	O
are	O
addressed	O
in	O
academia	O
such	O
as	O
when	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
should	O
be	O
issued	O
and	O
how	O
many	O
servers	O
are	O
needed	O
in	O
multi-tier	O
,	O
or	O
multi-service	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
servers	O
may	O
be	O
provisioned	O
via	O
a	O
web	O
user	O
interface	O
or	O
an	O
application	B-Application
programming	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
API	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
unique	O
things	O
about	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
is	O
how	O
rapidly	O
and	O
easily	O
this	O
can	O
be	O
done	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Monitoring	O
software	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
trigger	O
automatic	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
when	O
existing	O
resources	O
become	O
too	O
heavily	O
stressed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
short	O
,	O
server	B-Application
provisioning	B-Operating_System
configures	O
servers	O
based	O
on	O
resource	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
single/dual	O
processor	O
,	O
RAM	O
,	O
HDD	O
,	O
RAID	B-Device
Controller	I-Device
,	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
LAN	B-Protocol
cards	I-Protocol
,	O
applications	O
,	O
OS	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
depends	O
on	O
the	O
functionality	O
of	O
the	O
server	B-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
ISP	O
,	O
virtualization	B-General_Concept
,	O
NOS	O
,	O
or	O
voice	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Server	B-Application
redundancy	O
depends	O
on	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
servers	O
in	O
the	O
organization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
resource	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
may	O
be	O
done	O
per	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
several	O
software	O
on	O
the	O
market	O
for	O
server	B-Application
provisioning	B-Operating_System
such	O
as	O
Cobbler	B-Device
or	O
HP	O
Intelligent	O
Provisioning	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
User	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
refers	O
to	O
the	O
creation	O
,	O
maintenance	O
and	O
deactivation	O
of	O
user	O
objects	O
and	O
user	O
attributes	O
,	O
as	O
they	O
exist	O
in	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
systems	O
,	O
directories	O
or	O
applications	O
,	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
automated	O
or	O
interactive	O
business	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
User	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
software	O
may	O
include	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
of	O
the	O
following	O
processes	O
:	O
change	O
propagation	O
,	O
self-service	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
,	O
consolidated	O
user	O
administration	O
,	O
delegated	O
user	O
administration	O
,	O
and	O
federated	O
change	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
User	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
identity	O
management	O
software	O
,	O
particularly	O
useful	O
within	O
organizations	O
,	O
where	O
users	O
may	O
be	O
represented	O
by	O
multiple	O
objects	O
on	O
multiple	O
systems	O
and	O
multiple	O
instances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On-demand	O
self-service	O
is	O
described	O
by	O
the	O
National	O
Institute	O
of	O
Standards	O
and	O
Technology	O
(	O
NIST	O
)	O
as	O
an	O
essential	O
characteristic	O
of	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
self-service	O
nature	O
of	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
lets	O
end	O
users	O
obtain	O
and	O
remove	O
cloud	B-Architecture
services	I-Architecture
―	O
including	O
applications	O
,	O
the	O
infrastructure	O
supporting	O
the	O
applications	O
,	O
and	O
configuration	O
―	O
themselves	O
without	O
requiring	O
the	O
assistance	O
of	O
an	O
IT	B-General_Concept
staff	I-General_Concept
member	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
automatic	O
self-servicing	O
may	O
target	O
different	O
application	B-Application
goals	O
and	O
constraints	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
deadlines	O
and	O
cost	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
handling	O
different	O
application	B-Application
architectures	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
bags-of-tasks	O
and	O
workflows	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloud	B-Architecture
users	I-Architecture
can	O
obtain	O
cloud	B-Architecture
services	I-Architecture
through	O
a	O
cloud	B-Architecture
service	I-Architecture
catalog	O
or	O
a	O
self-service	O
portal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
business	O
users	O
can	O
obtain	O
and	O
configure	O
cloud	B-Architecture
services	I-Architecture
themselves	O
,	O
this	O
means	O
IT	B-General_Concept
staff	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
more	O
productive	O
and	O
gives	O
them	O
more	O
time	O
to	O
manage	O
cloud	O
infrastructures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
downside	O
of	O
cloud	B-Architecture
service	I-Architecture
provisioning	B-Operating_System
is	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
instantaneous	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
cloud	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
(	O
VM	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
acquired	O
at	O
any	O
time	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
may	O
take	O
up	O
to	O
several	O
minutes	O
for	O
the	O
acquired	O
VM	O
to	O
be	O
ready	O
to	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
VM	O
startup	O
time	O
is	O
dependent	O
on	O
factors	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
image	O
size	O
,	O
VM	O
type	O
,	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
location	O
,	O
and	O
number	O
of	O
VMs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
subscriber	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
refers	O
to	O
the	O
setting	O
up	O
of	O
new	O
services	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
GPRS	O
,	O
MMS	O
and	O
Instant	B-Application
Messaging	I-Application
for	O
an	O
existing	O
subscriber	O
of	O
a	O
mobile	O
phone	O
network	O
,	O
and	O
any	O
gateways	B-Application
to	O
standard	O
Internet	B-Protocol
chat	I-Protocol
or	O
mail	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
network	O
operator	O
typically	O
sends	O
these	O
settings	O
to	O
the	O
subscriber	O
's	O
handset	O
using	O
SMS	O
text	O
services	O
or	O
HTML	B-Language
,	O
and	O
less	O
commonly	O
WAP	B-Protocol
,	O
depending	O
on	O
what	O
the	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
can	O
accept	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
general	O
example	O
of	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
is	O
with	O
data	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Device	O
management	O
systems	O
can	O
benefit	O
end-users	O
by	O
incorporating	O
plug-and-play	B-Device
data	O
services	O
,	O
supporting	O
whatever	O
device	O
the	O
end-user	O
is	O
using	O
..	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
may	O
include	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
type	O
and	O
versions	O
,	O
Java	O
version	O
,	O
browser	O
version	O
,	O
screen	O
form	O
factors	O
,	O
audio	O
capabilities	O
,	O
language	O
settings	O
and	O
many	O
other	O
characteristics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
content	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
facilitates	O
a	O
common	O
user	O
experience	O
,	O
though	O
delivered	O
on	O
widely	O
different	O
handsets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Provisioning	B-Operating_System
devices	O
involves	O
delivering	O
configuration	O
data	O
and	O
policy	O
settings	O
to	O
the	O
mobile	O
devices	O
from	O
a	O
central	O
point	O
–	O
Mobile	O
device	O
management	O
system	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
four	O
approaches	O
to	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
internet	O
access	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Server-side	O
remote	O
setup	O
:	O
Server-side	O
modem	B-Application
configuration	O
uses	O
a	O
protocol	O
called	O
TR-069	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
current	O
stage	O
it	O
can	O
only	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
modem	B-Application
configuration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
other	O
steps	O
of	O
the	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
process	O
are	O
left	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
,	O
typically	O
causing	O
many	O
rather	O
long	O
calls	O
to	O
the	O
support	O
hotline	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Installation	O
CD	O
:	O
Also	O
called	O
a	O
"	O
client-side	O
self-service	O
installation	O
"	O
CD	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
cover	O
the	O
entire	O
process	O
from	O
modem	B-Application
configuration	O
to	O
setting	O
up	O
client	O
applications	O
,	O
including	O
home	O
networking	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
