<s>
Proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
software	B-Application
that	O
is	O
deemed	O
within	O
the	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
community	O
to	O
be	O
non-free	O
because	O
its	O
creator	O
,	O
publisher	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
rightsholder	O
or	O
rightsholder	O
partner	O
exercises	O
a	O
legal	O
monopoly	O
by	O
modern	O
copyright	O
and	O
intellectual	O
property	O
law	O
to	O
exclude	O
the	O
recipient	O
from	O
freely	O
sharing	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
or	O
modifying	O
it	O
,	O
and	O
—	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
as	O
is	O
the	O
case	O
with	O
some	O
patent-encumbered	O
and	O
EULA-bound	O
software	B-Application
—	O
from	O
making	O
use	O
of	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
on	O
their	O
own	O
,	O
thereby	O
restricting	O
their	O
freedoms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
often	O
contrasted	O
with	O
open-source	B-License
or	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
this	O
reason	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
non-free	B-Application
software	I-Application
or	O
closed-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
the	O
late	O
1960s	O
computers	O
—	O
large	O
and	O
expensive	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
,	O
machines	O
in	O
specially	O
air-conditioned	O
computer	O
rooms	O
—	O
were	O
usually	O
leased	O
to	O
customers	O
rather	O
than	O
sold	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Service	O
and	O
all	O
software	B-Application
available	O
were	O
usually	O
supplied	O
by	O
manufacturers	O
without	O
separate	O
charge	O
until	O
1969	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	O
vendors	O
usually	O
provided	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
for	O
installed	O
software	B-Application
to	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Customers	O
who	O
developed	O
software	B-Application
often	O
made	O
it	O
available	O
to	O
others	O
without	O
charge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Closed	B-Application
source	I-Application
means	O
computer	O
programs	O
whose	O
source	O
code	O
is	O
not	O
published	O
except	O
to	O
licensees	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
available	O
to	O
be	O
edited	O
only	O
by	O
the	O
organization	O
that	O
developed	O
it	O
and	O
those	O
licensed	O
to	O
use	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1969	O
,	O
IBM	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
antitrust	O
lawsuits	O
pending	O
against	O
it	O
,	O
led	O
an	O
industry	O
change	O
by	O
starting	O
to	O
charge	O
separately	O
for	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
software	B-Application
and	O
services	O
,	O
by	O
unbundling	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Bill	O
Gates	O
 '	O
"	O
Open	O
Letter	O
to	O
Hobbyists	O
"	O
in	O
1976	O
decried	O
computer	O
hobbyists	O
 '	O
rampant	O
copyright	O
infringement	O
of	O
software	B-Application
,	O
particularly	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Altair	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
interpreter	O
,	O
and	O
asserted	O
that	O
their	O
unauthorized	O
use	O
hindered	O
his	O
ability	O
to	O
produce	O
quality	O
software	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
But	O
the	O
legal	O
status	O
of	O
software	B-Application
copyright	O
,	O
especially	O
for	O
object	B-Language
code	I-Language
,	O
was	O
not	O
clear	O
until	O
the	O
1983	O
appeals	O
court	O
ruling	O
in	O
Apple	B-Device
Computer	I-Device
,	I-Device
Inc	I-Device
.	I-Device
v	I-Device
.	I-Device
Franklin	I-Device
Computer	I-Device
Corp	I-Device
.	I-Device
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Brewster	O
Kahle	O
the	O
legal	O
characteristic	O
of	O
software	B-Application
changed	O
also	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
U.S.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
in	O
February	O
1983	O
IBM	O
adopted	O
an	O
"	O
object-code-only	O
"	O
model	O
for	O
a	O
growing	O
list	O
of	O
their	O
software	B-Application
and	O
stopped	O
shipping	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
even	O
to	O
licensees	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1983	O
,	O
binary	O
software	B-Application
became	O
copyrightable	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
as	O
well	O
by	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
vs.	I-Device
Franklin	I-Device
law	O
decision	O
,	O
before	O
which	O
only	O
source	O
code	O
was	O
copyrightable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
the	O
growing	O
availability	O
of	O
millions	O
of	O
computers	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
microprocessor	O
architecture	O
