<s>
Projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
,	O
similar	O
to	O
video	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
and	O
spatial	B-General_Concept
augmented	I-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
,	O
is	O
a	O
projection	B-Device
technique	O
used	O
to	O
turn	O
objects	O
,	O
often	O
irregularly	O
shaped	O
,	O
into	O
display	O
surfaces	O
for	O
video	B-Device
projection	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
"	O
is	O
relatively	O
new	O
,	O
the	O
technique	O
dates	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
mid-20th	O
century	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
late	O
1960s	O
,	O
audiences	O
referred	O
to	O
projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
as	O
,	O
"	O
the	O
Madame	O
Leota	O
effect	O
,	O
"	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
technique	O
in	O
Disney	O
's	O
Haunted	B-Language
Mansion	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Disneyland	O
debuted	O
a	O
projection	B-Device
effect	O
in	O
1969	O
,	O
when	O
they	O
opened	O
their	O
Haunted	B-Language
Mansion	I-Language
attraction	O
,	O
which	O
featured	O
singing	O
three-dimensional	O
busts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
early	O
example	O
of	O
projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
was	O
in	O
the	O
1967	O
TV	O
movie	O
Magical	O
Mystery	O
Tour	O
during	O
the	O
Blue	O
Jay	O
Way	O
scene	O
,	O
where	O
images	O
were	O
projected	O
onto	O
George	O
Harrison	O
,	O
including	O
a	O
cat	O
's	O
face	O
and	O
a	O
headless	O
male	O
torso	O
with	O
the	O
words	O
"	O
Magical	O
Mystical	O
Boy	O
"	O
written	O
on	O
its	O
chest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
next	O
record	O
of	O
projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
is	O
from	O
1980	O
,	O
when	O
installation	O
artist	O
Michael	O
Naimark	O
filmed	O
people	O
interacting	O
with	O
objects	O
in	O
a	O
living	O
room	O
and	O
then	O
projected	O
it	O
in	O
the	O
room	O
,	O
creating	O
illusions	O
as	O
if	O
the	O
people	O
interacting	O
with	O
the	O
objects	O
were	O
really	O
there	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1984	O
the	O
Stephen	O
Sondheim	O
original	O
Broadway	O
production	O
of	O
Sunday	O
in	O
the	O
Park	O
With	O
George	O
,	O
written	O
and	O
directed	O
by	O
James	O
LaPine	O
,	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
known	O
use	O
of	O
projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
in	O
a	O
Broadway	O
musical	O
or	O
play	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
brightness	O
limitations	O
of	O
video	B-Device
projection	I-Device
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
the	O
images	O
were	O
projected	O
using	O
7000w	O
xenon-illuminated	O
35mm	O
motion	O
picture	O
film	O
(	O
at	O
48	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
film	O
's	O
images	O
were	O
digitally	O
pre-distorted	O
to	O
map	O
correctly	O
onto	O
the	O
sphere	O
from	O
the	O
high	O
projection	B-Device
angle	O
in	O
the	O
Booth	O
theater	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
time	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
was	O
investigated	O
academically	O
was	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
North	O
Carolina	O
at	O
Chapel	O
Hill	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
,	O
where	O
a	O
team	O
led	O
by	O
Ramesh	O
Raskar	O
worked	O
on	O
a	O
project	O
called	O
Office	O
of	O
the	O
Future	O
,	O
to	O
connect	O
offices	O
in	O
different	O
locations	O
by	O
projecting	O
people	O
into	O
an	O
office	O
space	O
as	O
if	O
they	O
were	O
really	O
there	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2001	O
,	O
more	O
artists	O
began	O
using	O
projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
in	O
artwork	O
,	O
and	O
groups	O
such	O
as	O
Microsoft	O
began	O
experimenting	O
with	O
it	O
as	O
a	O
means	O
of	O
technological	O
advancement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
next	O
step	O
is	O
masking	O
,	O
using	O
opacity	O
templates	O
to	O
actually	O
"	O
mask	O
"	O
the	O
exact	O
shapes	O
and	O
positions	O
of	O
the	O
different	O
elements	O
of	O
the	O
building	O
or	O
space	O
of	O
projection	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
result	O
is	O
a	O
much	O
brighter	O
projection	B-Device
that	O
maintains	O
its	O
seamless	O
look	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
technique	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
most	O
large	O
projection-mapping	O
shows	O
,	O
and	O
requires	O
skill	O
and	O
patience	O
to	O
be	O
set	O
up	O
with	O
specialised	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
software	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
projects	O
like	O
these	O
,	O
though	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Photoshop	I-Operating_System
,	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
After	I-Operating_System
Effects	I-Operating_System
and	O
other	O
packages	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
creative	O
artists	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
