<s>
In	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
,	O
programming	B-Application
in	I-Application
the	I-Application
large	I-Application
and	I-Application
programming	I-Application
in	I-Application
the	I-Application
small	I-Application
refer	O
to	O
two	O
different	O
aspects	O
of	O
writing	O
software	O
,	O
namely	O
,	O
designing	O
a	O
larger	O
system	O
as	O
a	O
composition	O
of	O
smaller	O
parts	O
,	O
and	O
creating	O
those	O
smaller	O
parts	O
by	O
writing	O
lines	O
of	O
code	O
in	O
a	O
programming	B-General_Concept
language	O
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
terms	O
were	O
coined	O
by	O
Frank	O
DeRemer	O
and	O
Hans	O
Kron	O
in	O
their	O
1975	O
paper	O
"	O
Programming-in-the-large	B-Application
versus	O
programming-in-the-small	B-Application
"	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
they	O
argue	O
that	O
the	O
two	O
are	O
essentially	O
different	O
activities	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
typical	O
programming	B-General_Concept
languages	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
practice	O
of	O
structured	B-Language
programming	I-Language
,	O
provide	O
good	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
latter	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
for	O
the	O
former	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
may	O
be	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
later	O
Ousterhout	O
's	O
dichotomy	O
,	O
which	O
distinguishes	O
between	O
system	B-Application
programming	I-Application
languages	O
(	O
for	O
components	O
)	O
and	O
scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
(	O
for	O
glue	B-General_Concept
code	I-General_Concept
,	O
connecting	O
components	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fred	O
Brooks	O
identifies	O
that	O
the	O
way	O
an	O
individual	O
program	O
is	O
created	O
is	O
different	O
from	O
how	O
a	O
programming	B-General_Concept
systems	O
product	O
is	O
created	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
programming	B-General_Concept
activity	O
was	O
probably	O
fairly	O
short-lived	O
as	O
simple	O
tasks	O
are	O
quick	O
and	O
easy	O
to	O
complete	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
the	O
endeavor	O
that	O
DeRemer	O
and	O
Kron	O
describe	O
as	O
programming	B-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
small	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compare	O
with	O
the	O
activities	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
programming	B-General_Concept
systems	O
project	O
,	O
again	O
as	O
identified	O
by	O
Brooks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
is	O
likely	O
to	O
be	O
split	O
up	O
into	O
several	O
or	O
hundreds	O
of	O
separate	O
modules	B-Architecture
which	O
individually	O
are	O
of	O
a	O
similar	O
complexity	O
to	O
the	O
individual	O
programs	O
described	O
above	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
each	O
module	B-Architecture
will	O
define	O
an	O
interface	B-Application
to	O
its	O
surrounding	O
modules	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brooks	O
describes	O
how	O
programming	B-General_Concept
systems	O
projects	O
are	O
typically	O
run	O
as	O
formal	O
projects	O
that	O
follow	O
industry	O
best	O
practices	O
and	O
will	O
comprise	O
testing	O
,	O
documentation	O
and	O
ongoing	O
maintenance	O
activities	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
activities	O
to	O
ensure	O
that	O
the	O
product	O
is	O
generalized	O
to	O
work	O
in	O
different	O
scenarios	O
including	O
on	O
systems	O
other	O
than	O
the	O
development	O
systems	O
on	O
which	O
it	O
was	O
created	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
software	O
development	O
,	O
programming	B-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
large	O
can	O
involve	O
programming	B-General_Concept
by	O
larger	O
groups	O
of	O
people	O
or	O
by	O
smaller	O
groups	O
over	O
longer	O
time	O
periods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
programming	B-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
large	O
,	O
coding	O
managers	O
place	O
emphasis	O
on	O
partitioning	O
work	O
into	O
modules	B-Architecture
with	O
precisely-specified	O
interactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
programming	B-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
large	O
,	O
program	O
changes	O
can	O
become	O
difficult	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
change	O
operates	O
across	O
module	B-Architecture
boundaries	O
,	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
many	O
people	O
may	O
need	O
re-doing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
this	O
,	O
one	O
goal	O
of	O
programming	B-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
large	O
involves	O
setting	O
up	O
modules	B-Architecture
that	O
will	O
not	O
need	O
altering	O
in	O
the	O
event	O
of	O
probable	O
changes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
achieved	O
by	O
designing	O
modules	B-Architecture
so	O
they	O
have	O
high	O
cohesion	O
and	O
loose	O
coupling	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programming	B-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
large	O
requires	O
abstraction-creating	O
skills	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
a	O
module	B-Architecture
becomes	O
implemented	O
it	O
remains	O
an	O
abstraction	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taken	O
together	O
,	O
the	O
abstractions	B-Application
should	O
create	O
an	O
architecture	B-Architecture
unlikely	O
to	O
need	O
change	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programming	B-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
large	O
requires	O
management	O
skills	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
process	O
of	O
building	O
abstractions	B-Application
aims	O
not	O
just	O
to	O
describe	O
something	O
that	O
can	O
work	O
but	O
also	O
to	O
direct	O
the	O
efforts	O
of	O
people	O
who	O
will	O
make	O
it	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
Frank	O
DeRemer	O
and	O
Hans	O
Kron	O
in	O
their	O
1975	O
paper	O
"	O
Programming-in-the-Large	B-Application
Versus	O
Programming-in-the-Small	B-Application
"	O
,	O
IEEE	O
Trans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
terms	O
,	O
programming	B-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
large	O
can	O
refer	O
to	O
programming	B-General_Concept
code	O
that	O
represents	O
the	O
high-level	O
state	B-Application
transition	I-Application
logic	O
of	O
a	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
language	O
that	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
explicitly	O
support	O
programming	B-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
large	O
is	O
BPEL	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
software	O
development	O
,	O
programming	B-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
small	O
describes	O
the	O
activity	O
of	O
writing	O
a	O
small	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programming	B-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
small	O
can	O
involve	O
programming	B-General_Concept
by	O
individuals	O
or	O
small	O
groups	O
over	O
short	O
time	O
periods	O
and	O
may	O
involve	O
less	O
formal	O
practices	O
(	O
for	O
instance	O
less	O
emphasis	O
on	O
documentation	O
or	O
testing	O
)	O
,	O
tools	O
and	O
programming	B-General_Concept
languages	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
selection	O
of	O
a	O
loosely	O
typed	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
in	O
preference	O
to	O
a	O
strictly	O
typed	O
programming	B-General_Concept
language	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programming	B-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
small	O
can	O
also	O
describe	O
an	O
approach	O
to	O
making	O
a	O
prototype	O
software	O
or	O
where	O
rapid	O
application	O
development	O
is	O
more	O
important	O
than	O
stability	O
or	O
correctness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
terms	O
,	O
programming	B-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
small	O
deals	O
with	O
short-lived	O
programmatic	O
behavior	O
,	O
often	O
executed	O
as	O
a	O
single	O
ACID	O
transaction	O
and	O
which	O
allows	O
access	O
to	O
local	O
logic	O
and	O
resources	O
such	O
as	O
files	O
,	O
databases	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