created	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
an	O
unfragmented	O
and	O
big	O
enough	O
market	O
for	O
binary	O
distributed	O
software	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
covered	O
by	O
copyright	O
which	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
contract	O
law	O
,	O
patents	O
,	O
and	O
trade	O
secrets	O
,	O
provides	O
legal	O
basis	O
for	O
its	O
owner	O
to	O
establish	O
exclusive	O
rights	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
software	B-Application
vendor	O
delineates	O
the	O
specific	O
terms	O
of	O
use	O
in	O
an	O
end-user	O
license	O
agreement	O
(	O
EULA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	O
may	O
agree	O
to	O
this	O
contract	O
in	O
writing	O
,	O
interactively	O
on	O
screen	O
(	O
clickwrap	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
by	O
opening	O
the	O
box	O
containing	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
(	O
shrink	O
wrap	O
licensing	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	B-Application
patents	O
grant	O
exclusive	O
rights	O
to	O
algorithms	O
,	O
software	B-Application
features	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
patentable	O
subject	O
matter	O
,	O
with	O
coverage	O
varying	O
by	O
jurisdiction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
source	O
code	O
for	O
a	O
piece	O
of	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
routinely	O
handled	O
as	O
a	O
trade	O
secret	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	B-Application
can	O
be	O
made	B-License
available	I-License
with	O
fewer	O
restrictions	O
on	O
licensing	O
or	O
source-code	O
access	O
;	O
software	B-Application
that	O
satisfies	O
certain	O
conditions	O
of	O
freedom	O
and	O
openness	O
is	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
free	B-License
"	O
or	O
"	O
open-source.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
software	B-Application
is	O
specifically	O
licensed	O
and	O
not	O
sold	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
avoid	O
limitations	O
of	O
copyright	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
first-sale	O
doctrine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
owner	O
of	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
exercises	O
certain	O
exclusive	O
rights	O
over	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vendors	O
typically	O
limit	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
computers	O
on	O
which	O
software	B-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
,	O
and	O
prohibit	O
the	O
user	O
from	O
installing	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
on	O
extra	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Restricted	O
use	O
is	O
sometimes	O
enforced	O
through	O
a	O
technical	O
measure	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
product	B-License
activation	I-License
,	O
a	O
product	B-Application
key	I-Application
or	O
serial	O
number	O
,	O
a	O
hardware	B-Device
key	I-Device
,	O
or	O
copy	B-Application
protection	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
can	O
be	O
installed	O
on	O
one	O
computer	O
,	O
and	O
limits	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
network	O
file	O
sharing	O
connections	O
to	O
10	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Home	O
Edition	O
disables	O
features	O
present	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
Professional	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
iWork	B-Application
'	I-Application
09	I-Application
,	O
Apple	O
's	O
productivity	O
suite	O
,	O
is	O
available	O
in	O
a	O
five-user	O
family	O
pack	O
,	O
for	O
use	O
on	O
up	O
to	O
five	O
computers	O
in	O
a	O
household	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vendors	O
typically	O
distribute	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
in	O
compiled	B-Language
form	O
,	O
usually	O
the	O
machine	B-Language
language	I-Language
understood	O
by	O
the	O
computer	O
's	O
central	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
typically	O
retain	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
or	O
human-readable	O
version	O
of	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
often	O
written	O
in	O
a	O
higher	B-Language
level	I-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
scheme	O
is	O
often	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
closed	B-Application
source	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
most	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
distributed	O
without	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
some	O
vendors	O
distribute	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
or	O
otherwise	O
make	O
it	O
available	O
to	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
users	O
who	O
have	O
purchased	O
