<s>
A	O
programming	B-Language
game	I-Language
is	O
a	O
video	O
game	O
that	O
incorporates	O
elements	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
programming	I-General_Concept
,	O
enabling	O
the	O
player	O
to	O
direct	O
otherwise	O
autonomous	O
units	O
within	O
the	O
game	O
to	O
follow	O
commands	O
in	O
a	O
domain-specific	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
often	O
represented	O
as	O
a	O
visual	O
language	O
to	O
simplify	O
the	O
programming	O
metaphor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programming	B-Language
games	I-Language
broadly	O
fall	O
into	O
two	O
areas	O
:	O
single-player	O
games	O
where	O
the	O
programming	O
elements	O
either	O
make	O
up	O
part	O
of	O
or	O
the	O
whole	O
of	O
a	O
puzzle	O
game	O
,	O
and	O
multiplayer	O
games	O
where	O
the	O
player	O
's	O
automated	O
program	O
is	O
pitted	O
against	O
other	O
players	O
 '	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
games	O
in	O
the	O
genre	O
include	O
System	B-Application
15000	I-Application
and	O
Hacker	B-Application
,	O
released	O
in	O
1984	O
and	O
1985	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programming	B-Language
games	I-Language
have	O
been	O
used	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
puzzle	O
games	O
,	O
challenging	O
the	O
player	O
to	O
achieve	O
a	O
specific	O
result	O
once	O
the	O
program	O
starts	O
operating	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
such	O
a	O
game	O
is	O
SpaceChem	B-Application
,	O
where	O
the	O
player	O
must	O
use	O
its	O
visual	O
language	O
to	O
manipulate	O
two	O
waldos	O
as	O
to	O
disassemble	O
and	O
reassemble	O
chemical	O
molecules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
similar	O
games	O
include	O
Human	B-Application
Resource	I-Application
Machine	I-Application
,	O
Infinifactory	B-Application
,	O
and	O
TIS-100	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Hack	B-Application
'	I-Application
n	I-Application
 '	I-Application
Slash	I-Application
include	O
a	O
metaphor	O
of	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
access	O
the	O
internal	O
programs	O
and	O
variables	O
of	O
objects	O
represented	O
in	O
the	O
game	O
world	O
,	O
pausing	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
the	O
game	O
as	O
the	O
player	O
engages	O
this	O
programming	O
interface	O
,	O
and	O
modify	O
the	O
object	O
's	O
program	O
as	O
to	O
progress	O
further	O
;	O
this	O
might	O
be	O
changing	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
an	O
object	O
from	O
being	O
indestructible	O
to	O
destructible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
similar	O
games	O
with	O
this	O
type	O
of	O
programming	O
approach	O
include	O
Transistor	B-Application
,	O
else	O
Heart.Break( )	O
,	O
Glitchspace	O
,	O
and	O
Pony	B-Application
Island	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
approach	O
used	O
in	O
some	O
graphical	O
games	O
with	O
programming	O
elements	O
is	O
to	O
present	O
the	O
player	O
with	O
a	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
interface	I-Application
to	O
issue	O
orders	O
via	O
a	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
to	O
direct	O
objects	O
within	O
the	O
game	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
player	O
to	O
reissue	O
commands	O
as	O
the	O
situation	O
changes	O
rather	O
than	O
crafting	O
a	O
pre-made	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Games	O
like	O
Quadrilateral	B-Application
Cowboy	I-Application
and	O
Duskers	B-Application
have	O
the	O
user	O
command	O
several	O
small	O
robotic	O
creatures	O
in	O
tandem	O
through	O
the	O
language	O
of	O
code	O
to	O
reach	O
a	O
certain	O
goal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hackmud	B-Application
presents	O
the	O
player	O
with	O
a	O
simulated	O
mainframe	O
interface	O
through	O
which	O
they	O
issue	O
commands	O
to	O
progress	O
forward	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
programming	B-Language
games	I-Language
involve	O
controlling	O
entities	O
such	O
as	O
robots	B-Algorithm
,	O
tanks	O
or	O
bacteria	O
which	O
seek	O
to	O
destroy	O
each	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Players	O
are	O
given	O
tools	O
to	O
develop	O
and	O
test	O
out	O
their	O
programs	O
within	O
the	O
game	O
's	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
before	O
submitting	O
the	O
program	O
to	O
a	O
central	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
different	O
tournaments	O
and	O
leagues	O
for	O
the	O
programming	B-Language
games	I-Language
where	O
the	O
characters	O
can	O
compete	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
approaches	O
are	O
used	O
for	O
more	O
traditional	O
games	O
;	O
the	O
World	O
Computer	B-Application
Chess	I-Application
Championship	O
consists	O
of	O
matches	O
between	O
programs	O
written	O
for	O
the	O
abstract	O
strategy	O
game	O
of	O
chess	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
competitive	O
programming	B-Language
game	I-Language
has	O
also	O
found	O
its	O
way	O
to	O
various	O
board	O
games	O
such	O
as	O
RoboRally	O
or	O
Robot	B-Algorithm
Turtles	O
,	O
typically	O
where	O
a	O
program	O
becomes	O
a	O
premade	O
deck	O
of	O
playing	O
cards	O
played	O
one	O
by	O
one	O
to	O
execute	O
that	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
presented	O
RoboCode	B-Language
as	O
a	O
"	O
problem-based	O
learning	O
"	O
substrate	O
for	O
teaching	O
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Minecraft	B-Application
is	O
one	O
such	O
example	O
,	O
as	O
while	O
the	O
game	O
provides	O
a	O
limited	O
set	O
of	O
blocks	O
that	O
mimic	O
switches	O
and	O
electric	O
circuits	O
,	O
users	O
have	O
been	O
able	O
to	O
create	O
basic	O
functional	O
computers	O
within	O
the	O
virtual	O
world	O
,	O
and	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
modification	O
is	O
aimed	O
to	O
teach	O
children	O
how	O
to	O
program	O
on	O
the	O
virtual	O
computer	O
in	O
a	O
simplistic	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