separated	O
into	O
four	O
categories	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
first	O
came	O
to	O
prominence	O
through	O
guerrilla	O
advertising	O
campaigns	O
and	O
video	O
jockeys	O
for	O
electronic	O
musicians	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Large	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
Nokia	O
,	O
Samsung	O
,	O
Unilever	O
Pakistan	O
,	O
Pakistan	O
Tobacco	O
company	O
,	O
Bank	O
Alfalah	O
,	O
Brighto	O
Paints	O
,	O
Benson	O
&	O
Hedges	O
,	O
John	O
Players	O
Gold	O
Leaf	O
and	O
BMW	O
have	O
since	O
used	O
video	B-Device
projections	I-Device
in	O
marketing	O
campaigns	O
in	O
cities	O
across	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
commonly	O
using	O
mapping	O
techniques	O
to	O
project	O
scenes	O
onto	O
the	O
sides	O
of	O
buildings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
can	O
also	O
be	O
interactive	O
:	O
Nokia	O
Ovi	O
Maps	O
did	O
a	O
project	O
where	O
projections	O
mimicked	O
people	O
's	O
movements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
used	O
at	O
conferences	O
as	O
a	O
means	O
of	O
decoration	O
or	O
immersing	O
audience	O
members	O
in	O
an	O
experienced	O
theme	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Common	O
techniques	O
for	O
these	O
performances	O
include	O
3D	O
mapping	O
and	O
3D	B-Algorithm
projection	I-Algorithm
to	O
create	O
the	O
illusion	O
of	O
depth	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
motion	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
crumbling	O
buildings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
also	O
being	O
used	O
in	O
technology	O
such	O
as	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
is	O
combined	O
with	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
and	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
to	O
create	O
360-degree	O
projections	O
for	O
a	O
more	O
immersive	O
experience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
in	O
TV	O
and	O
films	O
is	O
becoming	O
more	O
popular	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
sci-fi	O
film	O
Oblivion	O
(	O
2013	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
directors	O
used	O
projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
to	O
create	O
an	O
immersive	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
a	O
2016	O
TV	O
commercial	O
,	O
Audi	O
used	O
projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
to	O
showcase	O
the	O
technology	O
of	O
the	O
Audi	O
Q7	O
car	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ad	O
,	O
"	O
Projection	B-Device
of	O
Greatness	O
"	O
,	O
was	O
filmed	O
with	O
no	O
CGI	O
and	O
used	O
only	O
content	O
that	O
was	O
caught	O
live	O
in	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
normal	O
projection	B-Device
screens	O
are	O
commonly	O
used	O
,	O
some	O
visual	O
artists	O
create	O
special	O
3D	O
installations	O
to	O
project	O
onto	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
EDM	O
artists	O
employ	O
projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	O
artists	O
also	O
use	O
projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
for	O
creative	O
expression	O
,	O
sometimes	O
to	O
enhance	O
existing	O
creative	O
media	O
such	O
as	O
painting	O
and	O
drawing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Artists	O
may	O
use	O
it	O
as	O
an	O
avant	O
garde	O
form	O
of	O
expression	O
as	O
it	O
is	O
new	O
technology	O
that	O
can	O
turn	O
their	O
creative	O
ideas	O
into	O
3D	B-Algorithm
projections	I-Algorithm
,	O
connecting	O
with	O
audiences	O
in	O
a	O
new	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	B-Device
projections	I-Device
have	O
appeared	O
in	O
urban	O
centres	O
such	O
as	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
and	O
London	O
,	O
where	O
artists	O
have	O
used	O
guerilla	O
projections	O
in	O
public	O
without	O
any	O
necessary	O
approval	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Japanese	O
theatre	O
play	O
Mysteries	O
of	O
Yoshitsune	O
I&II	O
(	O
2012	O
–	O
14	O
)	O
is	O
notable	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
major	O
use	O
of	O
projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
in	O
Japanese	O
theatre	O
stage	O
play	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
is	O
frequently	O
used	O
by	O
Walt	O
Disney	O
Imagineering	O
and	O
Walt	O
Disney	O
Creative	O
Entertainment	O
in	O
the	O
Disney	O
Parks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
Paul	O
Oakenfold	O
became	O
the	O
first	O
DJ	O
to	O
perform	O
live	O
at	O
Stonehenge	O
,	O
projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
was	O
used	O
to	O
transform	O
the	O
prehistoric	O
monument	O
into	O
a	O
spectacular	O
light	O
show	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Projection	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
has	O
also	O
been	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
highlight	O
political	O
and	O
social	O
causes	O
by	O
groups	O
such	O
as	O
Greenpeace	O
and	O
Led	O
By	O
Donkeys	O
.	O
</s>