a	O
license	O
for	O
the	O
Internet	O
forum	O
software	B-Application
vBulletin	B-Protocol
can	O
modify	O
the	O
source	O
for	O
their	O
own	O
site	O
but	O
cannot	O
redistribute	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
text-based	O
email	O
client	O
Pine	B-Operating_System
and	O
certain	O
implementations	O
of	O
Secure	B-Protocol
Shell	I-Protocol
are	O
distributed	O
with	O
proprietary	B-Application
licenses	I-Application
that	O
make	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
available.Some	O
licenses	O
for	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
allow	O
distributing	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
but	O
only	O
to	O
others	O
licensed	O
for	O
the	O
product	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
of	O
those	O
modifications	O
are	O
eventually	O
picked	O
up	O
by	O
the	O
vendor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
governments	O
fear	O
that	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
may	O
include	O
defects	B-Error_Name
or	O
malicious	O
features	O
which	O
would	O
compromise	O
sensitive	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
program	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
broader	O
Shared	B-License
Source	I-License
Initiative	I-License
which	O
provides	O
source	O
code	O
access	O
for	O
some	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Reference	O
Source	O
License	O
(	O
Ms-RSL	O
)	O
and	O
Limited	O
Public	O
License	O
(	O
Ms-LPL	O
)	O
are	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
licenses	I-Application
where	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
is	O
made	B-License
available	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Governments	O
have	O
also	O
been	O
accused	O
of	O
adding	O
such	O
malware	O
to	O
software	B-Application
themselves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
documents	O
released	O
by	O
Edward	O
Snowden	O
,	O
the	O
NSA	O
has	O
used	O
covert	O
partnerships	O
with	O
software	B-Application
companies	O
to	O
make	O
commercial	O
encryption	O
software	B-Application
exploitable	O
to	O
eavesdropping	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
insert	O
backdoors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	B-Application
vendors	O
sometimes	O
use	O
obfuscated	O
code	O
to	O
impede	O
users	O
who	O
would	O
reverse	O
engineer	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
bytecode	B-Language
for	O
programs	O
written	O
in	O
Java	B-Language
can	O
be	O
easily	O
decompiled	B-Application
to	O
somewhat	O
usable	O
code	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
for	O
programs	O
written	O
in	O
scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
such	O
as	O
PHP	B-Application
or	O
JavaScript	B-Language
is	O
available	O
at	O
run	B-Library
time	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
vendors	O
can	O
prohibit	O
the	O
users	O
from	O
sharing	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
with	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
unique	O
license	O
is	O
required	O
for	O
another	O
party	O
to	O
use	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
with	O
source	O
code	O
available	O
,	O
the	O
vendor	O
may	O
also	O
prohibit	O
customers	O
from	O
distributing	O
their	O
modifications	O
to	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shareware	B-License
is	O
closed-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
whose	O
owner	O
encourages	O
redistribution	O
at	O
no	O
cost	O
,	O
but	O
which	O
the	O
user	O
sometimes	O
must	O
pay	O
to	O
use	O
after	O
a	O
trial	O
period	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
software	B-Application
features	O
are	O
restricted	O
during	O
or	O
after	O
the	O
trial	O
period	O
,	O
a	O
practice	O
sometimes	O
called	O
crippleware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
often	O
stores	O
some	O
of	O
its	O
data	O
in	O
file	O
formats	O
that	O
are	O
incompatible	O
with	O
other	O
software	B-Application
,	O
and	O
may	O
also	O
communicate	O
using	O
protocols	O
which	O
are	O
incompatible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
proprietary	B-Application
application	B-Application
programming	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
API	B-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
software	B-Library
library	I-Library
interface	O
"	O
specific	O
to	O
one	O
device	O
or	O
,	O
more	O
likely	O
to	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
devices	O
within	O
a	O
particular	O
manufacturer	O
's	O
product	O
range.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
motivation	O
for	O
using	O
a	O
proprietary	B-Application
API	B-Application
can	O
be	O
vendor	O
lock-in	O
or	O
because	O
standard	O
APIs	B-Application
do	O
not	O
support	O
the	O
device	O
