<s>
A	O
computer	B-Application
programmer	I-Application
,	O
sometimes	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
a	O
software	B-Application
developer	I-Application
,	O
a	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineer	I-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
programmer	B-Application
or	O
a	O
coder	B-Application
,	O
is	O
a	O
person	O
who	O
creates	O
computer	B-Application
programs	I-Application
—	O
often	O
for	O
larger	O
computer	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
programmer	B-Application
is	O
someone	O
who	O
writes/creates	O
computer	B-Application
software	I-Application
or	O
applications	O
by	O
providing	O
a	O
specific	O
programming	O
language	O
to	O
the	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
programmers	B-Application
have	O
extensive	O
computing	O
and	O
coding	O
experience	O
in	O
many	O
varieties	O
of	O
programming	O
languages	O
and	O
platforms	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Structured	O
Query	O
Language	O
(	O
SQL	O
)	O
,	O
Perl	O
,	O
Extensible	O
Markup	O
Language	O
(	O
XML	O
)	O
,	O
PHP	O
,	O
HTML	O
,	O
C	B-Language
,	O
C++	B-Language
and	O
Java	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
programmer	B-Application
's	O
most	O
often-used	O
computer	B-Language
language	I-Language
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
Assembly	B-Language
,	O
C	B-Language
,	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
C#	B-Application
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
Lisp	B-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
no	O
industry-wide	O
standard	O
terminology	O
,	O
so	O
"	O
programmer	B-Application
"	O
and	O
"	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineer	I-General_Concept
"	O
might	O
refer	O
to	O
the	O
same	O
role	O
at	O
different	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
typically	O
,	O
someone	O
with	O
a	O
job	O
title	O
of	O
"	O
programmer	B-Application
"	O
or	O
"	O
software	B-Application
developer	I-Application
"	O
might	O
focus	O
on	O
implementing	O
a	O
detailed	O
specification	O
into	O
computer	B-Application
code	I-Application
,	O
fixing	O
bugs	B-Error_Name
,	O
and	O
performing	O
code	O
reviews	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
might	O
have	O
a	O
degree	O
in	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
an	O
associate	O
degree	O
,	O
or	O
might	O
be	O
self-taught	O
or	O
attended	O
a	O
programming	O
boot	O
camp	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Someone	O
with	O
a	O
job	O
title	O
of	O
"	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineer	I-General_Concept
"	O
is	O
expected	O
to	O
understand	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
principles	O
,	O
more	O
advanced	O
mathematics	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
scientific	O
method	O
,	O
and	O
may	O
be	O
required	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
degree	O
in	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
,	O
computer	O
engineering	O
,	O
or	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
companies	O
that	O
make	O
a	O
distinction	O
,	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
might	O
have	O
broader	O
and	O
higher-level	O
responsibilities	O
,	O
like	O
designing	O
or	O
architecting	O
new	O
programs	O
,	O
features	O
,	O
and	O
platforms	O
;	O
managing	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
development	O
lifecycle	O
including	O
design	O
,	O
implementation	O
,	O
testing	O
,	O
and	O
deployment	O
;	O
leading	O
a	O
team	O
of	O
programmers	B-Application
;	O
communicating	O
with	O
business	O
customers	O
,	O
programmers	B-Application
,	O
and	O
other	O
engineers	O
;	O
considering	O
system	O
stability	O
and	O
quality	O
;	O
and	O
exploring	O
software	O
development	O
methodologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
British	O
countess	O
and	O
mathematician	O
Ada	B-General_Concept
Lovelace	I-General_Concept
is	O
often	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
first	O
computer	B-Application
programmer	I-Application
,	O
as	O
she	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
publish	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
program	O
(	O
specifically	O
an	O
algorithm	O
)	O
intended	O
for	O
implementation	O
on	O
Charles	O
Babbage	O
's	O
analytical	B-Device
engine	I-Device
in	O
October	O
1842	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