's	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
European	O
Commission	O
,	O
in	O
its	O
March	O
24	O
,	O
2004	O
,	O
decision	O
on	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
business	O
practices	O
,	O
quotes	O
,	O
in	O
paragraph	O
463	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
general	O
manager	O
for	O
C++	B-Language
development	O
Aaron	O
Contorer	O
as	O
stating	O
in	O
a	O
February	O
21	O
,	O
1997	O
,	O
internal	O
Microsoft	O
memo	O
drafted	O
for	O
Bill	O
Gates	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Windows	B-Library
API	I-Library
is	O
so	O
broad	O
,	O
so	O
deep	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
functional	O
that	O
most	O
ISVs	O
would	O
be	O
crazy	O
not	O
to	O
use	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
SDK	I-Operating_System
were	O
covered	O
by	O
a	O
non-disclosure	O
agreement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
dependency	O
on	O
the	O
future	O
versions	O
and	O
upgrades	O
for	O
a	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
package	O
can	O
create	O
vendor	O
lock-in	O
,	O
entrenching	O
a	O
monopoly	O
position	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
may	O
also	O
have	O
licensing	O
terms	O
that	O
limit	O
the	O
usage	O
of	O
that	O
software	B-Application
to	O
a	O
specific	O
set	O
of	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
has	O
such	O
a	O
licensing	O
model	O
for	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
an	O
operating	O
system	O
which	O
is	O
limited	O
to	O
Apple	O
hardware	O
,	O
both	O
by	O
licensing	O
and	O
various	O
design	O
decisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
which	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
marketed	O
,	O
supported	O
or	O
sold	O
by	O
its	O
owner	O
is	O
called	O
abandonware	O
,	O
the	O
digital	O
form	O
of	O
orphaned	O
works	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
proprietor	O
of	O
a	O
software	B-Application
package	O
should	O
cease	O
to	O
exist	O
,	O
or	O
decide	O
to	O
cease	O
or	O
limit	O
production	O
or	O
support	O
for	O
a	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
package	O
,	O
recipients	O
and	O
users	O
of	O
the	O
package	O
may	O
have	O
no	O
recourse	O
if	O
problems	O
are	O
found	O
with	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proprietors	O
can	O
fail	O
to	O
improve	O
and	O
support	O
software	B-Application
because	O
of	O
business	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
older	O
or	O
existing	O
versions	O
of	O
a	O
software	B-Application
package	O
may	O
be	O
ended	O
to	O
force	O
users	O
to	O
upgrade	O
and	O
pay	O
for	O
newer	O
versions(planned obsolescence )	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sometimes	O
another	O
vendor	O
or	O
a	O
software	B-Application
's	O
community	O
themselves	O
can	O
provide	O
support	O
for	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
or	O
the	O
users	O
can	O
migrate	O
to	O
either	O
competing	O
systems	O
with	O
longer	O
support	O
life	O
cycles	O
or	O
to	O
FOSS-based	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
released	O
by	O
their	O
owner	O
at	O
end-of-life	O
as	O
open-source	B-License
or	O
source	B-License
available	I-License
software	I-License
,	O
often	O
to	O
prevent	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
from	O
becoming	O
unsupported	O
and	O
unavailable	O
abandonware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
3D	O
Realms	O
and	O
id	O
Software	B-Application
are	O
famous	O
for	O
the	O
practice	O
of	O
releasing	O
closed	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
into	O
the	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
those	O
kinds	O
are	O
free-of-charge	O
downloads	O
(	O
freeware	B-License
)	O
,	O
some	O
are	O
still	O
commercially	O
sold	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Arx	B-Application
Fatalis	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
examples	O
of	O
formerly	O
closed-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
in	O
the	O
List	B-Application
of	I-Application
commercial	I-Application
software	I-Application
with	I-Application
available	I-Application
source	I-Application
code	I-Application
and	O
List	B-Application
of	I-Application
commercial	I-Application
video	I-Application
games	I-Application
with	I-Application
available	I-Application
source	I-Application
code	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
not	O
synonymous	O
with	O
commercial	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
although	O
the	O
two	O
terms	O
are	O
sometimes	O
used	O
synonymously	O
in	O
articles	O
about	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
can	O
be	O
distributed	O
at	O
no	O
cost	O
or	O
for	O
a	O
fee	O
,	O
and	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
can	O
be	O
distributed	O
at	O
no	O
cost	O
or	O
for	O
a	O
fee	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
difference	O
is	O
that	O
whether	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
can	O
be	O
distributed	O
,	O
and	O
what	O
the	O
fee	O
would	O
be	O
,	O
is	O
at	O
the	O
proprietor	O
's	O
discretion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
anyone	O
who	O
has	O
a	O
copy	O
can	O
decide	O
whether	O
,	O
and	O
how	O
much	O
,	O
to	O
charge	O
for	O
a	O
copy	O
or	O
related	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
that	O
comes	O
for	O
no	O
cost	O
is	O
called	O
freeware	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proponents	O
of	O
commercial	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
argue	O
that	O
requiring	O
users	O
to	O
pay	O
for	O
software	B-Application
as	O
a	O
product	O
increases	O
funding	O
or	O
time	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
research	O
and	O
development	O
of	O
software	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
says	O
that	O
per-copy	O
fees	O
maximize	O
the	O
profitability	O
of	O
software	B-Application
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
generally	O
creates	O
greater	O
commercial	O
activity	O
over	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
especially	O
in	O
regard	O
to	O
market	O
revenues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
often	O
sold	O
with	O
a	O
license	O
that	O
gives	O
the	O
end	O
user	O
right	O
to	O
use	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
include	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
Player	I-Operating_System
,	O
PS3	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
,	O
Orbis	B-Device
OS	I-Device
,	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
,	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Photoshop	I-Operating_System
,	O
Google	B-Application
Earth	I-Application
,	O
macOS	B-Application
(	O
formerly	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	B-Operating_System
and	O
OS	O
X	B-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
Skype	B-Application
,	O
WinRAR	B-Application
,	O
Oracle	O
's	O
version	O
of	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
Huawei	O
's	O
HarmonyOS	B-Operating_System
and	O
some	O
versions	O
of	O
Unix	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	B-Application
distributions	O
considered	O
as	O
proprietary	B-Application
may	O
in	O
fact	O
incorporate	O
a	O
"	O
mixed	O
source	O
"	O
model	O
including	O
both	O
free	B-License
and	O
non-free	B-Application
software	I-Application
in	O
the	O
same	O
distribution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
if	O
not	O
all	O
so-called	O
proprietary	B-Application
UNIX	B-Application
distributions	O
are	O
mixed	O
source	O
software	B-Application
,	O
bundling	O
open-source	B-License
components	O
like	O
BIND	B-Protocol
,	O
Sendmail	B-Application
,	O
X	B-Operating_System
Window	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
,	O
DHCP	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
others	O
along	O
with	O
a	O
purely	O
proprietary	B-Application
kernel	B-Operating_System
and	O
system	O
utilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
packages	O
are	O
also	O
simultaneously	O
available	O
under	O
proprietary	B-Application
terms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
MySQL	B-Application
,	O
Sendmail	B-Application
and	O
ssh	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
copyright	O
holders	O
for	O
a	O
work	O
of	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
even	O
copyleft	B-License
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
can	O
use	O
dual-licensing	B-License
to	O
allow	O
themselves	O
or	O
others	O
to	O
redistribute	O
proprietary	B-Application
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Non-copyleft	B-License
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
software	B-Application
distributed	O
under	O
a	O
permissive	B-License
free	I-License
software	I-License
license	I-License
or	O
released	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
domain	O
)	O
allows	O
anyone	O
to	O
make	O
proprietary	B-Application
redistributions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Free	B-Application
software	I-Application
that	O
depends	O
on	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
considered	O
"	O
trapped	O
"	O
by	O
the	O
Free	B-Application
Software	I-Application
Foundation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
software	B-Application
written	O
only	O
for	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
or	O
software	B-Application
that	O
could	O
only	O
run	O
on	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
before	O
it	O
became	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