1943	O
to	O
1945	O
,	O
per	O
computer	O
scientist	O
Wolfgang	O
K	O
.	O
Giloi	O
and	O
AI	B-Application
professor	O
Raúl	O
Rojas	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
Zuse	O
created	O
the	O
first	O
,	O
high-level	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
Plankalkül	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Members	O
of	O
the	O
1945	O
ENIAC	B-Device
programming	O
team	O
of	O
Kay	O
McNulty	O
,	O
Betty	O
Jennings	O
,	O
Betty	O
Snyder	O
,	O
Marlyn	O
Wescoff	O
,	O
Fran	O
Bilas	O
and	O
Ruth	O
Lichterman	O
have	O
since	O
been	O
credited	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
professional	O
computer	B-Application
programmers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
company	O
founded	O
specifically	O
to	O
provide	O
software	B-Application
products	I-Application
and	O
services	O
was	O
the	O
Computer	O
Usage	O
Company	O
in	O
1955	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
software	I-Application
industry	O
expanded	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1960s	O
,	O
almost	O
immediately	O
after	O
computers	O
were	O
first	O
sold	O
in	O
mass-produced	O
quantities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Universities	O
,	O
governments	O
,	O
and	O
businesses	O
created	O
a	O
demand	O
for	O
software	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
these	O
programs	O
were	O
written	O
in-house	O
by	O
full-time	O
staff	O
programmers	B-Application
;	O
some	O
were	O
distributed	O
between	O
users	O
of	O
a	O
particular	O
machine	O
for	O
no	O
charge	O
,	O
while	O
others	O
were	O
sold	O
on	O
a	O
commercial	O
basis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
firms	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Computer	B-General_Concept
Sciences	I-General_Concept
Corporation	O
(	O
founded	O
in	O
1959	O
)	O
,	O
also	O
started	O
to	O
grow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	O
manufacturers	O
soon	O
started	O
bundling	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
system	B-Application
software	I-Application
and	O
programming	B-Application
environments	I-Application
with	O
their	O
machines	O
;	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
1620	I-Device
came	O
with	O
the	O
1620	O
Symbolic	O
Programming	O
System	O
and	O
FORTRAN	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
industry	O
expanded	O
greatly	O
with	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
the	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
(	O
PC	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
mid-1970s	O
,	O
which	O
brought	O
computing	O
to	O
the	O
average	O
office	O
worker	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
following	O
years	O
,	O
the	O
PC	O
also	O
helped	O
create	O
a	O
constantly	O
growing	O
market	O
for	O
games	O
,	O
applications	O
and	O
utility	O
software	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
This	O
resulted	O
in	O
increased	O
demand	O
for	O
software	B-Application
developers	I-Application
for	O
that	O
period	O
of	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-Application
programmers	I-Application
write	O
,	O
test	O
,	O
debug	B-Device
,	O
and	O
maintain	O
the	O
detailed	O
instructions	O
,	O
called	O
computer	B-Application
programs	I-Application
,	O
that	O
computers	O
must	O
follow	O
to	O
perform	O
their	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programmers	B-Application
also	O
conceive	O
,	O
design	O
,	O
and	O
test	O
logical	O
structures	O
for	O
solving	O
problems	O
by	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
technical	O
innovations	O
in	O
programming	O
—	O
advanced	O
computing	O
technologies	O
and	O
sophisticated	O
new	O
languages	O
and	O
programming	O
tools	O
—	O
have	O
redefined	O
the	O
role	O
of	O
a	O
programmer	B-Application
and	O
elevated	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
programming	O
work	O
done	O
today	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programmers	B-Application
work	O
in	O
many	O
settings	O
,	O
including	O
corporate	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
(	O
IT	O
)	O
departments	O
,	O
big	O
software	B-Application
companies	I-Application
,	O
small	O
service	O
firms	O
and	O
government	O
entities	O
of	O
all	O
sizes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
professional	O
programmers	B-Application
also	O
work	O
for	O
consulting	O
companies	O
at	O
client	O
sites	O
as	O
contractors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Licensing	O
is	O
not	O
typically	O
required	O
to	O
work	O
as	O
a	O
programmer	B-Application
,	O
although	O
professional	O
certifications	O
are	O
commonly	O
held	O
by	O
programmers	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programmers	B-Application
 '	O
work	O
varies	O
widely	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
type	O
of	O
business	O
for	O
which	O
they	O
are	O
writing	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
instructions	O
involved	O
in	O
updating	O
financial	O
records	O
are	O
very	O
different	O
from	O
those	O
required	O
to	O
duplicate	O
conditions	O
on	O
an	O
aircraft	O
for	O
pilots	O
training	O
in	O
a	O
flight	B-Application
simulator	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
most	O
cases	O
,	O
several	O
programmers	B-Application
work	O
together	O
as	O
a	O
team	O
under	O
a	O
senior	O
programmer	B-Application
's	O
supervision	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programming	O
editors	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
source	B-Application
code	I-Application
editors	I-Application
,	O
are	O
text	O
editors	O
that	O
are	O
specifically	O
designed	O
for	O
programmers	B-Application
or	O
developers	B-Application
to	O
write	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
of	O
an	O
application	O
or	O
a	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
these	O
editors	O
include	O
features	O
useful	O
for	O
programmers	B-Application
,	O
which	O
may	O
include	O
color	O
syntax	O
highlighting	O
,	O
auto	O
indentation	O
,	O
auto-complete	O
,	O
bracket	O
matching	O
,	O
syntax	B-Application
check	I-Application
,	O
and	O
allows	O
plug-ins	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
BBC	O
News	O
,	O
17%	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
students	O
could	O
not	O
find	O
work	O
in	O
their	O
field	O
6	O
months	O
after	O
graduation	O
in	O
2009	O
which	O
was	O
the	O
highest	O
rate	O
of	O
the	O
university	O
subjects	O
surveyed	O
while	O
0%	O
of	O
medical	O
students	O
were	O
unemployed	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
survey	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
crash	O
of	O
the	O
dot-com	O
bubble	O
(	O
1999	O
–	O
2001	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
Great	O
Recession	O
(	O
2008	O
)	O
,	O
many	O
U.S.	O
programmers	B-Application
were	O
left	O
without	O
work	O
or	O
with	O
lower	O
wages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
programmers	B-Application
,	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Bureau	O
of	O
Labor	O
Statistics	O
(	O
BLS	O
)	O
Occupational	O
Outlook	O
predicts	O
a	O
decline	O
of	O
7	O
percent	O
from	O
2016	O
to	O
2026	O
,	O
a	O
further	O
decline	O
of	O
9	O
percent	O
from	O
2019	O
to	O
2029	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
decline	O
of	O
10	O
percent	O
from	O
2021	O
to	O
2031	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
computer	O
programming	O
can	O
be	O
done	O
from	O
anywhere	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
companies	O
sometimes	O
hire	O
programmers	B-Application
in	O
countries	O
where	O
wages	O
are	O
lower	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
for	O
software	B-Application
developers	I-Application
BLS	O
projects	O
for	O
2019	O
to	O
2029	O
a	O
22%	O
increase	O
in	O
employment	O
,	O
from	O
1,469,200	O
to	O
1,785,200	O
jobs	O
with	O
a	O
median	O
base	O
salary	O
of	O
$	O
110,000	O
per	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
prediction	O
is	O
lower	O
than	O
the	O
earlier	O
2010	O
to	O
2020	O
predicted	O
increase	O
of	O
30%	O
for	O
software	B-Application
developers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
the	O
distinction	O
is	O
somewhat	O
ambiguous	O
,	O
software	B-Application
developers	I-Application
engage	O
in	O
a	O
wider	O
array	O
of	O
aspects	O
of	O
application	O
development	O
and	O
are	O
generally	O
higher	O
skilled	O
than	O
programmers	B-Application
,	O
making	O
outsourcing	O
less	O
of	O
a	O
risk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
reason	O
for	O
the	O
decline	O
for	O
programmers	B-Application
is	O
their	O
skills	O
are	O
being	O
merged	O
with	O
other	O
professions	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
developers	B-Application
,	O
as	O
employers	O
increase	O
the	O
requirements	O
for	O
a	O
position	O
over	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
